Case

Canada Timber: Negotiating with the Japanese

Tim Wilder, CEO of Canada Timber, was excited as he hung up the telephone in his
office in Vancouver, British Columbia. Tim had just received a call from Akiko Morita, who
represented the Japanese furniture manufacturer, Bonsai. Morita informed Tim that Canada
Timber was being considered as a major supplier to Bonsai. He told Tim that Canada Timber’s
reputation as a supplier of quality hardwoods was of interest to Bonsai. Canada Timber
exported its products to the United States, Mexico, and several European countries; however,
the company did not have customers anywhere in Asia. Tim was excited about the prospect of
exporting to Asia.
After several long-distance telephone calls and several more faxes, it was decided that
Tim and two of his associates would travel to Japan in order to close an initial sales contract. In
addition, Tim asked his brother-in-law, Johnny Sharkey - an attorney, to accompany them, and
to act as their legal representative. The two associates Tim selected to join him on the trip were
a production supervisor from Canada Timber and another member of the management team.
Bill Hudak, production supervisor was a long-term employee of Canada Timber. His knowledge
of hardwoods and the production procedures of Canada Timber made him an obvious choice
for inclusion on the negotiating team. Tim also asked Kevin Peterson, a regional salesperson,
to go along as well since Kevin was married to a woman of Japanese descent, and Tim felt he
would make a good impression on the Japanese. None of the Canada Timber employees, or
Johnny, spoke Japanese. Kevin knew a few words in Japanese and was somewhat familiar
with Japanese culture.
The Japanese had faxed a number of documents to Tim concerning the meetings. Tim
was very impressed with the degree of detail provided by the Japanese, including the names
and qualifications of the people they would meet during their visit to Japan. A detailed agenda
was provided, and the Japanese made all the arrangements for transportation and lodging for
the Canadians.
After an exhausting flight, the Canadians arrived in Japan and were greeted by Akiko
Morita and other representatives of Bonsai. The Japanese bowed and handed Tim their
business cards. Tim, exhausted from the flight, took the business cards from each Bonsai
representative and quickly stuffed them into his shirt pocket. After a brief conversation, the
Bonsai employees took the Canadians to their hotel to rest. They would be back in the morning
to escort them to Bonsai headquarters. The Canadians were very tired but excited to be in
Japan. They rested a bit, and then spent the rest of the afternoon and early evening walking
the streets of Tokyo.
When Tim and his associates arrived at Bonsai headquarters they were presented with
a gift from the company president, Mr. Ono Kusushi. John was unsure if he should open the gift
or not, so he decided to thank Mr. Kusushi for the gift and to stuff it into his briefcase. Once
again a number of business cards were presented to John and the others, and at this point,
Tim remembered that he had forgotten to bring his business cards along. He apologized for the
oversight and once again quickly collected the cards from the Japanese.
The meeting began with Mr. Kusushi asking, through an interpreter, how the
Canadians liked Japan so far. Tim and the others expressed an appreciation for being in the
country and pointed out that Kevin had been to Japan previously while visiting the family of his
Japanese wife. The Japanese remained silent as the Canadians told of how they had explored
the city the night before and commented on how crowded the city was compared to Vancouver.
Tim, who is a very tall man, stated that he felt like a “giant among men in Japan.”
 It appeared to Tim that the Japanese were very interested in the Canadians’
perceptions of the country, and that they would begin to discuss business if he would offer
some compliments. Tim thought about the situation and offered some positive comments on
the food and drink they had enjoyed in their hotel. Tim then quickly began to discuss business,
pointing out how Canada Timber was a quality leader in supplying hardwood products to
several countries. He went on at great length about the positive attributes of his company and
how it would be a good business decision to select Canada Timber as a supplier.
Bonsai had faxed some preliminary estimates of their wood needs and Tim had
prepared a detailed report, which he presented at the meeting. At the end of the report, Tim
provided details on costs, and then asked Mr. Kusushi if the numbers were acceptable. A long
period of silence began. Tim and the other Canadians began to feel a bit nervous after a few
moments had passed and he again asked, through the interpreter, if the price was acceptable.
Mr. Kusushi smiled and laughed a bit without saying a word. He then looked at one of the
members of the Japanese negotiating team and the two spoke in Japanese without the
conversation being translated. At this point Tim interrupted by saying that perhaps the price
could be a bit lower if needed. More silence followed and Tim became increasingly nervous. He
began to speak, this time addressing the translator and asking if anything could be done to
“seal the deal today.” He pulled a contract out of his briefcase, lowered the price by 10% and
asked Johnny to explain the important points of the sales contract. Mr. Kusushi sat quietly as
Johnny explained the details of the contract to the Japanese. Tim and Johnny were concerned
that Mr. Kusushi did not say much and that he never made good eye contact with them. After
the details of the contract were explained, one of the more senior Japanese representatives
suggested that the group take a short break. Tim thought this was a good sign and agreed. He
stood up to shake the hand of each Japanese employee as they left the room. When he
approached Mr. Kusushi, he gave an especially firm handshake and a pat on the shoulder. He
told Mr. Kusushi, referring to him as Kenichi, that he was certain the two could work out a
favorable arrangement, and that Canada Timber was prepared to do whatever was necessary
in order to become a Bonsai supplier.
When the meeting resumed, Tim was informed that he and his associates were invited
to tour one of Bonsai’s manufacturing plants, which was located a few hours from Tokyo. Tim
happily accepted the invitation, and the Canadians were off to the plant. After much formality
once arriving at the plant, the Canadians were given an extensive tour. Tim and Bill Hudak
asked many questions about the operation and they felt that they now had a better
understanding of the material requirements needed by Bonsai. After the plant tour, the
Canadians were taken back to their hotel and told that a Bonsai representative would pick them
up in the morning and bring them back to company headquarters.
That evening the four men discussed what had happened during the day and how they
should proceed. Kevin felt that everything was on schedule for the Japanese and that it would
simply take more time in order to close the deal. He explained that silence was a negotiating
tactic of the Japanese, and that Tim should not make any more concessions on price. Tim
agreed that the price was already low and that not much profit would be made. However, he felt
that if he could get the Japanese to sign a contract, and that if they liked the product, they
would be able to do further business under better financial conditions. The four men generally
agreed that they should seek a commitment from the Japanese in the morning.
The following day, however, would be no more successful for Tim and his team. After
many hours of explaining once again how Canada Timber was the right choice, and that the
price was very low, Tim was beginning to get frustrated. He felt that the Japanese were holding
out for a lower price, and so he decided to offer a 15% reduction in order to end the
negotiations. After the offer Tim slouched down in his chair and decided that he would use
silence to his advantage. Tim sat silently and stared at Mr. Kusushi. It seemed like an eternity
to the Canadians before someone from the Japanese side finally spoke. One of the senior

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Japanese employees suggested that the negotiations end for the day and that they resume the
following morning. He further suggested that all members of the two teams go out in the
evening to experience Japanese culture. At first Tim thought that he could take no further
delays, but he then reasoned that he might be able to reach an agreement with the Japanese
in a more informal setting.
During dinner Tim continued to press Mr. Kusushi for a decision. Mr. Kusushi politely
said that he thought Canada Timber would be a good partner for Bonsai, yet made no
commitment. After dinner, the Japanese took the Canadians to a very popular bar in Tokyo and
all participants drank heavily. After a few hours Tim moved close to Mr. Kusushi, put his arm
around his neck and told him that he was his new friend. Tim told Mr. Kusushi that he was
going to give his new friend the best price he possibly could and that meant that he was going
to make a final offer of a price reduction of 20%, if he would agree to the deal right now. Mr.
Kusushi laughed and responded in English “yes.” Tim was finally convinced that the team had
closed the deal and that a contract would be signed in the morning.
On the following morning, Tim had Johnny prepare a revised sales agreement with the
discounted price. Although the price was much lower than Tim had hoped for, and near his
break-even point, Tim, nevertheless, felt that a long-term association with Bonsai and the
potential for additional sales in Asia would be beneficial to the company. He was also happy to
be able to return to Canada soon. Once again the Canadian team was met at the hotel and
driven to Bonsai’s headquarters. Tim entered the meeting room surprised not to find Mr.
Kusushi present. When he asked the whereabouts of Mr. Kusushi, he was told that he had
been called out of town unexpectedly and offered his apologies. Tim was told that Mr. Kusushi
would return tomorrow. Tim immediately approached Akiko and told him that Mr. Kusushi had
agreed to the terms listed in the sales contract he was holding in his hand. He asked if
someone could sign the agreement so that he and his associates could return home. Tim was
told that Mr. Kusushi would need to approve any supplier agreements and that it was
impossible to do so today. Tim was very upset and it showed. His face was red. He believed
that the Japanese were stalling in order to gain additional concessions. Tim moved very close
to Akiko and told him that an agreement had been reached and that he should immediately
telephone Mr. Kusushi to confirm. After raising his voice, Akiko telephoned Mr. Kusushi and told
him of the situation. Upon his return, Akiko said, “Please excuse, Mr. Wilder-san, but we will
probably need to wait just one more day.” Tim, feeling as if were being manipulated, stormed
out of the office, and, along with his negotiation team, headed for the airport.

Discussion Questions:

1. Evaluate the selection of negotiators from Canada Timber. Were any mistakes made in
the selection?
2. What differences in culture between the Japanese and Canadians can be found in this
case?
3. What could have been done differently in order to produce a more desirable outcome?
4. What is Hofstede’s dimension of culture? Which category does Malaysia falls into?

Sources: D. Engel and K. Murakami, Passport Japan. Novato, CA: World Trade Press, 2000; J.
Scarborough, The Origins of Cultural Differences and Their Impact on Management. Westport,
CT: Quorum, 2000; and R. Sanyal, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.

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