Water Chemistry Review

WATER CHEMISTRY REVIEW
Objectives and other details of module
Duration – 75 minutes
Training aids
Power point Presentation
Objective
At the end of the session participants will be able to:
 Explain problems in power plant chemistry areas – Water treatment
plant, Cooling water treatment and Boiler & Feed Water
 State events leading to contaminant ingress
 Suggest actions for minimizing / eliminating/preventing
contaminant ingress
 Perform process for chemical cleaning prior to commissioning and
post long shut down.
 List out causes for chemistry excursions and undertake corrective
actions for such excursions.
Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 2

13
Problems in Power Plants in Different
Areas
• WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Pre Treatment Area
DM Plant
RO/DM Plant
• COOLING WATER TREATMENT

Circulating Water
Condenser Water Quality
• BOILER & FEED WATER
3
Water Treatment Plant
• PRE TREATMENT AREA
Coagulation
Telescopic Sludge removal device
Colloidal Silica
• DM PLANT
Filter
Gravity Filter
Pressure Filter
Active Carbon Filter
Resine of Cation and Anion
Counter Flow Regeneration
Packed Bed Regeneration
Through Fare Regeneration
Continuous Deionizers
4
Water Treatment Plant Contd..
RO/DM Plant
• UF – RO – MB
 UF & RO - Membrane technology

 Membrane - policy unit
• Problems associated with UF & RO Membrane Technology:
 Chocking
 Fouling
 Reduction in capacity
5
Water Treatment Plant Contd..
DM Plant vs. RO/DM Plant – Comparison
DM Plant RO/DM Plant

Bigger Layout in size Smaller Layout
Less Capital Cost More Capital Cost
More Operation Cost Less Operation Cost
Maintenance Intensive Easy to maintain
6
Cooling Water Treatment
 CIRCULATING WATER
Chemical Treatment
Anticorrosive,
Anti Scalent
Bio side
Bio Dispersant
Sulphuric Acid
Physical Treatment
Bullet Cleaning
Online Condenser Tube Cleaning Systems
7
Events leading to Contaminant
Ingress
 Makeup demineralizer regenerations
 Boiler and Turbine startups
 Condenser Operation
 Deaerator startup, operation and lay-up
 Chemical injection system startup and operation

13
Contaminant Ingress from DM Plant
 Usually in the forms of:

Regenerate chemicals (acid or caustic),
Substandard effluent (high silica),
Non-reactive silica, iron and aluminum, or
Organic matter
 The following instrumentation should be installed on

the DM Plant effluent and alarm in the control room:
Conductivity recorder
pH recorder
Silica recorder
13
Upon Detection & Alarm of DM Plant
Contaminant Ingress Event
 The following operator actions are considered best

practice:
oVerify condition as soon as possible
oIsolate the DM Plant as soon as possible
oProtect power generation process equipment
oDetermine and/or correct the root cause
oRestore proper water/steam system chemistry

13
Minimizing Contaminant Ingress
from DM Plant
Contaminant ingress can only be minimized by:
 Installing instrumentation to detect ingress and alarm in

the control room as soon as possible.
 Establishing utility-specific limits on DM Plant effluent
contaminant levels, based on EVONIK target value
methodology described in appropriate Cycle Chemistry
Guidelines for Fossil Plants.
 Adopting action-oriented operating procedures that
address:
 Condition verification,
 Isolation of DM Plant from condensate system,
 Correction of root cause of DM Plant effluent problems, and
 Protection of in-service power generation process equipment
13
Eliminating Repeat DM Water Contaminant
Ingress Events
Ensure the following are properly performed:

 Proper isolation of the system before and during regeneration,
 Establishing and maintaining correct backwash and air mixing
flows,
 Maintaining correct regenerate temperature, and
 Maintaining correct regenerate flow rates and strengths,
 Periodic testing of resins.

13
To Minimize Other Contaminant
Ingress
• Clean up of heater drains during startup

• Detection and reporting of increased air in-leakage
• Location and isolation of air in-leakage sources
• Detection, reporting and isolation of contaminated make-up
• Detection, reporting and isolation of condenser leakage
• Minimum use of desuperheating sprays
• Prompt isolation of Attemperator spray valves on detection of major
ingress events
• Maintaining proper drum level
• Blowing down to maintain proper boiler water chemistry
• Detection and reporting of main steam contamination

13
Instrument Accuracy Checking on Steam
Contamination Event
• Check flow to instrument
• Check cation resin column for exhaustion
If above indications are normal
• Visually check drum level
• Check chemical injection system for proper operation and feed rates
• Check other appropriate system chemical parameters

13
Actions to Prevent Contaminant Ingress
• Routine testing for condenser cooling water and air in-leakage during
suitable maintenance opportunities
• Breather/Bladders/nitrogen blanketing of make-up storage tanks
• Checking make-up water quality prior to startup
• Use of auxiliary steam for prompt pegging of the deaerator
• Strong reliability-centered-maintenance (RCM) programs for

condensers, deaerators and demineralizers

13
Operator Responsilibities - Deaerator
Performance
• Prompt use of pegging steam on startup
Manually check deaerator steam injection valve
• Monitoring dissolved oxygen analyzers

Check analyzer flow and temperature
• Adjusting oxygen scavenger feeds

Check feed pumps for proper operation and leaks
• Monitoring condenser air ingress

Report any increase in air ingress
• Monitoring deaerator level

Visually check deaerator level
• Monitoring deaerator temperature

13
Chemical Cleaning prior to
commissioning and post long shut down.
• Preheating of the boiler

• Isolating the unit to be cleaned from other units in the plant
• Maintaining circulation during the cleaning process
• Back flushing the economizer and/or superheater
• Draining the chemical solvent from the boiler
• Filling the boiler with a passivation solution
• Firing the boiler during the naturalization/passivation stage of the
cleaning process
• Draining of the passivation solution from the boiler
• Filling the boiler up with lay-up chemicals if the unit is not being
returned to service.
13
Possible Causes of Chemistry
Excursions
 For sodium, chloride, silica and free hydroxide:

Insufficient boiler blowdown
Condenser leakage
Makeup demineralizer
 For iron and copper:

Air in-leakage
Feedwater dissolved oxygen
Feedwater pH

13
Examples of Corrective Actions for
Important Sample Points
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS – MAKEUP TREATMENT EFFLUENT
Parameter (s) deviation Corrective Actions

• Sodium, Chloride, hydroxide, 1. Re-circulate effluent to
sulfate, silica and specific appropriate inlet point such as:
conductivity  Pretreatment system
 Cation or anion vessel
 Mixed-bed vessel
2. Identify contaminant source:
 Raw water quality
 Effluent water quality from
an operating unit
2. Regenerate demineralizers
3. Install mixed-bed polisher

13
Examples of Corrective Actions for
Important Sample Points (Contd.)
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS – DEAERATOR OUTLET
Parameter (s) deviation Corrective Actions

• Dissolved oxygen 1. Check DA Performance
2. Check DA Vent Control
3. Check DA inlet oxygen

13

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WATER CHEMISTRY REVIEW

Objectives and other details of module

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 2

• WATER TREATMENT PLANT

• COOLING WATER TREATMENT

Condenser Water Quality

• BOILER & FEED WATER

• PRE TREATMENT AREA

 UF & RO - Membrane technology

• Problems associated with UF & RO Membrane Technology:

DM Plant vs. RO/DM Plant – Comparison

DM Plant RO/DM Plant

 Makeup demineralizer regenerations

 Boiler and Turbine startups

 Deaerator startup, operation and lay-up

 Chemical injection system startup and operation

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 8

 Usually in the forms of:

Substandard effluent (high silica),

Non-reactive silica, iron and aluminum, or

 The following instrumentation should be installed on

 The following operator actions are considered best

oVerify condition as soon as possible

oIsolate the DM Plant as soon as possible

oProtect power generation process equipment

oDetermine and/or correct the root cause

oRestore proper water/steam system chemistry

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 10

Contaminant ingress can only be minimized by:

 Installing instrumentation to detect ingress and alarm in

Ensure the following are properly performed:

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 12

• Clean up of heater drains during startup

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 13

• Check flow to instrument

• Check cation resin column for exhaustion

If above indications are normal

• Visually check drum level

• Check other appropriate system chemical parameters

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 14

• Breather/Bladders/nitrogen blanketing of make-up storage tanks

• Checking make-up water quality prior to startup

• Use of auxiliary steam for prompt pegging of the deaerator

• Strong reliability-centered-maintenance (RCM) programs for

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 15

• Monitoring dissolved oxygen analyzers

• Adjusting oxygen scavenger feeds

• Monitoring condenser air ingress

• Monitoring deaerator level

• Monitoring deaerator temperature

• Preheating of the boiler

 For sodium, chloride, silica and free hydroxide:

 For iron and copper:

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 18

Parameter (s) deviation Corrective Actions

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 19

Parameter (s) deviation Corrective Actions

Mittwoch, 27. November 20 Fußzeilentext 20

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