S.

SENTHIL KUMAR
Asst.Engineer/Applic
ation
 Basics of power electronic devices
 VFD
 General terms of VFD
 Specifications of VFD
 Hitachi
 Parameters for VFD
 What are all the power electronic devices?
 Difference between thyristors and transistors?
 Various transistors?
 Communication protocols?
 Relation ship between speed, torque, voltage and
current
 Diode:-
 The most common function
of a diode is to allow an
electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's
forward direction), while
blocking current in the
opposite direction (the
reverse direction).
 This unidirectional behavior
is called rectification, and is
used to convert alternating
current to direct current,
these diodes are forms of
rectifiers.
 Rectifier:-
 A rectifier is an electrical
device that converts
alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current
(DC), which flows in only
one direction. The process is
known as rectification.
 The process of rectification
happens with an
combination of diodes for
positive and negatives cycles
 Odd series will work on
positive cycles
 Even series will work on
negative cycles.
 Inverter
 A inverter is an electrical
device that converts Direct
current (DC) to Alternative
current (AC).
 Topologies
 Voltage source inverters
 Current source inverters
 Being static power converters,
the DC to AC power
conversion is the result of
power switching devices,
which are commonly fully
controllable semiconductor
power switches.
 Cyclo–converter
 Cycloconverters are widely
used in industry for ac to ac
conversion, because they are
able to be used in high-power
applications. They are
commutated direct frequency
converters that are
synchronized by a supply
line.
 Types
 Single phase to single phase
 Three phase to single phase
 Transistor
 A transistor is a semiconductor
device used to amplify and
switch electronic signals and
electrical power.
 A voltage or current applied to
one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current
through another pair of
terminals.
 Conduct only in forward
direction
 Types
 BJT
 MOSFET
 IGBT
 JEFT
 Thyristors
 act as bistable switches,
conducting when their
gate receives a current
trigger, and continue to
conduct while they are
forward biased.
 It will conduct current in
both forward and reverse
direction
 Types:-
 SCR
 GTO
 TRIAC
S.No BJT IGBT MOSFET

1) BIPOLAR- conduct by both has a high gate more current

majority and minority impedance, thus flows
carriers low gate current
requirements
2) Cannot used at high power Can be used at moderate
high power
3) High power losses – due to low power loss moderate
large base current
4) Switching voltage 1500v 3000v 1000v,

5) Switching current 100A 1500A 100A

S.No SCR GTO TRIAC

1) gate pulse is present, turned on and off both the positive and
the device operates like a with a negative cycle can be
standard diode gate pulse. turned on independently
of
each other, using a
positive or negative gate
pulse
2) anode is negative snubber circuit is once
compared to the cathode, required in order the device is turned on,
the device turns off and to provide a the device cannot be
blocks positive or usable turned off.
negative voltages present switching curve
for this device
3) gate voltage does not allow device is
the device to turn-off considered bi-polar and
reverse voltage blocking.
 A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and
rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems
and in telecommunications. A protocol may have a formal description.
 Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection
and correction capabilities.
 Basic requirements of protocols
 Data formats f or data exchange
 Address formats f or data exchange
 Address mapping
 Routing
 Detection of transmission errors
 Acknowledgements
 Loss of information - timeouts and retries
 Direction of information f low
 Sequence control
 Flow control
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Post Office Protocol (POP3)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
 rate of transmission (in baud or bps
 whether transmission is to be synchronous or
asynchronous
 whether data is to be transmitted in half-duplex or full
-duplex mode
 RS 232 RS 422 RS 485 MODBUS PROFIBUS
Asynchronous Serial Serial Serial Serial
Serial communication communication communication communication
communication
Data One 32 receivers Approx 240 32 devices
transmission transmitter to through 1 bus receivers
one transmitter 10 receivers
to one receiver through bus
Slow rate (20 100Kbits/sec 100Kbits/sec to Ethernet 31.25 kbit/s t0
Kbits/sec) 35 Mbits/sec 12Mbps
Short Distance Distance upto 35 Mbit/s up to Seems as RS485 1900m
(upto 50 feet) 4000 feet 10 m and 100
kbit/s at 1200 m
Full – duplex Half - duplex Half duplex Master slave Process field
RS – Recommended Standards bus
Serial – information Sent one bit at a time
Asynchronous – information not sent in predefined time slots(bit by bit communication)
Full duplex- signals idle state 0v & active state +v (four wire)
 Speed controllers available for induction motor
 What is VFD?
 Why VFD?
 Energy saving and how?
 Construction
 Working
 Control techniques
 Types of VFD
 Designs of VFD
 Braking and types
 Applications
 Advantages
 Induction motor speed
control

Variable frequency
Speed controller drive

For single phase motors For three phase motors

Speed varying by vary the Speed varying by vary the
input voltage input frequency
This is not preferable for This is preferable for
varying acceleration and varying acceleration and
deceleration time deceleration time
 It is Variable frequency drive,
 The speed of the motor is varying/ controlled by
means of varying the supply voltage and frequency of
input to the drive.
 Frequency is directly proportional to the speed of the
motor

S.No Possible I/P Voltage Possible O/P Voltage
1) Single phase 230V Three phase 230V
2) Three phase 230V Three phase 230V
3) Three phase 440V Three phase 440V
 Energy saving
 Main and critical issue which the industries are facing
 Low starting current
 While starting the loading rate for motor is less, hence
consumption of low current is more than sufficient
 High power factor
 Real power/apparent power
 Reduction of thermal stresses
 Lower KVA
 Emergency bypass capability
 Protection from overload currents
 Safe Acceleration
 With respect to speed and load of the motor the VFD will
consume the energy, and save the remaining energy.
 Energy saving has not mostly preferable for constant
torque applications it is applicable for variable toque
applications
 For this, the VFD’s are following the AFFINITY Law
 Affinity law is
 Flow is directly proportional to speed
 Torque is directly proportional to Square of the speed
 Horse power is directly proportional to cube of the speed
 Hence the amount of speed we are reducing the cubic amount
of power will be save-Energy Saving
 Output voltage by
means of number of
times triggering the
IGBT’s Gate
Work in positive
cycles

Controlled
frequency to
motor
Input single
phase/three
phase supply Combination of
IGBT’s for to
convert DC to AC
Work in negative
cycles
Having capacitor
Combination of diodes
for to store the DC
for convert AC into
power from
equalent DC power
rectifier circuit
 Torque and current
VFD control
with respect to speed
and load
V/F
Vector
control
control

Speed of motor control

by varying the voltage Sensor less
Sensor based vector
and frequency of the vector control
drive by manually control

By using feed back devices Without any feedback

like hall sensor, encoder devices the parameters
etc..and then control the varied by internal PID
parameters automatically tuning
 VFD Design

Pulse Width Current Source Voltage Source

Modulation Inverter Inverter
S.No PWM CSI VSI
1) ½ hp – 500 hp The converter The voltage source
is controlled through inverter topology
electronic firing like the uses a diode
CSI drive rectifier that
converts
utility/line AC
voltage (60 Hz) to
DC.
2) Highly reliable, least Using inductance in Using capacitor in
harmonics series parallel
3) 3 phase 220/400v @2 to Current cannot be Voltage cannot be
400 Hz changed abruptly in change abruptly in
inductor capacitor
4) Switching speed 2 to
15KHz
5) Fixed DC bus voltage
 A technique for braking in which mechanical energy is
converted to heat or electrical energy in order to slow
or stop motion.
 Generator Action
 If an induction motor is forced to run at speeds in excess
of the synchronous speed, the load torque exceeds the
machine torque and the slip is negative, reversing the
rotor induced EMF and rotor current. In this situation
the machine will act as a generator with energy being
returned to the supply.
 Braking

Regenerative
Dynamic braking braking

Plugging DC supply
DC Injection

Brought motor to Stop motor by cut

stop by reversing the AC supply and
the leads feed the DC
supply to motor
S.No Dynamic Braking Regenerative braking
1) Using the motor as a generator to absorb Whenever the back EMF produces due to
energy from the system over load while stopping, the reverse current
will convert into heat and dissipate
2) over speed the motor, the motor is used where
returning the power back to its power speed control of overhauling loads is
supply. required (pulls a motor faster than its
synchronous speed)
3) In VFD while reducing the frequency, regenerative braking is possible by reducing
motor act as an generator and returning its the supply then regenerative braking is
power to controller till motor reaching the possible by reducing the supply frequency so
fixed frequency that the synchronous speed becomes less
than the
motor speed.

4) Over running load motor work as a

generator

5) stops the system more quickly regenerative braking is not possible

below synchronous speed
 Break-away torque:
 torque required to start a load in motion(typically greater
than the torque required to maintain motion).
 Accelerating torque:
 torque required to bring the load to operating speed within a
given time.
 Running torque:
 torque required to keep the load moving at all speeds.
 Peak torque:
 occasional peak torque required by the load, such as a load
being dropped on a conveyor.
 Holding torque:
 torque required by the motor when operating as a brake, such
as down hill loads and high inertia machines.
 Continuous run current rating :
 This is the maximum rms current the VFD can safely
handle under all operating conditions at a fixed
ambient temperature (usually 40 [degrees] C).
 Overload current rating
 This is an inverse time/current rating that is the
maximum current the VFD can produce for a given
time frame. Typical ratings are 110% to Overload
current rating 150% over current for 1 min, depending
on the manufacturer.
 VFD’s Application

Constant Variable
torque torque

VT drive can CT drive can not be

propose for CT propose for VT
application application

Steel mills,
paper mills,
cement mills, Centrifugal pumps,
Rubber mills, Centrifugal fans
Mixers,Crushers, compressors
Conveyors,
Cranes and elevators
 Strategi has promoting the following make and models
of VFD’s
 Hitachi make
 X200
 WJ200
 SJ300
 SJ700B
 SJ700
 NE-S1
 x200 WJ200 SJ700B SJ700 NE-S1
1-phase 230v 1-phase 110v 3-phase 415v 3-phase 230v 1-phase 230v
3-phase 230v 1-phase 230v 3-phase 415 v 3-phase 230v
3-phase 415 v 3-phase 230v
3-phase 415 v
Applicable 0.1-15kw 11-160kw 0.4-400kw 0.2-2.2kw
Motor s
0.2-7.5kw
Output 0.1-400Hz 0.1-400Hz 0.1-120Hz 0.5-400Hz
frequency
0.5-400Hz
16 various 16 16 16 8
speed
operation
0-10vdc 0-10vdc 0-10vdc 0-10vdc 0-10vdc
4-20mA 4-20mA 4-20mA 4-20mA 4-20mA
-10 to 10vdc -10 to 10vdc
 x200 WJ200 SJ700B SJ700 NE-S1
RS-485- RS-485- RS-485, RS-485, RS-485-
MODBUS-RTU MODBUS-RTU PROFIBUS PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS PROFIBUS
CAN CAN
USB
RS-422
Rated current 1-44A 22 – 290A 2.5 – 220A 1.4-10A
1.4-32A
IP20 IP20 IP20 IP20 IP20
Carrier frequency 2-15kHz 0.5-12kHz 0.5-15kHz 2-15kHz
2 to 12kHz
Analog (1)Frequency, (2)Voltage, (2)Voltage, Frequency,
monitor(1) Current, Current, Current, Current
Frequency, Torque, Pulse-string Pulse-string
Current Voltage,
Power,
 x200 WJ200 SJ700B SJ700 NE-S1
Fan & pump Conveyor Fan & pump Conveyor Fan & pump
lift crane

CE & UL CE & UL CE & UL CE & UL CE & UL

RS485 , EzSQ, 0.1-400Hz 0.1-120Hz RS485
Improved PID Safe stop Device Net Device Net
control function, PROFIBUS PROFIBUS
Password Optional
function, WOP
USB,
RS-422(RJ45)
 Dxxx- display parameters
 Fxxx-frequency, accel and decel setting parameters
 Axxx – mode, multispeed frequency, analog input V/F
characteristics, DC braking, PID control setting parameter
 Bxxx – restart, thermal current, overload, lock, torque
limit, parameter setup
 Cxxx – intelligent I/O terminal setting, analog monitoring,
communication function, parameter setup
 Hxxx – motor parameter setup
 Pxxx – control with FB, torque, PTI/PTO o/p, Ez-SQ,
communication option parameters setting.
 Exx.x – error notification