Singh 2016
Singh 2016
Singh 2016
An International Journal
Ashutosh Singh, Sai Kranthi Kumar Vanga, Gopu Raveendran Nair, Yvan
Gariepy, Valerie Orsat & Vijaya Raghavan
To cite this article: Ashutosh Singh, Sai Kranthi Kumar Vanga, Gopu Raveendran Nair, Yvan
Gariepy, Valerie Orsat & Vijaya Raghavan (2016): Electrohydrodynamic Drying of Sand, Drying
Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2016.1170028
Article views: 32
Download by: [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] Date: 06 June 2016, At: 16:37
Electrohydrodynamic Drying of Sand
Ashutosh Singh1,, Sai Kranthi Kumar Vanga1, Gopu Raveendran Nair1, Yvan Gariepy1,
1
Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,
Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Effect of process parameters (independent variables) including air speed, electrode gap
and applied voltage on drying kinetics and dependent variables including percentage
water removed (%), Sherwood number, EHD number and specific energy consumed
(kJ·kg-1) were also investigated using a central composite design and response surface
methodology. Maximum drying was obtained for process parameter combination of air
speed (2 m·s-1), electrode gap (1.5 cm) and applied voltage (15 kV). Air speed and
electric field intensity (ratio of applied voltage to electrode gap) were found to have
significant effect on percentage water removed (%) and Sherwood number. In case of
EHD number and specific energy consumed during the EHD drying process, all process
1
parameters had significant effect on them. The specific energy consumed increased with
an increase in applied voltage but reduced with an increase in air speed at any given
applied voltage suggesting that the EHD drying process, in combination with cross-flow,
will lead to higher drying rate and low energy consumption under ambient conditions.
Regression models were also developed describing the relation between independent and
dependent variables.
1. INTRODUCTION
Drying is an important unit operation that is used to separate moisture or other volatile
heat sources for enhancement of heat and mass transfer [2]. During the drying process the
drying material only absorbs a fraction of the energy conveyed from the aforementioned
sources, and a major part of the energy is lost, making these techniques highly inefficient
in terms of energy conservation [3]. In recent years an increasing global concerns over
climate change, which is often attributed to emission of greenhouse gases (GHG’s) from
industrial and domestic sources has motivated the research and development of novel
energy sources and techniques that are highly efficient in energy utilization.
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying technique is one such method that utilizes the energy
produced from a corona discharge that occurs in the region close to a highly curved and
charged electrode (such as the tip of a needle or a small diameter wire). The development
2
of high electric field leads to emission of electrons from the charged electrode. These
electrons ionize the gas molecules surrounding the electrode, which then migrate towards
the ground electrode and during the process they transfer their momentum to neutral
molecules in the gas via collision. This phenomenon leads to generation of an ion bulk
EHD technique provides several advantages over conventional drying techniques. Firstly,
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it requires no movable parts to convert electrical energy into kinetic energy, therefore the
investment. Secondly, the amount of power consumed for generation of corona wind is
usually very small, which makes this technique attractive from an energy saving point of
process is generation of ozone that might pose health risks, but ozone generation can be
In recent years several studies have shown that electric field can be used to significantly
enhance the drying rate [8–11]; for example studies on tomato slices [12], apple slices [5,
13], potato slab [6], wheat [10], rice [11], scallop [14], Japanese radish [8], okara [15, 16]
are available in the published journal domain. As most of these studies evaluate the
application of EHD in drying of food products, hardly any of them discuss the effect of
processing parameters including electrode gap, electrode geometry, applied voltage, and
discharge polarity. Only Lai et al. [3, 17–19] has conducted a series of studies to evaluate
the effect of corona discharge on overall drying rate and optimization of the drying
3
process as a function of the aforementioned processing parameters. In their
comprehensive review on application of EHD and high-electric field for food and
bioprocessing, Singh et al. [2] showed that the specific energy consumed, which is
defined as amount of energy (kJ) consumed to evaporate one kilogram of water is much
lower for an EHD drying process as compared to the theoretical value of latent heat of
vaporization (2,700 kJ·kg-1), which makes EHD a highly energy efficient process for
drying, but it also generates several questions on how and in which form is the water
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removed during EHD drying process. As a possible explanation, they suggested that the
lower specific energy consumption during EHD process might be because of the presence
of cross-flow of air over the sample surfaces used in the studies evaluated by them.
Another interesting aspect of EHD drying that needs to be validated is the applicability of
diffusion model for drying analysis. It is known that during a non-electric field driven
drying process, mass transfer is driven by diffusion and the same holds true in the case of
there is no existing general theory that can explain the mass transfer under the influence
This study was carried out to understand the interaction between cross-flow of air over
sample surface and electrical parameters including applied voltage and electrode gap on
drying enhancement of a single wire electrode system using response surface analysis.
4
The test sample consisted of Ottawa Sand Standard (20-30 Mesh) saturated with water.
Sand samples were bone dried in an oven for 12 hours and left to cool down to ambient
temperature before every experiment, later water was added to the sand sample until it
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the EHD setup used for the present study. It
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mm long, 110 mm wide and 80 mm high. It was connected to a blower at one end, which
forced the air into the compartment at different velocities (1 m·s-1, 1.5 m·s-1 and 2 m·s-1)
set manually before the start of the experiment. The sample container was also made of
Plexiglas of dimensions; 100 mm long, 25 mm wide and 25 mm deep. The base of the
sample container was made of aluminum, which acted as the ground electrode. The
sample compartment also enclosed a vertically mounted emitting electrode (copper wire
of diameter of 0.5 mm), which was suspended above the sample box. The gap between
the emitting electrode and sample surface was varied between 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm. A
direct current at high voltage (positive polarity) was applied to the emitting electrode
from a power supply unit, which had the maximum voltage output of 30 kV. The
temperature and the relative humidity of the ambient air and the loss of water was
recorded by a data logger every 10 s. The drying experiment was conducted for at least 5
h and during all the experiments the ambient temperature remained fairly constant, but
during some experimental runs the relative humidity showed substantial changes, this
5
change might have contributed to the variability in the data that has be discussed in the
following sections.
The experiment design consisted of three independent factors (air velocity, applied
voltage and electrode gap (distance between the emitting electrode and sample surface))
with 3 levels each, which were used to generate a face centered Central Composite
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Design (CCD). The experimental design was developed using JMP software (ver. 10,
SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) to determine the effect of the process parameters
(variables), each at three equidistant levels (-1, 0, +1) or (a, 0, A) (Table 2) and their
number, EHD number and specific energy consumed (kJ·kg-1). The CCD consisted of 20
experimental combinations of factors including six central point combinations, six axial
combinations and eight factorial combinations. All the factorial and axial experimental
combinations were replicated thrice and the data were analyzed using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). Results from the three replicates of control samples (only cross-
flow) were used as reference to evaluate the drying enhancement with electric field.
The effect of the process parameters on the drying kinetics was evaluated using
mathematical models including Newton, Page, Modified Page, Henderson and Pabis and
6
Note: Where, k is the drying rate constant (min-1); n, a, b and c are drying coefficients
(dimension less) which have values depending on the drying curve and equation; t is the
The bone-dried sand of mass 100 g 1.3 g was used for all the experiments and known
mass of water was added to it. The initial moisture content of the saturated sand sample
for all experimental runs on dry basis (d.b.) was estimated to be (23 0.3 %).
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Mw
M.C.(d.b.) (6)
Ms
Where, Mw is the mass of water in the sample (g); Ms is the mass of the solid in the
sample (g).
Mi Me
MR (7)
M0 Me
Where, M0, Mi and Me are initial moisture content, moisture content at time ti and
Mi
MR (8)
M0
Parameters such as root mean square error (RMSE) (Equation 9), coefficient of
determination R2 (Equation 10) and sum square error (SSE) were used to estimate the
7
i n
1
RMSE ( MRipred MRiexp ) (9)
n i 1
MRipred MRiexp
Where, n is the number of observations, is the predicted MR at time ti and is
i n
( MRiexp MRiPr ed ) 2
R2 1 i 1
i n
(10)
exp exp 2
( MR i MR )
i 1
exp
Where, MR represents the mean experimentally measured value of MR. The sum square
error (SSE) was also determined using Equation 11 as the criteria for goodness of fit [1].
(11)
1 i n
SSE ( MRipred MRiexp ) 2
n i 1
In their study Lai et al. [4, 17], represented the enhanced drying rate by electric field
under cross-flow conditions as a function of Sherwood number and EHD number. Hence,
these two variables were also estimated in the present study to evaluate the effect of
8
Sh
hm d m d
(12)
D Ac c D
Where, hm is the mass transfer coefficient (m·s-1); d is the diameter of the emitting wire
electrode (m); D is the mass diffusivity (m2·s-1); m. is defined as rate of mass transfer
(kg·s-1); Ac is the sample surface area exposed to the corona wind (m2); Δc is the water
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vapor concentration difference between the sample surface and ambient air (kg·m-3).
Sherwood number is the measure of the ratio of convective mass transfer, i.e. it is the
by diffusivity.
EHD number (NEHD) (Equation 13) is defined as the ratio of corona wind velocity and air
ue
N EHD (13)
ui
Where, ue is the corona wind velocity (m·s-1) and ui is the air velocity (m·s-1). The corona
wind velocity was estimated using the equation suggested by Lai et al. [20].
The applied power (P) and the energy (E) for the EHD drying process were estimated by
Equation 14-15.
P=I V (14)
9
E=P t (15)
Where, I is the current (A); V is the applied voltage and t is the drying time. The specific
E
SEC (16)
M
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Where, E (kJ) is the energy consumed and M (kg) is the mass of water removed.
All statistical analyses were carried out using JMP software (ver. 10, SAS Institute Inc.,
Cary, NC, USA). The fitness of the model for CCD was determined by evaluating the
Fisher Test value (F-Value), and the coefficient of determination (R2) as obtained from
the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence (p 0.05) level. Duncan Multiple
Range test was performed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS 9.2, SAS institute
Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The drying kinetics for the samples was determined using
Before the start of the experiment, the relation between the current and voltage was
determined by increasing the positive applied voltage in the range of 7-25 kV and the
corona current (μA) was measured. To estimate the effect of electrode gap on the current-
10
voltage relationship, the aforementioned steps were repeated for each set of electrode
distances (1.5, 2 and 2.5 cm). The resulting relationship is shown in Figure 2.
It was observed that the corona current increased with an increase in applied voltage but
as the difference between electrode gap was not significant, no conclusive difference in
the corona current values were observed among different electrode gaps. As the voltage
was increased, spark over was observed beyond 20 kV for electrode gap of 1.5 cm, hence,
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for the present study applied voltage values were set at 10, 12.5 and 15 kV. The electrode
gap was not reduced further below 1.5 cm as the high voltage system became unstable
The drying curves for EHD dried saturated sand samples under different experimental
conditions are shown in Figure 3. From the figure it can be observed that the sand sample
exposed to the experimental condition of 2 (air velocity, m·s-1); 1.5 (electrode gap, cm)
and 15 (applied voltage, kV) dried faster than all other experimental conditions and
control.
Considering the drying kinetics it can also be observed that for almost all the
experimental conditions and control, a constant-rate drying period was observed, which
was in accordance with the findings of Lai et al. [3, 4], for only the experiments
conducted at 1.5 (air velocity, m·s-1), 2 (electrode gap, cm) and 10 (applied voltage, kV)
and 2 (air velocity, m·s-1), 2.5 (electrode gap, cm), 10 (applied voltage, kV) a variation
11
was observed that can be attributed to the changes in the ambient relative humidity
(Figure 4). This variation can be explained by understanding the effect of relative
humidity on the ionization process or in the general the corona wind generation process.
The ionization around the emitting electrode or generation of the corona wind is
dependent on the field strength (applied voltage/electrode gap) and also on the water
vapor content of the atmospheric air [21]. Corona wind generation starts when the applied
voltage is high enough to let out emission of electrons and ionization of the air
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surrounding the electrode. This wind is self-sustained as long as the voltage is high
enough to generate corona wind. In their study on the effect of humidity on the
generation of positive corona discharge Fouad et al. (1995) observed that as the relative
humidity of the air increased, the thickness of the ionization zone near the electrode
decreased, which lead to the decay in the momentum of the electrons or photons emitted
from the discharging electrode. In this study too it was observed that the increase in
relative humidity lead to decrease in the drying rate and the drying kinetics was abrupt
due to fluctuation in the relative humidity. It is important to note here that this study was
conducted under the condition, where relative humidity of the chamber or the
experimental area was not controlled, for majority of the experimental runs except for
two the relative humidity remained lower and constant. It was evident from the
observation that the effect of varying relative humidity on the EHD process needs to be
studied extensively to accurately design and develop a scaled EHD process for
commercial use.
12
Mathematical models presented in Table 3 (Equations1 to 5) were fitted to the drying
curves and statistical values used to define the goodness of model fitness were calculated
(Table 4).
Only the best-fitted models for each experimental condition were represented in Table 4.
The criteria for selection were according to highest R2 average values, lowest RMSE and
SSE values. From Table 4 it can be observed that Page model can be used to fit all the
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experimental conditions with R2 of 0.99 except for 1.5 (air velocity, m·s-1), 2 (electrode
gap, cm) and 10 (applied voltage, kV) and 2 (air velocity, m·s-1), 2.5 (electrode gap, cm)
and 10 (applied voltage, kV) with R2 of .87 and .93 respectively (Figure 4). These
variations were related to the change in relative humidity during the experimental run.
The results of the CCD experimental design are reported in Table 2. From the table it can
be observed that maximum water removal (38.1%) took place when the applied voltage
was set to 15 kV, electrode gap at 1.5 cm and air velocity at 2 m·s-1 and the minimum
(18.65 %) occurred when applied voltage was set to 15 kV, electrode gap at 2.5 cm and
air velocity at 1 m·s-1. The ANOVA analysis for the effect of process parameters on
percentage water removed (Table 5) revealed that air velocity (m·s-1) and electrode gap
(cm) had a significant influence (p≤0.0021 and p≤0.0325, respectively) on it. Whereas,
applied voltage had no significant effect (p>0.05). Out of all the cross terms, only the
cross term between applied voltage and electrode gap had a significant effect on the
amount of water removed, which was obvious as this cross term refers to the electric field
13
intensity (applied voltage/electrode gap). Several studies have suggested that the higher
the electric field intensity, the higher is the drying rate [3, 8, 9]. At lower electric field
intensity, i.e. when the applied voltage is low or the electrode gap is increased, cross flow
can suppress the corona wind effect and could produce an adverse effect on drying. This
phenomenon can be attributed for lower water removal percentage for experiments
conducted at higher air velocity in combination with lower applied voltage and higher
electrode gap.
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In conventional drying process, presence of the cross flow will enhance the drying
process. But in case of EHD, cross flow interacts with the corona wind and if the cross
flow velocity is high enough it will diminish the influence of corona wind on the drying
process [22]. Figure 5 presents the results of the Tukey’s HSD (honest significant
difference) test, where it can be observed that most of the experimental conditions except
for (+-+: air velocity of 2 m·s-1, electrode gap of 1.5 cm and applied voltage of 15 kV and
00A: air velocity of 1.5 m·s-1, electrode gap of 2 cm and applied voltage of 15 kV)) had a
The interaction among the process parameters was analyzed using a three dimensional
response surface graph (Figure 6). From the figure, it can be inferred that air velocity and
applied voltage had significant effect on the amount of moisture removed. It was also
observed that when the applied voltage and electrode gap were set at the lowest value of
10 kV and 1.5 cm, an increase in air velocity led to an increase in amount of water
14
removed and as the voltage was increased at any given air velocity similar results were
As suggested by Lai et al. [3, 18], the Sherwood and EHD numbers were also estimated
to predict the interactions between the process parameters and their effect on them. Lai et
al. [4] expressed the enhanced drying rate by EHD as a function of Sherwood’s number
and EHD’s number (in the presence of cross-flow). In this study, it was observed that
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process parameters such as air speed and electrode gap had significant effect on drying
rate, while applied voltage alone had no significant effect. The interaction between
electrode gap and applied voltage i.e. the applied electric field intensity had a significant
effect on the Sherwood number and so did their individual quadratic terms (Table 6,
Figure 7). The mass transfer (removal of moisture) process depends on the relevant
physical properties of the fluid, the geometry used along with relevant dimensions and
the average velocity of the fluid. Hence, we can correctly infer that in the experimental
setup used in this study the geometry of the designed equipment and the two fluid flows,
i.e. cross-flow and the corona wind both will influence the removal of moisture.
Moreover, our response surface analysis of the effect of process parameters on the
With respect to the EHD number which is defined as the ratio of ion velocity or drag to
inertial force or air velocity [23] it was observed that all process parameters; air velocity,
electrode gap and applied voltage had a significant effect on the EHD number (Table 7,
Figure 8). This observation was not a surprise because, as per the definition, the
15
calculation of EHD number includes electric field intensity that governs the ion drag and
air speed. From Equation 14 it can be understood that a higher EHD number suggests that
ion drag or the corona wind prevails over the air velocity and vice versa.
Hence looking at the experimental data obtained in the Table 2, for a given air velocity
and electrode gap, if the applied voltage is increased from 10 kV to 15 kV, the percentage
water removed increases and so does the EHD number. This observation was in
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accordance with Lai et al. [3], who suggested that an increase in EHD number > 1 will
improve the rate of drying but as the air velocity is increased and electric field intensity
reduced, air velocity or inertial force will prevail over ion drag (EHD number <1) [24,
25].
In the case of specific energy consumed, it was observed that as the applied voltage
increased the amount of specific energy consumed increased. The ANOVA analysis
suggested that all given process parameters including air velocity, electrode gap and
applied voltage had a significant effect on the specific energy consumed during the EHD
specific energy consumed (Figure 9) at a set electrode gap of 1.5 cm revealed that the
amount of specific energy consumed increased with an increase in applied voltage but an
increase in air velocity at a given voltage reduced the amount of energy consumed
16
For the present study the specific energy consumed values ranged between 420-3306
kJ.kg-1, which was in accordance to data presented by Singh et al. [2]. When compared to
conventional drying processes such as spouted bed drying the values obtained for specific
energy consumption for EHD drying are on the lower side, which proves and support the
objective of this study that application of electric field in combination with cross flow can
enhance the drying rate and that cross-flow has a significant effect on the amount of
water removed during the drying process. Table 8 presents the regression expressions
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showing the relation of process parameters; air speed (A), electrode gap (Ge) and applied
4. CONCLUSION
This study thoroughly examines the effect of process parameters such as air velocity,
electrode gap and applied voltage for EHD drying using a wire electrode. The percentage
of water removed was shown to be dependent on the strength of the applied electric field
(i.e. electric field intensity) and air velocity. It was also observed that the amount of
energy (kJ) consumed to dry a kg of water increased linearly with an increase in applied
voltage but decreased when air speed was increased, suggesting that EHD drying in
combination with a cross flow consumes less energy and provides better drying
efficiency. The most significant aspect of this study is also the fact that all these
drying techniques. Further studies need to be conducted to explain the relation between
the process parameters and removal of bound moisture as in this study the sample
17
moisture available for removal were surficial or those loosely packed between the pores
of the sand sample and these studies will also be able to define the capabilities and
limitations of the EHD drying process as compared to a conventional drying process in its
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
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of Canada) for their financial support for this study. The authors would also like to
acknowledge Dr. F.C. Lai, School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University
REFERENCES
1. Singh, A., Nair, G.R., Rahimi, J., Gariepy, Y., Raghavan, V.: Effect of Static
Electrohydrodynamic Drying and High-Voltage Electric Field in the Context of Food and
3. Lai, F.C., Lai, K.W.: EHD-Enhanced drying with wire electrode. Drying
4. Lai, F.C., Sharma, R.K.: EHD-enhanced drying with multiple needle electrode.
18
5. Hashinaga, F., Bajgai, T.R., Isobe, S., Barthakur, N.N.: Electrohydrodynamic
905-910
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8. Bajgai, T.R., Hashinaga, F.: High electric field drying of Japanese radish. Drying
9. Bajgai, T.R., Hashinaga, F.: Drying of spinach with a high electric field. Drying
10. Cao, W., Nishiyama, Y., Koide, S.: Electrohydrodynamic drying characteristics of
wheat using high voltage electrostatic field. Journal of Food Engineering, 2004, 62(3),
209-213
11. Cao, W., Nishiyama, Y., Koide, S., Lu, Z.H.: Drying enhancement of rough rice
13. Atungulu, G., Nishiyama, Y., Koide, S.: Respiration and climacteric patterns of
apples treated with continuous and intermittent direct current electric field. Journal of
19
14. Yaxiang, B., Hu, Y., Li, X., Li, J.: Experiment study of electrohydrodynamic
15. Li, F.D., Li, L.T., Sun, J.F., Tatsumi, E.: Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying
16. Li, F.D., Li, L.T., Sun, J.F., Tatsumi, E.: Effect of electrohydrodynamic (EHD)
technique on drying process and appearance of okara cake. Journal of Food Engineering,
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17. Alem-Rajabi, A., Lai, F.C.: EHD-enhanced drying of partially wetted glass beads.
18. Balcer, B.E., Lai, F.C.: EHD-enhanced drying with multiple-wire electrode.
20. Lai, F.C., McKinney, P.J., Davidson, J.H.: Oscillatory electrohydrodynamic gas
flows. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 1995, 117(3), 491-497
21. Fouad, L., Elhazek, S.: Effect of humidity on positive corona discharge in a three
22. Jaworek, A., Krupa, A.: Corona discharge from a multipoint electrode in flowing
23. Sadek, S.E., Hurwitz, M.: Influence of electric fields on convective heat and mass
transfer from a horizontal surface under forced convection. Journal of Heat Transfer,
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24. Wolny, A., Kaniuk, R.: The effect of electric field on heat and mass transfer.
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21
Table 1: Coded (individually for each experimental factor) and corresponding actual
Code Air Velocity (m∙s-1) Electrode Gap (cm) Applied Voltage (kV)
-1 / a 1 1.5 10
0 1.5 2 12.5
+1 / A 2 2.5 15
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22
Table 2: The Central Composite Design for response surface analysis of the interaction
(responses).
23
0
24
+− 2 1.5 15 38.1 0.33 1.02 2058.04
+
25
Table 3: Mathematical models used to predict EHD drying kinetics of sand
Newton MR exp( k t ) 1
Page MR exp ( k t n ) 2
Note: Where, k is the drying rate constant (min-1); n, a, b and c are drying coefficients
(dimension less) which have values depending on the drying curve and equation; t is the
time (min); and MR is the moisture ratio (Equation 7) (Singh et al. 2013).
26
Table 4: Best fitted drying models and their corresponding statistical values of RMSE, R2
(V)
27
Table 5: ANOVA analysis for the effect of process parameters, air speed (A), electrode
freedom
Error 71.38267 10
28
Table 6: ANOVA analysis for the effect of process parameters, air speed (A), electrode
freedom
Error 0.00257657 10
29
Table 7: ANOVA analysis for the effect of process parameters, air speed (A), electrode
freedom
Error 0.0056475 10
30
Table 8: Regression Equations established between process parameters, air velocity (A),
electrode gap (Ge) and applied voltage (V) and dependent variables (water removed (%),
ent
Variabl
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es
d (%)
Numbe
GE 2 V 12.5 GE 2 GE 2 A 12.5 A 12.5
( 0.024) ( 0.027) 0.47
r 0.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 2.5
31
Specific A 1.5 GE 2 V 12.5 A 1.5 V 12.5
1352.49 225.85 48.98 1129.56 ( 199.57) R
0.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5
Energy
Consu
med
(kJ∙kg-
1
)
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32
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33
Figure 1: Schematic of the EHD experimental setup
Figure 2: Current-Voltage relationship with respect to electrode gap
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34
Figure 3: Drying curve for saturated sand sample under all experimental conditions
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35
Figure 4: Drying kinetic model fitting to the drying curve for experimental conditions (a)
air velocity 1 m·s-1, electrode gap 2 cm and applied voltage 12.5 kV, (b) air velocity 1.5
m·s-1, (c) air velocity 1.5 m·s-1, electrode gap 2 cm and applied voltage 10 kV and (d) air
velocity 2 m·s-1, electrode gap 2.5 cm and applied voltage 10 kV. Where, MR: Moisture
Ratio.
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36
Figure 5: Tukey’s HSD (honest significant difference) test on effect of different
37
Figure 6: Response surface plot of the effect of process parameters on percentage of
water removed.
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38
Figure 7: Response surface plot of the effect of process parameters on Sherwood number.
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39
Figure 8: Response surface plot of the effect of process parameters on EHD number
(N_EHD).
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40
Figure 9: Response surface plot of the effect of process parameters on specific energy
consumed (kJ.kg-1).
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41