CE 6303 FLUID MECHANICS

III SEMESTER
UNIT 1
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REFERENCES
 Hydraulic and Hydraulic machines-
 By Modi and Seth

 Fluid Mechancis and Hydraulic Machinery-

 By R.K. Bensal

 A Textbook of Fluid mechanics

 By Rajput

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FLUID
 Matter exist either in solid state or fluid state
 A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing.
 The fluid consists of both liquids and gases.
 Water is the substance can exists in all three states

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID
Solid Fluid

 More compact structure  Less compact structure

 Attractive forces between the  Attractive forces between the
molecules are larger molecules are smaller.
 Solids can resist tangential  Fluids cannot resist
stresses tangential stresses.
 Whenever the solid is subjected  Whenever the fluid is
to shear stress there is a subjected to shear stress no
definite deformation fixed deformation
 Solid may regain partly or fully  A fluid can never regain its
its original shape when the original shape once it has
shear stress are removed been distorted by the shear
stress. 5
FLUID MECHANICS
 It is branch of science that deals with the
behavior of the fluids in rest as well as in motion
 The study of fluids when it is in rest condition is
called Statics (hydrostatics).
 Kinematics is study of fluids when it is in motion
and the pressure forces that causes the flow are
not considered. (velocity and acceleration)
 Kinetics(Dynamics) is study of fluids when it is in
motion and the pressure forces that causes the
flow are considered.
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CONTINUUM THEORY
 Generally it is assumed that the molecules of
fluid are continuous and there is no voids
between the liquid particles. This is called
continuum theory developed by Mr.Knudsen

 The liquid does not have constant shape and it

have constant volume

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 Basic Principles Applied in fluid mechanics

S.No Principle Application

1. Law of conservation of Derivation of continuity

mass equation

2. Law of conservation of Derivation of energy equation

energy (Bernoulli equation)

3. Law of conservation of To derive equation for forces

momentum (Newton’s on pipe bends, free jet etc
second law of motion)
4. Law of conservation of To derive equation of Torque
moment of momentum developed using sprinkling
system

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 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1. Specific Mass or Mass density(ρ-symbol called as Rho)
2. Specific weight or Weight density(  -symbol called as
Gamma)
3. Specific volume
4. Specific gravity (S)
5. Viscosity (µ- symbol called as mu)
6. Kinematic viscosity (ν-symbol called as nu)
7. Bulk modulus (κ)
8. Compressibility (1/ κ)
9. Surface tension (σ- symbol called as sigma)
10. Capillarity (hc)
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MASS DENSITY

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SPECIFIC WEIGHT

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SPECIFIC VOLUME

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY

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 PROBLEM
 1.) Calculate the specific weight , mass density and
specific gravity of one litre of a liquid which weighs 7N.
 Answers:
 i) Specific weight = 7000N/m3
 ii) Mass Density = 713.5 kg/m3
 iii) Specific gravity = 0.7135

 2.) Calculate density, specific weight and weight of 1

litre of petrol of specific gravity =0.7
 Answers:
 i) Density = 700 kg/m3
 ii)Specific Weight = 6867 N/m3
 iii) Weight = 6.867 N

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 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1. Specific Mass or Mass density(ρ-symbol called as Rho)
2. Specific weight or Weight density(  -symbol called as
Gamma)
3. Specific volume
4. Specific gravity (S)
5. Viscosity (µ- symbol called as mu)
6. Kinematic viscosity (ν-symbol called as nu)
7. Bulk modulus (κ)
8. Compressibility (1/ κ)
9. Surface tension (σ- symbol called as sigma)
10. Capillarity (hc)
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS
 Fuel oil – 0.89
 Red Wood -0.51

 Ice cube -0.919

 Chalk Solid -2.5

 Chalk fine – 1.12

 Cement -1.44
 Sand -2.65
 Gold -19.32
 Mercury - 13.6
 Silver -10.4 18
BULK MODULUS & COMPRESSIBILITY

Bulk modulus is ratio of increase in pressure to

volumetric strain
It is mainly used to describe the strength of the
materials like liquids, soil etc.

Compressibility is defined as the inverse of bulk

modulus.
It is mainly for gases.
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PROBLEMS RELATED TO BULK MODULUS
 What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid
which is compressed in a cylinder from a volume
of 12.5 m3 at 80 N/cm2 pressure to a volume of
12.4 m3 at 150 N/cm2
Given Data:

Initial Volume = 12.5 m3

Final Volume = 12.4 m3
Initial pressure = 80 N/cm2
Final pressure = 150 N/cm2

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Answer:
Bulk modulus K = - dp
(dv)/V

Change in pressure dp = 150-80 = 70 N/cm2

Change in volume dv = 12.4-12.5 = -0.1 m3
Initial Volume V = 12.5 m3

Bulk Modulus K = - 70 N/cm2 =8750 N/cm2

(-0.1/12.5)
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BULK MODULUS PROBLEMS
1. What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid
which is compressed in a cylinder from a volume of
12.5 m3 at 80 N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 12.4 m3
at 150 N/cm2

2. When the pressure changes from 80 N/cm2 to 150

N/cm2 ,a liquid of volume 12.5m3 is compressed by
0.1m3 in a cylinder. Find bulk modulus.

3. When the pressure changes from 80 N/cm2 to 150

N/cm2, volume of liquid is decreased by 0.8%. Find
bulk modulus.
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For all the above questions Answer is K=8750 N/cm2
VISCOSITY
TYPES OF FLUID-RHEOLOGICAL DIAGRAM

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TYPES OF FLUIDS
 Ideal fluid
 Fluid which does not contain viscosity, surface tension
and they are incompressible
 Also called as invisid fluid
 Viscosity and compressibility plays an important role in
fluid mechanics
 Ideal fluids does not exist in nature (imaginary fluids)
 For mathematical purposes, air and water are
considered as ideal fluid
 Real fluid
 fluid which possess viscosity, surface tension and
compressibility.
 Practically all fluids are real fluids
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VISCOSITY
 Viscosity is the property of fluid which offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over
an adjacent layer of fluid. This resistance occurs when
a tangential force is applied over it

 Due to rise in temperature, for liquids the molecular

bonds get loosen and so viscosity decreases.

 Due to rise in temperature, for air the momentum

exchange between molecules increases and so
viscosity increases.

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PROBLEM- VISCOSITY

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PROBLEMS RELATED TO VISCOSITY

dy

L Sleeve

oil D 33
Shaft
N
 Given Data:
 Diameter of shaft D = 400mm = 0.4m
 Rotational Speed N=200 r.p.m
 Bearing Length L = 120mm =0.12 m
 Thickness of oil film dy = 1.5mm = 1.5x10-3 m
 Viscosity μ = 0.7 Ns/m2
 To Find:
 Torque = force x radius= F x (D/2)
 Power Lost = Force x velocity = F x u
 Shear Force F = τ x A = τ x πDL
 Shear Stress τ = μ(du/dy)
 Tangential Velocity u = (πDN/60)
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SOLUTION
 Step 1 – To determine tangential velocity u
 DN 3.14 0.4  200
u 
60 60
u  4.187m / s
 Step 2 – To determine shear stress
du 0.7  (4.187  0)
   3
dy 1.5 10
2
  1954N / m
 Step 3 – To determine shear force F
F = stress x area = τ x πDL
= 1954 x 3.14 x 0.4 x 0.12
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F= 294.5 N
 Step 4 – To determine the torque T
 Torque = Force x Radius (or dia /2)
= 294.5 x (0.4/2)
T = 58.9 N-m

 Step 5 – To determine Power lost P

 Power Lost P = Force x Velocity = F x u
= 294.5 x 4.187
=1233 W
P= 1.233 kW
Answer:
Torque required to overcome friction = 58.9 N-m
Power utilized in overcoming viscous resistance = 1.233 kW
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PROBLEMS RELATED TO VISCOSITY

A square plate of 50cm x 50cm dimension

weighing 500 N slides down an inclined plane
making an angle 30o with the horizontal at a
velocity of 1.75 m/s. If the 2mm gap between
the plate and the inclined surface is filled with
the lubricating oil. Find the viscosity of oil in
poise and pascal-sec.

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 Given Data:
Area of plate =0.50 x 0.50 m2
Self Weight of block W =500N
Angle of inclination of surface θ =30o
Velocity of plate sliding du = 1.75 m/s
Thickness of oil film dy = 2mm=2x10-3 m
 Required

Viscosity of oil μ
du
 
 Formula used dy
Force W sin
 
Area Area
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Solution:
Step 1- To calculate shear stress
Force W sin
 
Area Area
500 sin 30

0.50 0.50
= 1000 N/m2
Step 2 – To calculate viscosity
du
 
dy
1.75
1000  
2 103
μ= 1.143 Ns/m2 = 1.143 Pa-s (1N/m2 = Pa) 40

= 11.43 Poise (1 Ns/m2 = 10 Poise)

PROBLEMS RELATED TO VISCOSITY
 An oil of viscosity 5 poise is used for lubrication
between a shaft and sleeve. The diameter of shaft
is 0.5m and it rotates at 200 r.p.m. Calculate the
power lost in the oil for a sleeve of length 100mm.
The thickness of the oil film is 1 mm.
1 mm

Sleeve
100 mm

Oil 0.5 m
Shaft 41
PROBLEMS RELATED TO VISCOSITY
 Calculate the velocity gradient and shear stress
at distances of 0, 10 and 20 cm from the
boundary if velocity profile is a parabola with
vertex 20 cm from the boundary where the
velocity is 120 cm/s. take viscosity of fluid as 8.5
poise.
120 cm/s
y in cm

20 cm

u in cm/s 42
PROBLEMS RELATED TO VISCOSITY
 Two large plane surfaces are 2.4 cm apart. The space
between the surface is filled with glycerin. What force
is required to drag a very thin plate of surface area 0.5
square metre between the two large plane surfaces at
a speed of 0.6 m/s, if
 Case (i) thin plate is in middle of two plane surfaces
 Case (ii) thin plate is at a distance of 0.8 cm from one of the
plane surface.
Take dynamic viscosity of glycerin = 8.1 x 10-1 Ns/m2

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SURFACE TENSION
1. It is defined as the tensile force acting on the
surface of the liquid in contact with gas or two
immiscible liquids such that the contact surface
behaves as a membrane under tension .
2. The surface tension takes place due to the cohesion
between fluid particles.
3. If the temperature rises, the surface tension
decreases due to loss in cohesion.

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APPLICATION OF SURFACE TENSION

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APPLICATION OF SURFACE TENSION

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APPLICATION OF SURFACE TENSION

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PROBLEMS RELATED TO SURFACE TENSION

If the pressure in a water droplet is 196.2 N/m2 in

excess of the external pressure, what is the diameter
of the droplet? Given the value of surface tension of
water in contact with air at 20oC as 0.073 N/m.
Given Data
 p = 196.2 N/m2
 σ = 0.073 N/m

p=4σ
d
d= 4 x 0.073 = 1.488 x 10-3 m = 1.5 mm
196.2

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8. CAPILLARITY

• It is defines as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid

surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent general
level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in a
liquid.

• Its value depends upon the specific weight of liquid,

diameter of tube and surface tension of the liquid.

• Capillary rise will occur only when the diameter of tube

is very small say 6mm.

• Capillary rise or fall is measured interms of cm or mm

of the liquid.

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DERIVATION TO FIND CAPILLARY RISE

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PROBLEMS RELATED TO CAPILLARY RISE

 Calculatethe capillary rise h in a glass tube of

2.5 mm diameter when vertically immersed in
(i)water and (ii) mercury at 20oC. Take
surface tension for water at 20oC as 0.0725
N/m and for mercury as 0.52 N/m in contact
with air.

The specific gravity for mercury is given as

13.6 and angle of contact as 130o

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Case (i)
For Water θ= 0o
Specific Weight of water γw = ρw x g
= 1000 x 9.81 N/m3
Formula used:

4 cos
h
 d
4  0.0725 cos 0
h
9.811000 2.5 103
h = 0.0118 m = 1.18 cm of water

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Case (ii)
For Mercury θ= 130o
Density of mercury ρm =S x ρw
= 13.6 x 1000 kg/m3
Specific Weight of mercury γm = ρm x g
= 13.6 x1000x 9.81 N/m3
Formula used:
4 cos
h
 d
4  0.52 cos130
h
9.8113.6 1000 2.5 103
h = -0.004 m= -4mm of Hg.
The negative sign indicates the capillary depression 55
VAPOUR PRESSURE
When vapourization takes place, the molecules escapes
from the free surface of the liquid. These vapour
molecules get accumulated in the space between free
liquid surface and top of the vessel . these accumulated
vapours exert a pressure on the liquid surface . this
pressure is known as vapour pressure.

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CAVITATION
The cavitation is the phenomenon of formation of vapour
bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the
pressure of the liquid falls below the vapour pressure and
sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of
higher pressure causes the erosion of surrounding
materials.

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