Separation Techniques: Magnetism

Separation Techniques
Separation is needed to enhance the purity of a substance which is needed its pure state
Numerous techniques have been developed to separate mixtures to study components:
MAGNETISM
A magnet can be used to separate a magnetic substance from a non-magnetic substance. A

magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force. All have a response
when placed in a magnetic field, although with most, the effect is too slight to be detected. The few
materials that are strongly affected (magnetised) by magnetic fields are known as “Ferromagnetics” and
those lesser (though noticeably) affected are known as “Paramagnetics”.
Ferromagnetics require relatively weak magnetic fields to be attracted and devises to separate
these materials usually have magnets that are permanently magnetised (“permanent” magnets do not
require electricity to maintain their magnetic fields.)
Paramagnetics require stronger magnetic fields and these can only be achieved and maintained
by “electro” magnets.
DECANTATION
Decantation is the process of separation of liquid from solid and other immiscible (non-mixing)
liquids, by removing the liquid layer at the top from the layer of solid or liquid below. The process can be
carried out by tilting the mixture after pouring out the top layer. This process can also be used to
separate two liquids that do not mix with each other for e.g., oil and water. When we leave the mixture
of oil and water, two separate layers are formed, with water at the bottom and oil, being lighter, at the
top. We can remove the oil layer from the top by pouring it into another vessel, which leaves us with the
water layer at the bottom.
EVAPORATION
The evaporation method of separation is used for the separation of soluble solids and
solvents. In this separation method, a solution is heated until the solvent evaporates, leaving
behind a solid residue. It is use to produce salt from sea water.
SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is the process whereby the substances changes from the solid that sublimes upon
heating from another substance with a high melting point. For example, a mixture of ammonium
chloride and salt in a china dish cover it inverted conical transparent funnel. At the other end of the
funnel put a cotton plug so that vapour could not come out. Now place china dish on a burner. As the
ammonium chloride is sublime after heating it will directly converted into vapour and this vapour will
again condense at the upper colder part of funnel to form solid ammonium chloride. In this way the
mixture ammonium chloride and salt can be separated by the sublimation method.
FILTRATION
Used to separate heterogeneous mixtures composed of solids and liquids, the filtration process
is generally used to separate a suspension mixture where small solid particles are suspended in liquid or
air. In the case of filtering water, the water is forced through a paper that is made up of a very fine mesh
of fibers. The water that has been run through the filter is called the filtrate. The particles that are
removed from the water by the filter are called the residue
a. GRAVITY FILTRATION – removing solid impurities from a liquid or solution
b. VACUUM FILTRATION – removing solid substance usually an organic from reaction mixture
under vacuum
CENTRIFUGATION
Centrifugation used to separates solids from liquids, or separates two immiscible liquids, on the
basis of density. Involves the use of the centrifugal force. More dense components migrate away. Solid
particles remain on the bottom. It separates insoluble materials (usually a solid) from a liquid, where
normal filtration does not work well; followed by decantation.
EXTRACTION
Separating a desired substance from a reaction mixture or natural source
a. LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION method is used to separate substances from natural products and
other solid mixtures)
DISTILLATION
Used to separate homogeneous mixtures based on differences in boiling points of substances
involved. It takes into account that different substances in the mixture will have different boiling points.
For example, if you heat salt water the water in the solution will boil before the salt. The water will then
evaporate leaving the salt behind. If the steam from the water is collected it will turn back into liquid as
it cools. This cooled water will be pure water without any salt.
a. Simple Distillation is a technique used to separate a mixture of a soluble substance and a

solvent.
b. Fractional Distillation use to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids with different
boiling points. A tall fractionating column is used. It allows the separation of different liquids more
efficiently. It contains many glass beads which provides a large surface area for the vapour to condense
on. The substance with a lower boiling point is distilled first.
CRYSTALIZATION
Separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles from a solution
containing the dissolved substance As one substance evaporates, the dissolved substance comes out
of solution and collects as crystals
ADSORPTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
http://chem-
fuuast.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/9/12894433/separation_techniques_by_dr._sana_mustafa.pdf
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/magnetic-separation-method
https://byjus.com/chemistry/decantation/
https://ncerthelp.com/text.php?contype=Concept&class_id=9&sub_id=S&chapter_id=CH2&q_no=10
http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/chem1l/files/2013/11/RDGfiltration.pdf
https://www.ducksters.com/science/chemistry/separating_mixtures.php

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Separation Techniques

Numerous techniques have been developed to separate mixtures to study components:

A magnet can be used to separate a magnetic substance from a non-magnetic substance. A

a. GRAVITY FILTRATION – removing solid impurities from a liquid or solution

Separating a desired substance from a reaction mixture or natural source

a. Simple Distillation is a technique used to separate a mixture of a soluble substance and a

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