Scribd
Upload
41 views8 pages

Data Analysis

This document provides information about population statistics and describes several key concepts: - It introduces the concept of a population and sample, stating that a sample is taken from a larger population to analyze its characteristics. - It defines important terms like population mean (μ), arithmetic mean, variance and standard deviation. - It provides formulas to calculate measures of central tendency like the mean, median and mode from a data set. It also gives formulas to calculate variance and standard deviation as measures of dispersion. - It describes how statistical analysis of a sample can be used to make inferences about the larger population based on concepts like the t-statistic, p-value and degrees of freedom.

Uploaded by

Gunnar Calvert
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views8 pages

Data Analysis

This document provides information about population statistics and describes several key concepts: - It introduces the concept of a population and sample, stating that a sample is taken from a larger population to analyze its characteristics. - It defines important terms like population mean (μ), arithmetic mean, variance and standard deviation. - It provides formulas to calculate measures of central tendency like the mean, median and mode from a data set. It also gives formulas to calculate variance and standard deviation as measures of dispersion. - It describes how statistical analysis of a sample can be used to make inferences about the larger population based on concepts like the t-statistic, p-value and degrees of freedom.

Uploaded by

Gunnar Calvert
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8




  

 

  

  
       #   #$
        

 
     

     #   ( 
μ  &   

  

      ( ! 
 #    !  * !
    +

  

   
 #      
   ,      #    
  '

  2
=
 (x  μ) 2

     2
=
x 2

 μ 2 
n n
2
   s &      #'
( x ) 2
 (x  x ) 2
x 2

n
 s2 =     s2 = 
n 1 n 1

     
   
       *  !  +
      s     

   
       )  $     
 
"!     
s
  %    !! %
n
1 1 2 s12 s22
    s  +  &    + 
 n1 n 2  n1 n 2

   
 !"!%" " '!" #"#"! " !$#

 #'"!!243+!""!"""#"!#"!$#2μ43
" "$'"!!23+!""!"""!"#1! " "1!!!"μ4
"-!""!"+!" (!" "% μ4
x  μ0
t=    ! 23>
s
n
"""-!" #" "$#! "-$#2 "'"""!%!"'
$μ4!"#"3#!"#""-!""!" ! ,
+μAμ4""-!""!"!'!"$* "!$
+μ@μ4""-!""!"!'"$*""-!" #"!!'" ! " "'!""-
!""!"% !"$
"+""-!""!"!"/% 0!)"-$#!5#!"$" "
+μ?μ4 "-$#!""-!""!"% !"$#"2"! "!!" " 
"3
"-$#!!!"" " $# !2!#!#'4,493) ""#
'"!!""" "$'"!!,

  +
# &  !!!! """"#!!#"&"',#"
!# "!#$!'# "%" ' %,#  !#"! $%, 

&#""$ ! %" !4,491,!"!#$'# "%" &
""2!!#>4,493.

' # 4+μ>4,49*+μA4,49
1 #""!" $"'# !+
5 4,495 x = 0.0508 
6 4,4949  (x  x ) 2 (0.051 0.0508) 2 + (0.0505  0.0508) 2 + etc...
2
7 4,48= s = = = 9.15 107 
8 4,495:
n 1 6
9 4,496 s = s2 = 9.56 104
: 4,494< 
; 4,494:

x  μ0 0.0508  0.05
"-!""!"!+ t = = = 2.17 " !  >;-5>:
s 9.56 104
n 7
"""-!" #" "$#!")6,5;%": ! !"%4,49>4,469,
!!"""-$#!!!"4,49)!'# "4#"""!#$'# "
%" &!"",



 
 !"!%" "!"%#"! !"' " " 
  
$# # !! "'"$#""  #*+ " $#!"  #
" "" $#""
#" """%$#! $#""!"$#!2" !3#!
μ4>4"  -!"-"!"

 
"%#"! "
4+!""!"""!""%#"! #2μ5>μ63
+!""!"""!""%#"! ## ! " """ 2μ5?μ6)μ5Aμ6)μ5@μ63

!+ !! !)
x1  x 2 x1  x 2
 ""# ) t =  """# ) t = 
 1 1   s 2
s 2
s2 +  1
 + 
2
n
 1 n 2 n
 1 n 2
 ;.1+1/:.2+1/


!!!+ !"!!#" !+#"" !"!!+ !! ! 
*
!! !!+ !! !. "!!!  /!
"!+#"μ1<μ2*

 
 ! 18! *12$ !!!##700& . !
#!;21& /* !6" !! !##668& . !
#!;30& /*  !!! ! ! . ";0*05/,

μ1;700'1;21'1;12(μ2;668'2;30'2;6
0)μ1;μ2
)μ1=μ2." $&  !!!   /
! "!!!# !!$"! "" !!! " !
!#!& *
x1  x 2 700  668
!+ !! ! ) t = = = 2.342 
 s12 s22  212 30 2
 +  +
 n1 n 2  12 6
 ;.1+1/:.2+1/;.12+1/:.6+1/;16
!!+ !"!!'!+#" !$0*010*02' $!0*  !!
!  ! ! *

 
 

    
 $!! #!!!!  # !"!
0)! #!!! !# !"!
)! #!! !!!# !"!
(O  E) 2
+ " !! ! )  = 
2
. ! ##" !%!#"/
E
 ;"! ! !"!-1

!!+#"!!2!#" " !"!2#" *!+#"  !'!
 #! !!!%! !"!*='!!&! !%! !"!




""  $"!!!!!!!"!&*
"  !"!" * ""'"$!
"'" *#" !1!"* 2  $
$*! !"!& !!&. ";0*05/,
 "   " " " 
143 60 55 18

! !! !&!9)3)3)1' )
0)! # !"!2 ! 9)3)3)1 !"!
)! # !"!2  !!9)3)3)1 !"!
%!#" )
 "   " " " 
155*25 51*75 51*75 17*25
(O  E) 2 (143 155.25) 2 (60  51.75) 2 (55  51.75) 2 (18 17.25) 2
2 =  = + + + = 2.519 
E 155.25 51.75 51.75 17.25
<5,2<4
!##3!#%$")#,%$"!#!#1+36)"#"!#!$!!#(
""!##($""+



$!"#$(###!"!"$"#!#!#
!!"#"!($"+#"$+#$""($!
"#!$#.""$<1+16/-

1*#!"$!"#!$#$"
*#!"#$!"#!$#$"
!!##36$")"#!"$!"#!$#)#!"$3+889
$"!" $!+ !#$"!%%$"!3)5)5)4)4)4)3)4)2)"#3"##"#"*
(O  E) 2 (1 2.778) 2  (2  2.778) 2   (3  2.778) 2   (4  2.778) 2 
2 =  = + 2 + 4 + 2 = 2.72 
E 2.778  2.778   2.778   2.778 
<:,2<9
!##3!#%$")#,%$"!#!#1+36)"&#!#1+ $""(
$!"#!$#+

 
 

 
 "&#!#&#!%!"!!#!#./
1*##&%!"!#
*##&%!"!##
"#(""$#"$#'#"#!$#
"!%%$".02)03)04)05/!$"$(!"#"#+!&"#!(%!2
$"#!(%!3+
  !2 #"
  #!( #!( 
!3 #!( 02 0 3 02;03
#!( 04 0 5 04;05
#"  02;04 03;05 02;03;04;05
!!##!(%!2"#$!%$"#!(%(###$!
%$"  #1 +# 3  +""$)#'#$!%$"##&##!(

 #1 +# 2 +# 3 +# 4 
%!3"#!!##!($#(#$!%$"#!(
 #1 +# 3  + $")#'#%$"*
 ( #1 +# 2 )
 #1 +# 2 +# 3 +# 4 
(#1 +# 3 )(#1 +# 2 ) (row total)(column total) 
E= =
#1 +# 2 +# 3 +# 4 grand total
!"!<.,2/.,2/ &!"#$!!&""#$!$"
2
," $!"##"#""#  2 =  (O  E) 
E
#,%$"!##3!#%$"+

 
%##&)"#!!#"#&#""%"#".""$<1+16/-
 #"" % 
 &
$, &
$, 
%!" 224 224 221 26: 5:6
!!"!" 22: 246 283 2:1 727
2#:!##"( 88 :2 97 76 42:
=21!##"( 292 263 235 84 641
 5:1 5:2 5:3 598 2:71

,&!   
 &!   
%"   # '%# &
(row total)(column total) (495)(490)
E= = = 123.75 
grand total 1960
 !
 "  ("  ( 
! -./'31 -.0 -.0'.2 -..'55
 -10 -10'/- -10'2/ -1/',2
-5  $ 35'31 35'5- 4,',4 35'.2
7-,  $ -/.'1 -/.'33 -//',0 -/-'25
(O  E) 2 (113 123.75) 2 (113 124) 2 (110 124.26) 2
2 =  = + + + etc... = 91.73 
E 123.75 124 124.26
6*(-+*(-+6*0(-+*0(-+65

 . !  %(!   ,',,-%",    
  "!  '

 


 $   $
 

 


 $    $



  

  

 $!  
 P(A and B) = P(A)  P(B) "!  

  


 $!! 
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A and B) 

    

 $! ! !  
P(A and B) P(B | A)  P(A)
 P(A | B) =     P(A | B) =  
P(B) P(B)

 
 &
  $   $  $"" '" 
 ' "($ "$     ($"  !'
   $'  
 $   !  $)

$ "    "
0.5  0.5  0.5 = 0.125 = P(A and B) = P(2 children = bb and 1st child bb) 
 $ " . % P(B) = P(1st child = bb) = 0.5 
P(A and B) 0.125
$ P(2 children = bb | 1st child bb) = P(A | B) = = 0.25 
P(B) 0.5


    "$      1-2   #  /-2 
  !' $   #&     "$  
 "  #(

)%+ 3 #*3 ,
) + 3 # 3 ,    & $%
P(B | A)  P(A)
P(A | B) =
P(B) 
P(S = Z |W = Zz) = 0.5 +0-2    ,
P(W = Zz) = 0.7 +,
P(S = Z) = (0.7  0.5) + (0.3 1) = 0.65 +       # ,
0.5  0.7
P(W = Zz | S = Z) = = 0.538 
0.65

    
 

 
  

 "  $" "
n! p m  (1 p)(nm )
P(X = m) = 
m!(n  m)!

   3 "

 
  "    "(
5!0.51  0.5 4
P(1 boy of 5 children) = = 0.15625 
1!(4)!
 
  

           $   
 "&
       &
enp  (n  p) m
P(X = m) = 
m!
%    !



You might also like