DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Phase Measurement Device

ElmPhi pll
 DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
[email protected]
r1168

Copyright ©2013, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 3

2 RMS-Simulation 4

2.1 Three-phase measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.1 Blocking functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.2 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.3 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Single-phase measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 Blocking functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.2 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.3 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 EMT-Simulation 8

3.1 Three-phase measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1.1 Blocking functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1.2 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1.3 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Single-phase measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2.1 Blocking functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2.2 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2.3 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 References 12

List of Figures 13

List of Tables 14

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 2

1 General Description

1 General Description

PLLs are widely used for synchronization purposes, controller applications and can also be
used to demodulate frequency-modulated signals. For more information about PLL definition
and applications refer to [1] and [2].

The Phase-Locked Loop element (ElmPhi pll) measures the frequency and phase of a voltage
in the system. The PLL model is supported by the RMS and EMT simulations only.

In the following sections the working and behaviour of the PLL Model Version 2 (parameter
mversion) is presented. The Model Version 2 supports blocking functionality and single-phase
measurement. These features are not available in Model Version 1. Additional difference be-
tween the two versions is that in Model Version 1, a gain of Ki · Ki is used for the integrator
part of the PI controller and in Model Version 2 the gain is, as typical, Ki.

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 3

2 RMS-Simulation

2 RMS-Simulation

The PLL uses as inputs, the voltage at the selected Measurement Point (reference node) in the
input dialogue box of the PLL.

Depending on the selected No. of Phases option (parameter nphase), a three-phase or single-
phase measurement is possible.

2.1 Three-phase measurement

The PLL structure is the same for both balanced and unbalanced RMS simulations. Internally,
the input signals to the PLL ur and ui are the real and imaginary part of the positive sequence
voltage (in-quadrature signals).

In the case of balanced network representation, the positive sequence voltage resulting from the
simulation is fed directly to the input signals (uR, uI) of the PLL. In the case of unbalanced net-
work representation, the positive sequence voltage is first being calculated using the symmetri-
cal transformation on the input signals fed to the PLL (uR A, uI A, uR B, uI B, uR C, uI C).

The block diagram of the PLL is presented in Figure 2.1 where the following input parameters
are used (connected automatically):

• ur and ui are the in-quadrature input signals of the PLL in p.u.;

• u is the magnitude of the input voltage in p.u.; and

• f ref is the frequency of the reference machine in p.u..

Figure 2.1: DIgSILENT PLL block diagram (RMS simulation)

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 4

2 RMS-Simulation

The blocks shaded in blue colour are enabled if the blocking functionality is being used. Please
refer to Section 2.1.1.

The limits on the integrator part of the PI controller are calculated using the parameters f max
and f min (Upper frequency limit and Lower frequency limit) as follows:
Lower limit = 2 · π · F nom · f min − 2 · π · F nom · f ref − Kp · dphi (1)
U pper limit = 2 · π · F nom · f max − 2 · π · F nom · f ref − Kp · dphi (2)
where:

• f min is the Lower frequency limit parameter in p.u.;

• f max is the Upper frequency limit parameter in p.u.;
• F nom is the nominal frequency in Hz;
• f ref is the frequency of the reference machine in p.u.;
• Kp is the proportional gain of the PI controller; and
• dphi is the dphi signal (see Figure 2.1).

2.1.1 Blocking functionality

In real devices, the angle cannot be tracked if the voltage falls below a certain threshold. The
option Enable Blocking can be used to simulate this. When this option is enabled, the blue
colour shaded blocks in Figure 2.1 are considered in the calculation.

The blocking mode uses the parameters Blocking voltage umin (in p.u.) and Blocking filter time
constant T b (in ms).

If the voltage magnitude drops below the user defined umin, the PLL goes into blocking mode
and the signal block is set to 1. If the magnitude of the voltage rises above umin + 5%, the PLL
switches to normal mode and the signal block is set to 0.

The following changes are done when the PLL is in blocking mode:

• The outputs of the two integrators and of the tracking (first-order lag) block are kept con-
stant;
• The frequency is calculated using the angular velocity difference input from the tracking
block.

2.1.2 Signals

The signals used in the case of a balanced network representation are presented in Table 2.1.

The signals used in the case of an unbalanced network representation are presented in Table
2.2.

2.1.3 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used in the three-phase RMS measurement are presented in Table
2.3.

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 5

2 RMS-Simulation

Table 2.1: Signals for Three-Phase Measurement (Balanced RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

uR p.u. IN Input Voltage, Real Part
uI p.u. IN Input Voltage, Imaginary Part
f ref p.u. IN Reference Frequency (automatically connected)
F meas Hz OUT Measured Frequency
f meas p.u. OUT Measured Frequency
x1 STATE State variable of the PI controller
x2 rad STATE State variable of the integrator (P hi)
cosphi OUT cos(P hi)
sinphi OUT sin(P hi)

Table 2.2: Signals for Three-Phase Measurement (Unbalanced RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

uR A p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase a, Real Part
uI A Hz IN Input Voltage, Phase a, Imaginary Part
uR B p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase b, Real Part
uI B Hz IN Input Voltage, Phase b, Imaginary Part
uR C p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase c, Real Part
uI C Hz IN Input Voltage, Phase c, Imaginary Part
f ref p.u. IN Reference Frequency (automatically connected)
F meas Hz OUT Measured Frequency
f meas p.u. OUT Measured Frequency
x1 STATE State variable of the PI controller
x2 rad STATE State variable of the integrator (P hi)
cosphi OUT cos(P hi)
sinphi OUT sin(P hi)

Table 2.3: Calculation parameters for Three-Phase Measurement (RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

Kp PI controller Proportional Gain
Ki PI controller Integral Gain
ommax rad/s Upper Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f max)
ommin rad/s Lower Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f min)
f rnom Hz Nominal Frequency
hpi rad/s Nominal Angular Frequency
P hi deg Voltage Angle
phi AC rad Angle between Phase a and c
umin p.u. Blocking voltage limit
block Blocking
Tb s Blocking Filter Time Constant

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 6

2 RMS-Simulation

2.2 Single-phase measurement

Depending on the Phase Technology of the selected Measurement Point, the single-phase PLL
can measure at phase a, b, c, a − n, b − n or c − n. This can be selected by using the Measured
Phase it2p parameter.

The in-quadrature signals fed to the PLL algorithm are then automatically selected from the
phase voltages depending on the Measured Phase.

The block diagram of the single-phase PLL is equal to the three-phase PLL diagram (presented
in Figure 2.1).

2.2.1 Blocking functionality

Since the PLL structure of the three-phase PLL and single-phase PLL is the same, please refer
to Section 2.1.1.

2.2.2 Signals

The signals used in the single-phase RMS model are the same as the signals used for the
three-phase measurement in the balanced RMS simulation presented in Table 2.1.

2.2.3 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used for the single-phase measurement in the RMS model are
presented in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Calculation parameters for Single-Phase Measurement (RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

Kp PI controller Proportional Gain
Ki PI controller Integral Gain
ommax rad/s Upper Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f max)
ommin rad/s Lower Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f min)
f rnom Hz Nominal Frequency
hpi rad/s Nominal Angular Frequency
P hi deg Voltage Angle
umin p.u. Blocking voltage limit
block Blocking
Tb s Blocking Filter Time Constant

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 7

3 EMT-Simulation

3 EMT-Simulation

Depending on the selected No. of Phases option (parameter nphase), a three-phase or single-
phase PLL measurement is possible.

3.1 Three-phase measurement

The block diagram of the PLL is presented in Figure 3.1.

The phase voltages available from the EMT-simulation are set to the input values of the PLL
u a, u b and u c. The internally used voltages in the PLL, ur and ui (Figure 3.1), are calculated
by using the αβ transformation on the input voltages.

Figure 3.1: DIgSILENT PLL block diagram (EMT simulation)

The blocks shaded in blue colour are used when the blocking functionality is being used. Please
refer to Section 3.1.1.

The limits of the integral part of the PI controller are back-calculated using the parameters f max
and f min (Upper frequency limit and Lower frequency limit) as:

Lower limit = 2 · π · F nom · f min − 2 · π · F nom − Kp · dphi (3)

U pper limit = 2 · π · F nom · f max − 2 · π · F nom − Kp · dphi (4)

where:

• f min is the Lower frequency limit parameter in p.u.;

• f max is the Upper frequency limit parameter in p.u.;
• F nom is the nominal frequency in Hz;

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 8

3 EMT-Simulation

• Kp is the proportional gain of the PI controller;

• dphi is the dphi signal (see Figure 3.1).

3.1.1 Blocking functionality

The blocking functionality in the EMT model is very similar to the one in the RMS model. When
this option is enabled, the blue colour shaded blocks in Figure 3.1 are enabled.

The following changes are done when the PLL is in blocking mode:

• The outputs of the integrator part of the PI controller of the tracking block are being kept
constant;
• The frequency and the angle are calculated using the angular velocity difference input
from the tracking block.

3.1.2 Signals

The signals used for the three-phase measurement in the EMT model are presented in Table
3.1.

Table 3.1: Signals for Three-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

ua p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase a
ub p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase b
uc p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase c
F meas Hz OUT Measured Frequency
f meas p.u. OUT Measured Frequency
x1 STATE State variable of the PI controller
x2 rad STATE State variable of the integrator (P hi)
cosphi OUT cos(P hi)
sinphi OUT sin(P hi)

3.1.3 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used for the three-phase measurement in the EMT model are pre-
sented in Table 3.2.

3.2 Single-phase measurement

As in the RMS model, the single-phase PLL can measure at phase a, b, c, a − n, b − n or c − n.

Since the EMT simulation provides only one voltage and the PLL algorithm requires in-quadrature
signals, the second signal has to be constructed. The in-quadrature image of the input single-
phase signal is created using the Inverse Park Transform [3]. The image signal is constructed

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 9

3 EMT-Simulation

Table 3.2: Calculation parameters for Three-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

Kp PI controller Proportional Gain
Ki PI controller Integral Gain
ommax rad/s Upper Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f max)
ommin rad/s Lower Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f min)
f rnom Hz Nominal Frequency
hpi rad/s Nominal Angular Frequency
P hi deg Voltage Angle
phi AC rad Angle between Phase a and c
umin p.u. Blocking voltage limit
block Blocking
Tb s Blocking Filter Time Constant
v in r p.u. Voltage fed to the PLL algorithm
v in i p.u. Voltage fed to the PLL algorithm

by introducing two low-pass filters in a loop consisting of the direct and inverse Park transfor-
mations. The filters use the Low-Pass Filter Time Constant T 1 in ms. The default value of T 1 is
selected for a 50Hz system [3].

The single-phase signal from the EMT-simulation and the constructed image signal are fed to
the PLL algorithm presented in Figure 3.1.

3.2.1 Blocking functionality

Since the PLL structure of the three-phase PLL and single-phase PLL is the same, please refer
to Section 3.1.1.

3.2.2 Signals

The signals used for the single-phase measurement in the EMT model are presented in Table
3.3.

Table 3.3: Signals for Single-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

uR p.u. IN Input Voltage
F meas Hz OUT Measured Frequency
f meas p.u. OUT Measured Frequency
x1 STATE State variable of the PI controller
x2 rad STATE State variable of the integrator (P hi)
cosphi OUT cos(P hi)
sinphi OUT sin(P hi)
xd STATE State variable d Low-Pass Filter
xq STATE State variable q Low-Pass Filter

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 10

3 EMT-Simulation

3.2.3 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used for the single-phase measurement in the EMT model are pre-
sented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Calculation parameters for Single-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

Kp PI controller Proportional Gain
Ki PI controller Integral Gain
ommax rad/s Upper Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f max)
ommin rad/s Lower Angular Frequency (2 · π · f rnom · f min)
f rnom Hz Nominal Frequency
hpi rad/s Nominal Angular Frequency
P hi deg Voltage Angle
umin p.u. Blocking voltage limit
block Blocking
Tb s Blocking Filter Time Constant
T1 s Low-Pass Filter Time Constant (used for both Low-Pass
Filters)
v in r p.u. Voltage fed to the PLL algorithm
v in i p.u. Voltage fed to the PLL algorithm
vd p.u. Voltage fed to the d Low-Pass Filter
vq p.u. Voltage fed to the q Low-Pass Filter

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 11

4 References

4 References
[1] R. E. Best. Phase-Locked Loops: Design, Simulation and Applications. McGraw Hill, 6
edition, 2007.
[2] B. K. Bose. Modern Power Electronics and AC Drivers. Prentice Hall of India, 1 edition,
2008.
[3] R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and P. Rodriguez. Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind
Power Systems. Wiley, 2011.

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 12

List of Figures

List of Figures

2.1 DIgSILENT PLL block diagram (RMS simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 DIgSILENT PLL block diagram (EMT simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 13

List of Tables

List of Tables

2.1 Signals for Three-Phase Measurement (Balanced RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . 6

2.2 Signals for Three-Phase Measurement (Unbalanced RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . 6

2.3 Calculation parameters for Three-Phase Measurement (RMS-Simulation) . . . . 6

2.4 Calculation parameters for Single-Phase Measurement (RMS-Simulation) . . . . 7

3.1 Signals for Three-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Calculation parameters for Three-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation) . . . . 10

3.3 Signals for Single-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.4 Calculation parameters for Single-Phase Measurement (EMT-Simulation) . . . . 11

Phase Measurement Device (ElmPhi pll) 14