Freud and The Literary Imagination - PDF
Freud and The Literary Imagination - PDF
II. Definition of the Uncanny
A. Aesthetics and Psychoanalysis merged here. The uncanny is the subject of aesthetics.
Why? Because it has to do with a certain kind of feeling or sensation, with emotional impulses.
But in general aesthetics has neglected to study the uncanny, preferring to concentrate on
beauty and, generally, on more positive emotions: the attractive, the sublime, etc. The uncanny
is something fearful and frightening, and as such it has been neglected in the history of
aesthetics. But Modernism marks a turn in aesthetics in general toward a fascination with the
ugly, the grotesque: a kind of "negative" aesthetics. Freud's essay makes a contribution to this
supplement to the aesthetics of the "beautiful" by examining what we might call the aesthetics
of the "fearful," the aesthetics of anxiety.
-- Freud will wed psychoanalytic and aesthetic modes of thought to develop his theory of the
uncanny; the theory remains incomplete if it fails to regard both of these. It is important to keep
in mind here that Freud interprets beauty in general as an "inhibited aim": that is, as a
sublimated reflection or manifestation of our erotic instincts and impulses. See in this regard the
Freud Reader, p. 193.
-- This essay provides a brilliant example—perhaps the most stunning one in all of Freud’s
works—of the intertwining of psychoanalysis with another discipline: here, literary criticism.
-- In this essay Freud plays the part of a literary critic who tries to explain the effect of a certain
kind of literature; he is concerned with literary reception. Coherent with this literary orientation
is the fact that he begins his analysis with philological considerations: the meaning of the word
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"uncanny" (unheimlich), its etymology, history, historical development, general use, etc.
B. What is the uncanny?
-- "Uncanny," p. 195: Freud's definition = uncanny as the class of frightening things that leads
us back to what is known and familiar.
-- Freud's aim: to demonstrate psychoanalytically why this is the case.
-- Only previous study of the uncanny = that of Ernst Jentsch (1867-?), "On the Psychology
of the Uncanny" (1906): Jentsch’s conclusions:
1) Uncanny = fear of the u nfamiliar;
2) Uncanny = based on intellectual uncertainty.
-- Freud will take issue with bothof these propositions.
-- Study of the German words, h eimlich and unheimlich (canny/homey; uncanny/unhomey).
heimlich, first definition = I,
a: belonging to the house; friendly; familiar; I,
b: tame (as in animals); I, c: intimate, comfortable; i.e: secure, domestic(ated),
hospitable.
heimlich, second definition = concealed, secret, withheld from sight and from others;
secretive, deceitful = private.
-- Note the dialectic of these meanings, summarized on p. 200: what from the perspective of
the one who is "at home" is familiar, is to the outsider, the stranger, the very definition of the
unfamiliar, the secretive, the impenetrable.
-- The term heimlich embodies the dialectic of "privacy" and "intimacy" that is inherent in
bourgeois ideology. Therefore Freud can associate it with the "private parts," the parts of the
body that are the most "intimate" and that are simultaneously those parts subject to the most
concealment (see p. 200). However, in Freud's understanding the "heimlich" will also be
something that is c oncealed from the self.
unheimlich: as the negation of heimlich, this word usually only applies to the first set of
meanings listed above:
unheimlich I = unhomey, unfamiliar, untame, uncomfortable = eerie, weird, etc.
unheimlich II (the less common variant) = unconcealed, unsecret; what is made known;
what is supposed to be kept secret but is i nadvertently revealed.
-- Note the implicit connection of this notion of the unheimlich to Freud’s concept of
"parapraxis," the inadvertent slip of the tongue that reveals a hidden truth. Schelling’s
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definition (p. 199): "Unheimlich is the name for everything that ought to have remained secret
and hidden but has come to light." Unheimlich thus becomes a kind of unwilling, mistaken
self-exposure. In psychoanalytic terms, it provides a surprising and unexpected
self-revelation.
Freud concentrates on the unusual semantics of these 2 terms:
heimlich I = known, familiar; u nheimlich I = unknown, unfamiliar
heimlich II = secret, unknown; u nheimlich II = revealed, uncovered
For a diagram of the complex semantic dynamics and oppositions Freud associates with these
terms:
The word heimlich thus has a meaning that overlaps with its opposite, unheimlich; the
semantics of this word come full circle.
-- Freud's thesis: unheimlich, the uncanny = revelation of what is private and concealed, of
what is hidden; h idden not only from others, but also from the self.
In Freudian terminology: the uncanny is the mark of the return of the repressed. (See
"Uncanny" 217)
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III. E.T.A. Hoffmann's "The Sandman" and the Psychoanalytic Elements of
the Uncanny.
A. Jentsch's theory of the automaton: he sees the undecidability of the inanimate/animate
opposition as one source of the uncanny. In Hoffmann's story this is embodied in the robotic
woman Olympia. Jentsch sees this as the uncanny kernel of this text.
-- Freud disagrees: he claims the source of the uncanny in this tale is the eponymous figure of
the sandman himself. The sandman as a mythic figure who tears out children's eyes.
B. Story line of Hoffmann's "The Sandman":
1) Nathanial, the protagonist, is warned as a child about the sandman. The eerie Coppelius comes
to conduct experiments with Nathaniel's father; Nathanial sees Coppelius and associates him with
the sandman. Nathanial is discovered as he observes Coppelius and his father conducting
alchemical experiments; Coppelius wants to burn his eyes out, but the father saves him.
Nathaniel's father is later killed by an explosion during one of Coppelius's visits.
2) As a student, Nathanial meets the optician Coppola, from whom he buys a spy-glass. Nathanial
falls in love with the automaton Olympia, whom he sees through this glass. Olympia has been
produced by Spalanzani (double of the father) and Coppola (the double of Coppelius). Nathanial
observes how the 2 fight over the automaton and the eyes are pulled out of the robot’s head. This
fight between the two "fathers" repeats the fight that Coppelius and Nathaniel's father had over
Nathaniel himself, when he was discovered spying on their experiments. (Note the significance of
the structure of doubling in this story; we saw something similar in Kafka's "Country Doctor").
-- Nathanial falls into a state of insanity.
3) Nathanial recovers, and he is about to marry his fiancee Clara. They ascend the tower of the
town hall and Nathaniel sees Coppelius through his spy-glass. He goes insane again and tries to kill
Clara. Her brother rescues her, but Nathanial jumps off the tower to his death. The spy-glass is a
kind of symbol for the revelation of a hidden secret, for a tool that makes the heimlich (secret)
unheimlich (unsecret). It allows Nathanial to penetrate into the sphere of the "private," but also to
gain access to the repressed parts of his own past.
C. Freud's Interpretation:
1) Freud stresses the uncertainty of whether the events the narrator relates to us are real or
imaginary; for uncanny fiction, this ambivalence will become decisive. (This is Freud's version
of Jentsch's "intellectual uncertainty.")
2) For Freud the source of the uncanny is tied to the idea of being robbed of one's eyes. Why?
Here Freud turns to the experience of the psychoanalyst: In dreams, myths, neurotic fantasies,
etc. loss of the eyes = fear of castration. In "The Sandman" Coppelius, the "bad" father,
interferes with all love relationships. He is the powerful, castrating father who supplants (kills)
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the good father who first protects Nathaniel's "eyes."
3) The uncanny thus marks the return of the familiar in the sense of our psychic economy (in
which nothing is ever lost or wholly forgotten). It is the castration complex as part of our
infantile sexuality (genital phase) that is re-invoked by the fear of loss of the eyes in this story.
What is uncanny here is thus the return of something in our psychosexual history that has
been overcome and forgotten.
-- Freud's first thesis: The uncanny arises due to the return of repressed infantile
material.
4) Other examples of this: The double (doppelganger); its source is the primary narcissism of the
child, its self-love. In early childhood this produces projections of multiple selves. By doing
this the child insures his/her immortality. But when it is encountered later in life, after
childhood narcissism has been overcome, the double invokes a sensation of the uncanny = a
return to a primitive state.
5) But Freud also relates the double to the formation of the super-ego. The super-ego projects all
the things it represses onto this primitive image of the double. Hence the double in later life is
experienced as something uncanny because it calls forth all this repressed content:
-- Alternative meanings for this form of the double: a. it represents everything that is
unacceptable to the ego, all its negative traits that have been suppressed; or b. it embodies
all those utopian dreams, wishes, hopes that are suppressed by the reality principle, by
the encounter with society. (See "Uncanny" 211-212) This aspect of Freud's theory will
become important for our interpretation of Hofmannsthal's "A Tale of the Cavalry."
WHY IS THE DOPPELGANGER THE PARADIGM OF THE UNCANNY?
-- It represents a psychic “nodal point” with multiple implications, meanings, sources, etc.
AMBIVALENCE: The Double Doubled
“The fact that an agency of this kind [the super-ego] exists, which is able to treat the rest of the ego
like an object--the fact, that is, that man is capable of self-observation--renders it possible to
invest the old idea of a ‘double’ with a new meaning and to ascribe many things to it--above all,
those things which seem to self-criticism to belong to the old surmounted narcissism of earlier
times. But it is not only this latter material, offensive as it is to the criticism of the ego, which
may be incorporated in the idea of a double. There are also all the unfulfilled but possible
futures to which we still like to cling in phantasy, all the strivings of the ego which adverse
circumstances have crushed [. . .].” “The Uncanny” (211-12; emphasis added)
(This aspect of Freud’s theory will become important for our interpretation of Hofmannsthal’s
“A Tale of the Cavalry.”)
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Freud's general thesis: The uncanny is anything we experience in adulthood that reminds
us of earlier psychic stages, of aspects of our unconscious life, or of the primitive
experience of the human species.
a. castration
b. double
c. involuntary repetition; the compulsion to repeat (Wiederholungszwang) as a structure of the
unconscious.
d. animistic conceptions of the universe = the power of the psyche. It sees itself as stronger than
reality; e.g. telepathy, mind over matter. These are common conceptions of primitive life.
The uncanny arises as the recurrence of something long forgotten and repressed,
something superceded in our psychiclife = a reminder of our psychic past.
IV. The Uncanny in Literature, in Narrative Fiction.
A. Freud is not entirely satisfied with his own conclusion. Not everything that returns from
repression is uncanny. Return of the repressed is a necessary condition for the uncanny, but not a
sufficient one. Something else must also be at play here in order to create the experience of the
uncanny.
B. T o understand this, Freud returns to the study of fiction for help.
Here we find the 2 sources of the uncanny, its relation to the psychic past, confirmed:
1) uncanny = revival of repressed infantile material = part of individualpsychic reality;
2) uncanny = confirmation or return of surmounted primitive beliefs of the human
species, such as animism, etc.
C. But Freud asks why our experience of the uncanny in our real-life experiences and in fiction are
different. His answer (we know it already!) = fantasy is different from reality because it does not
undergo reality-testing.
-- Therefore, events that would be uncanny if experienced in real life are not experienced as such in
fiction. Fairy tales, for example, give many instances of uncanny events that are not experienced by
the reader as uncanny. Why? The readers adjust their sensibility to the fictional world. (See
"Uncanny" 227) In other words, since uncanny events seem "normal" in the fairy-tale world, and
we adjust our expectations to the "normal" state of this fictional reality, we as readers do not gain a
sense of the uncanny. Or, we might say: since the characters in the fictional world of fairy tales do
not see fantastic events as unusual or uncanny, but take them as a matter of course, the reader also
is not led to find these things out of the "ordinary" (for the depicted world).
-- Fiction only creates an uncanny effect if the author makes a pretense to realism; if we as readers
believe that real, actual conditions are being narrated.
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-- The experience of the uncanny in literature depends on the discrepancy between real events
and fantastic occurrences in the fictional world. The author promises truth and verisimilitude,
but then b reaks this promise. (See "Uncanny" 227)
-- We, as readers of the fiction, must share the perspective of the character who experiences
the uncanny event in the fictional world. See "Uncanny" 229, the example of the severed hand.
-- In Hoffmann's "The Sandman," the narrator makes us look through the spy-glass Nathaniel buys
from Coppola/Coppelius, the demon optician. (See "Uncanny" 205-206).
V. Summary of the Qualities of Uncanny Fiction
A. Focus is on one central character = the anchor character; events, people, etc. in the fictional
world only have significance in relation to this character. It forms the hub, or center of all events.
B. External events are seen through the perspective of the anchor character and colored by his or
her psyche; they are projectionsof the psyche of this fictional character.
C. The text thus takes on the quality of a dream text, with manifest and latent content. The real
and the fantastic (Freud's required ambivalence) form a unity in the consciousness of the anchor
character. This lends some of the events the shimmer of the symbolic because it is undecidable
whether they are real or imagined.
D. Stylistically, uncanny fiction requires a fusion of objective and subjective narrative styles.
We commonly find a realistic frame, which reads like a report or a newspaper article, which is
suddenly ruptured by fantastic events. But this rupture is also related with the accuracy and detail
of objective narration.
E. The reader's perspective must be that of the anchor character; events must be perceived
through his/her eyes, filtered through the psyche of this character.
Only when all of these conditions are met is the experience of the uncanny transferred from
the domain of the fictional world to the receptive experience of the reader.