Ardac 2009

REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS AND WORKS
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITIES
FOR THE YEAR
2009
PRINTED AT THE PRINTING OFFICE

OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
LEFKOSIA 2013
ISSN 1010–1136
SENIOR STAFF
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITIES,
AS ON 31st DECEMBER 2009
1. ADMINISTRATION:
Director: Pavlos Flourentzos (until 31st October 2009),
M.A. in Classical Archaeology and History of Art (Charles University in Prague),
Ph.D. (Charles University in Prague).
2. CURATORS OF ANTIQUITIES:
Maria Hadjicosti (Acting Director in November 2009),
M.A. in Classical Archaeology and History (Charles University in Prague), Ph.D.
(Charles University in Prague).
Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou (Acting Director in December 2009),

D.E.U.G., Licence, Maîtrise, D.E.A. in Archaeology (Université Sorbonne-Paris IV),
Doctorat in Medieval Archaeology (Université Sorbonne-Paris I).
3. SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFFICERS:

Despo Pilides,
B.A. (Hons) in Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, London), Ph.D. in Archaeol-
ogy (University College London).
Eleni Procopiou,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (National Capodistrian University of Athens),
Ph.D. in Byzantine Archaeology (National Capodistrian University of Athens).
4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFFICERS:
George Philotheou,
D.E.A. in Byzantine Archaeology (Université Sorbonne-Paris I).
Eftychia Zachariou-Kaila,
M.A. in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History (Westfälische Wilhelms
Universität Münster).
Evi Fiouri,
Licence and Maîtrise in Archaeology and History of Art (Université Pantheon-Sor-
bonne, Paris I).
Giorgos Georgiou
Ph.D. in Archaeology (University of Cyprus).
Eustathios Raptou,
D.E.U.G., Licence, Maîtrise, D.E.A. (Université Lumiére-Lyon II), Doctorat (Uni-
versité Lumiére-Lyon II).
Ioannis Violaris,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki).
Chrysanthi Kounnou,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens),
M.A. in Artefact Studies (University College London).
5. CONSERVATORS:
Stella Pissaridou,
B.A. in Fine Arts (Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki), Diploma of Conserva-
tion of Paintings and Icons (Istituto per l’Arte e il Restauro, Florence), Professional
Qualification Certificate for Conservation (Region of Tuscany).
Eleni Loizides,
B.Sc. (Hons) in Archaeological Conservation (University College London), M.A.
(Dist.) in Conservation Studies (University of York).
Andri Meli,
B.A. in Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art (TEI Athens).
6. CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFFICERS

Fryni Hadjichristophi,
D.E.U.G. Licence, Maîtrise, D.E.A., Archaeology and History of Art (Université de
Reinne-Bretagne II), Doctorat in Early Christian Archaeology (Université Sorbonne-
Paris IV).
Katerina Papanicolaou,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki), D.E.A.
in Archaeology (Université Aix-en-Provence).
Efthymia Alphas,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki), M.A. in
Archaeology and Prehistory (University of Sheffield).
Efthymios Shaftacolas,
B.A. in Anthropology and B.A. in History (Purdue University), M.Phil. in Mediter-
ranean Archaeology (Glasgow University).
Anthi Kaldeli,
B.A. in Archaeology and History (Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki), M.A. in
Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, University College London), Ph.D. in
Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, University College London).
Elena Stylianou,
B.Sc. in Archaeology (Bournemouth University), M.A. in Archaeology (Institute of
Archaeology, University College London), Ph.D. in Archaeology (University of
Liverpool).
Maria Mina,
B.A. in Archaeology (University of Southampton), M.A. in European Archaeology
(University of Southampton), Ph.D. in Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, Uni-
versity College London).
Manolis Mikrakis,
B.A. in Archaeology and History of Art (National and Kapodistrian University of
Athens), D.Phil. in Classical Archaeology (University of Heidelberg).
Maria Makri,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (University of Cyprus), M.A. in Archaeology and
Prehistory (University of Sheffield).
Margarita Kouali,
B.A. in History and Archaeology (National Capodistrian University of Athens), M.A.
in Landscape Archaeology (University of Bristol).
7. CONTRACT CONSERVATORS:
Christos Christofides (as of 23rd of September, 2008),
B.Sc. in Chemistry (University of Cyprus), M.A. in the Conservation of Historic
Objects (University of Durham).
7
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITIES FOR THE YEAR 2009
1. Introduction
The Department of Antiquities is part of the Ministry of Communi-
cations and Works and is responsible for all archaeological sites,
Ancient Monuments, Government Museums and all archaeological
activity on the island. It concerns itself with the excavation of archae-
ological sites, the conservation and restoration of archaeological
remains and ancient monuments of Schedule A and B, ranging chrono-
logically from the Neolithic period to the 20th century –as defined by
the Antiquities Law– the maintenance and expansion of archaeological
museums and the creation of new ones, the promotion and use of
Ancient Monuments and archaeological sites for didactic purposes and
for the development of cultural tourism. The Department organises
seminars, lectures, exhibitions etc. for the promotion of these aims.
During 2009 the Department of Antiquities continued to pursue its
policy followed in the last several years focusing on research, conser-
vation and promotion of monuments and archaeological sites.
2. General
The occupation of 36% of the territory of the Republic of Cyprus by
the Turkish army since 1974 continues to have disastrous and irre-
versible results on the cultural heritage of the island. Important archae-
ological sites in the northern occupied part remain unprotected and
many churches are looted, their mosaics and frescoes destroyed or
removed and sold abroad.
Stolen and illicitly-exported antiquities from the occupied parts of
the island continue to be traced on the illegal market. The Department,
in collaboration with the Government, the Church Authorities and the
House of Representatives, never fails to appeal to all relevant interna-
tional organisations to safeguard the island's cultural heritage which is
in peril.
8
3. Collaboration with international and other organisations

The following Government organisations offered valuable co-oper-
ation and assistance: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Legal Ser-
vices, the Permanent Delegation of Cyprus to UNESCO, the Ministry
of Interior, the Police, the Department of Customs and Excise, the
Department of Lands and Surveys, the Geological Survey Department,
the Government Printing Office, the Press and Information Office, the
District Commissioners, the municipalities and other government bod-
ies, the United Nations Office (UNDP), the Administration of the Sov-
ereign British Bases at Akrotiri and Dekeleia and others.
The Department continued its close co-operation with UNESCO,
ICCROM, the Council of Europe, ICOM and ICOMOS and reported to
these authorities the continued destruction of the cultural heritage of
Cyprus in the occupied areas of the island.
In 2009 four contract archaeologists were hired and the necessary
equipment was bought and installed for the two-year programme
“Cyprus Archaeological Digitization Programme”. This programme
focused on the digitisation of the monuments of Schedule A and B, as
well as areas where archaeological surveys have taken place and the
areas under the Department’s control (including expropriated plots), as
well as 5,000 objects the Pafos District Museum acquired before 1975.
The programme is co-financed by the EEA Grants (Norway) and the
government of Cyprus.
In addition a project was approved by the Research Promotion
Foundation of Cyprus for the digitisation of artefacts that were found
during the British excavations at Egkomi (Enkomi) in 1896. According
to the legislation of the time, two-thirds of these objects was obtained
by the British Museum while only a third was kept in the Cyprus Muse-
um. The material in the British Museum has already been digitised and
put on the web, while the objects in Cyprus are currently being digi-
tised in the framework of a digitisation programme funded by the
Research Promotion Foundation. The aim of this programme is to iden-
tify all the material and to re-associate it with the total of finds from
each tomb. This is also a pilot programme for the eventual digitisation
of objects belonging to the old collections of the Cyprus Museum.
A programme that began in 2007 in cooperation with the Ephorate
of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology of Southern Greece for the pro-
9
tection, research and promotion of the cave installations at Erimi-

Pitharka was completed this year under the Greece-Cyprus 2000–2006
cooperation (INTERREG IIIA) “Valorisation of the caves Ellinokamara,
Kasos and Erimi-Pitharka, Cyprus”. Apart from this programme, the
study for a small shelter to be placed above the entrance/exit of the
cave was completed.
The Department of Antiquities accepted an invitation to participate
in the programmes for European Territorial Cooperation between
Cyprus and Greece 2007–2013, and proposed in cooperation with the
Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities of Western Crete a project titled
“Valorisation of selected Middle Byzantine monuments in Crete and
Cyprus, with innovative methods”. In view of the forthcoming project,
the Department of Antiquities, in cooperation with the Monastery of
Amasgous and the Bishopric of Trimithounta prepared comprehensive
studies for the restoration of the Church of Agia Marina at Kantou and
the Church of Panagia at Kofinou.
The final report for the European programme “Introduction of oste-
ological and molecular methods in Cypriot Archaeology – revival of
Byzantine/Medieval Nicosia”, which was funded by the Research Pro-
motion Foundation and carried out in cooperation with the Institute of
Genetics Cyprus, the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation and indepen-
dent researchers, was submitted in 2009.
4. Donations received by the Government from institutions and indi-
viduals
Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation: Restoration of the
Church of Archangelos Michail, Dierona €5.000
Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation: Conservation of the
wall-paintings of the Church of Agios Ioannis Lampadistis,
Kalopanagiotis €11,106
Church of Agios Georgios, Kaminaria €12.815
Church of Agios Gennadios, Kallepeia €5.000
Community Council of Kouklia: Restoration of the
catholicon of Kouklia €31.000
10
Lemesos Water Board: Restoration of the Havouza

aqueduct, Agios Georgios €3.163
Community Council of Spelia: Restoration of the
olive-press, Spelia €5.000
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Conservation of the
wall-paintings of the Monastery of Agia Napa €10.150
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Restoration of the Monastery
of Agia Napa €40.000
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Restoration of a monastic
cell in the Monastery of Agia Napa €1.334
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Conservation of the
wall-paintings in a monastic cell at the Monastery
of Agia Napa €5.681
Bishopric of Morfou: Restoration of the Church
of Agios Mnason, Potamiou €15.000
Bishopric of Morfou: Restoration of the Church of
Agios Andronikos and Agia Athanasia, Kalopanagiotis €4.000
Bank of Cyprus (90% of retrievable interest): Restoration
and conservation of the House on Axiothea street €728
University of Cyprus: Restoration of the House on
Axiothea street €6.750
Community Council of Parasteio Avdemou: Restoration
of the Church of Panagia Diakenousa, Prasteio Avdemou €30.000
Community Council of Kallepeia: Restoration of the
Church of Agios Gennadios, Moronero (Kallepeia) €5.000
Community Council of Agios Thomas: Restoration
of the Church of Agios Thomas, Lemesos €10.000
Community Council of Koile: Restoration of the
Church of Agios Georgios, Koile €20.000
Monastery of Stavrovouni: Restoration of the
Monastery of Panagia Stazousa €57.691,98
11
5. Cultural activities in Cyprus and abroad

The Department of Antiquities cooperated with the following insti-
tutions for the organisation of exhibitions and other cultural events in
Cyprus and abroad:
– The exhibition “Time of Heroes. Greece in the Dark Ages,
1200–800 BC”, Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe, Germany,
25 October 2008–15 February 2009.
– The exhibition “Byzantium, 330–1453”, Royal Academy of Arts,
London, 25 October 2008–22 March 2009.
– Long-term loan of antiquities to the Swiss Toy Museum in Tour
de Peilz (May 2008–May 2010) and to the Athens National
Archaeological Museum (June 2008–June 2013).
– The exhibition “Cipro: uno scavo di 4000 anni fa e l'archaeologia
sperimentale”, Museo Nazionale Etrusco Viterbo, 2 April 2009–31
May 2009.
– The exhibition “Notes of Kinyras: Music, Wine and Perfume
since the 4th millennium BC and evidence from Erimi”, Cyprus
Museum, 16 May 2009–5 June 2009.
– The exhibition “Views from Phlamoudhi: Celebrating the Return
of Artifacts from the Excavations in the Village (1970–1973)”,
Cyprus Museum, 18 June 2009–11 October 2009.
– The exhibition “Eros. From Hesiod’s Theogony to Late Antiqui-
ty”, Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens, November 2009–April
2010.
6. Publications
– Eleni Mantzourani, The Excavation of the Neolithic Settlement of
Kantou-Koufovounos (in Greek).
– Despina Pilides, George Jeffrey: His Diaries and the Ancient
Monuments of Cyprus.
7. Use of Ancient Monuments for Cultural functions

The Castle of Lemesos was used by the Limassol Folklore Society,
Interact Dance Co., the Cyprus Bonded Warehousing Logistics Associ-
12
ation, OM Destination Management, and other private companies and

individuals for various functions as well as cultural performances.
The Castle of Kolossi was used by Ares Publications Ltd., the
Union of Cypriot Farmers, the “Friends of the Earth”, the Sovereign
Bases Police Force, and other private companies and individuals for
various functions as well as cultural performances.
The Archaeological site of Amathous was used by the Community
Council of Agios Tychon, Tetraktys Films, Intership Navigation Ltd.,
and other private companies and individuals for various functions as
well as cultural performances.
The Ancient Theatre of Kourion was used by the Cypriot Organisa-
tion of Youth Centres, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Pythagoras
School Ltd., the Louis Tourist Agency, the Cultural Services of the
Ministry of Education and Culture, the Amathus Hotel, the Limassol
Spiritual Society, Roll Out Vision, Papadopoulos & Schinis Ltd.,
Analogio Productions Ltd., the N. Neofytou Theatrical Institute, the
University of Cyprus, Creative Tours, the Cyprus Tourism Organisation
and other private companies and individuals for various functions as
well as cultural performances.
The Odeon of Pafos was used by the theatrical group “Skala”, the
N. Neofytou Theatrical Institute, the Pafos Theatrical Institute, the
Cyprus Centre for International Theatre Institute and other private
companies and individuals for various functions as well as cultural per-
formances.
The Castle of Pafos was used by Arena DMC & Sports Division,
the Municipality of Pafos, the Cultural Services of the Ministry of Edu-
cation and Culture, Alpha Bank, the Board of Benevolence District,
B.M.S. Dance Studio, the Cyprus Scouts Organisation, the Cultural
Association of Kato Pafos and other private companies and individuals
for various functions as well as cultural performances.
The Kouklia Mansion was used by A.L. Mantovani & Sons Ltd., the
Community Council of Kouklia, the Philharmonic Society of Limassol,
the Pharos Trust, Aphrodite Coordination, C.P.C. Events, Interconti-
nental Aphrodite Hills, the Cyprus Tourism Organisation and other pri-
vate companies and individuals for various functions as well as cultur-
al performances.
13
8. Excavations
The major excavations carried out by the staff of the Department of
Antiquities continued at the sites of Idalion, Kolossi and Akrotiri-
Katalymmata ton Plakoton. Research carried out by the staff of the
Department of Antiquities is supplemented by excavations by the Uni-
versity of Cyprus as well as foreign archaeological missions carrying
out excavations, surveys or periods of study of excavated material. The
University of Cyprus continued two projects: a) excavations at
Palaipafos-Marchello, directed by Prof. Maria Iacovou and b) an
underwater survey of the shipwreck at Mazotos, directed by Dr Stella
Demesticha and Prof. Demetris Michaelides in cooperation with the
Department of Antiquities.
The following foreign archaeological missions carried out excava-
tions, study seasons or surveys in Cyprus this year:
a) The American Mission of the University of Nevada at the Pre-
ceramic Neolithic site of Kretou Marottou-Ais Giorkis, direct-
ed by Prof. Alan Simmons.
b) The French Mission of the CNRS at the Neolithic site of
Choirokoitia, directed by Dr Alain Le Brun.
c) The British Mission of the University of Edinburgh at the Chal-
colithic site of Souskiou-Laona, directed by Prof. Edgar Pel-
tenburg.
d) The British Mission of the University of Manchester at the
Early/Middle Bronze Age site of Kissonerga-Skalia, directed
by Dr Lindy Crewe.
e) The Italian Mission of the Italian National Council for
Research at the Middle Bronze Age site of Pyrgos-Mavrorachi,
directed by Prof. Maria Rosaria Belgiorno.
f) The American Mission of the University of Cincinnati at the
Late Bronze Age site of Episkopi-Pampoula, directed by Prof.
Gisela Walberg.
g) The American Mission of the University of Arizona at the Late
Bronze Age site of Politiko-Troullia, directed by Prof. Stephen
Falconer and Dr Patricia Fall.
14
h) The American Mission of Lycoming College at Idalion Lower

City, directed by Dr Pamela Gaber.
i) The French Mission of the University of Avignon on Fabrika
Hill, Nea Pafos, directed by Dr Claire Balandier.
j) The Polish Mission at Kato Pafos, directed by Prof. Henryk
Meyza.
k) The Italian Mission of the University of Catania at Nea Pafos-
Toumpallos, directed by Prof. Filippo Giudice.
l) The Georgian Mission at the Monastery of Panagia Chryso-
gialiotissa in Gialia, Pafos, directed by Dr David Mindovashrili.
m) The Greek Mission of the Aristoteleion University of Thessa-
loniki, for a five-year surface survey project to locate pre-
Neolithic sites, directed by Prof. Nikos Efstratiou.
n) The joint American Mission of the Universities of North Dako-
ta, Indiana and Messiah College at Pyla-Koutsopetria, directed
by Prof. William Caraher.
o) Underwater survey of the southeast coast of Cyprus (Cavo
Greco and Protaras) of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology
(Texas A&M University), the University of Pennsylvania and
the RPM Nautical Foundation.
9. Ancient Monuments
During 2009 a large number of ancient monuments of both Sched-
ule A and B were restored in the areas accessible to the Department of
Antiquities. Particular emphasis was given to the restoration and pro-
motion of monuments in large urban centres as well as monuments in
rural and more remote areas. Monitoring of monuments in the con-
trolled zones surrounding traditional settlements and a large number of
monuments of traditional architecture were restored in co-operation
with local authorities and the private sector.
Particular emphasis was placed this year on the restoration of eccle-
siastical monuments in cooperation with the Anastasios G. Leventis
Foundation and certain Church Committees, as well as of houses of tra-
ditional architecture and pre-industrial installations. The regular clean-
ing and periodical conservation of the archaeological sites, medieval
15
monuments and mosques in Larnaka and Pafos continued, of which the

work on the latter is carried out by the Department of Antiquities in
cooperation with the Service for the Management of Turkish-Cypriot
Properties (EVKAF).
Restoration and conservation was also carried out on four out of the
ten churches included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Conserva-
tion of woodcarvings and wall-paintings was also carried out, not only
in the churches of UNESCO but also in others throughout Cyprus.
10. Museums
In 2009, special emphasis was placed on the ways in which the run-
ning of museums could be improved and how they could be upgraded.
Building programmes were prepared for the expansion and upgrading
of existing museums. A revised building programme for the new
Cyprus Museum was prepared and procedures were set into motion for
an International Architectural Competition. The installation and
upgrading of security systems in all museums was completed.
I. Cyprus Museum, Lefkosia: The lavatories in the Cyprus Museum
underwent remodelling and their renovation was completed (Figs 2–5).
Studies were undertaken for the improvement of the lighting in the gar-
dens and in Room XIII, as well as for the renovation of the museum
shop. The electronic cataloguing of the private collections and of the
exhibits in the Cyprus Museum was completed. A certain area of the
storerooms was renovated for researchers and the renovation of the
Ceramics Laboratory began.
II. Local Museum of Ancient Idalion, Dali: The parking area of the
Museum was completed and another section of the path leading to the
archaeological site was constructed.
III. Ethnological Museum, House of Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios,
Lefkosia: Part of the building was renovated and improvements to the
exhibition were made.
IV. Local Rural Museum, Fikardou: Conservation of the houses was
carried out and the woodwork was treated with insecticide.
V. Larnaka District Museum: General renovation work was carried
out to the exterior of the building and plans were made for the improve-
ment of the exhibition and the creation of a new room for the sar-
16
cophagi. Special attention was given for the conservation of the sar-
cophagi recently discovered in the necropolis of Kition.
VI. Museum of Traditional Embroidery and Silver-making, Lefkara:
Significant improvements were made on the roofs of the building and
the masonry.
VII. Local Museum of Kato Drys: The building was renovated and
improvements were made in the exhibition area. The installation of
security and fire-alarm systems was also completed.
VIII. Lemesos District Museum: Significant restoration work was
undertaken in the outdoor area opposite the main entrance of the Muse-
um. A building programme was prepared and the study for the re-exhi-
bition of the Museum was completed.
IX. Cyprus Medieval Museum, Lemesos Castle: Work was carried
out on the roof of the castle for the safety of visitors and new informa-
tive material was prepared.
X. Local Museum of Kourion, Episkopi: The exterior of the build-
ing was renovated and the exhibition areas were painted. The display
cases were mended and improvement work was carried out in the
kitchen, the hygiene facilities and the rooms of the dig house.
XI. Pafos District Museum: The entrance to the museum was reno-
vated, the floor of the first exhibition room was restored and a mosaic
was moved from the courtyard of the museum. The digital cataloguing
of the exhibits was completed; a building programme for the expansion
of the building and the re-exhibition of the objects was prepared.
XII. Museum of Folk Art, Geroskipou: Conservation was carried out
on the wooden carriages which were placed under a wooden shelter.
The broken pithos jars were mended and also placed under a shelter.
Conservation was also carried out to the copper-smithy, the silk work-
shop and the cotton workshop.
XIII. Local Museum of Palaipafos, Kouklia: Planning for the re-
exhibition of the ground floor of the museum, where a screen was
installed for a documentary on the archaeological site of Palaipafos,
was carried out.
XIV. Local Museum at Marion-Arsinoe, Polis Chrysochou: The
installation of air-conditioning units in the museum was completed and
a study was prepared for the renovation of the building. A Ceramics
17
Laboratory was also set up for the conservation of finds from the area
of Polis Chrysochou.
11. Visitors to Museums and Ancient Monuments

The total number of visitors to the Ancient Monuments and Muse-
ums in 2009 was 903,617 showing a decrease of 23.44% in comparison
to the total number of visitors during 2008.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE/MUSEUM VISITORS

2008 2009
1. Mosaics at Kato Pafos 248,709 228,213
2. Kourion Archaeological Site 244,757 242,871
3. “Tombs of the Kings”, Kato Pafos 177,872 166,201
4. Cyprus Museum, Lefkosia 50,392 67,507
5. Kolossi Castle 72,676 45,474
12. Library
The collections of the Library were enriched this year with 228 new
volumes (monographs and series), out of which 112 were purchased,
80 were acquired through exchange programmes and 36 were donated.
The subscriptions to 220 periodicals were renewed and co-operation
with 118 institutions, organisations and universities continued with
exchange programmes. The cataloguing of the books for the Library
Database continued. The Library was used this year by 330 researchers
as well as the staff of the Department of Antiquities.
13. Staff and Staff Activities

The scientific personnel of the Department of Antiquities partici-
pated in conferences and gave lectures in Cyprus and abroad promot-
ing the archaeology of Cyprus.
The Director of the Department of Antiquities Dr P. Flourentzos
attended the opening of the Exhibition “History Lost” at the European
Parliament Building in Brussels, 9–11 February. He participated in a
conference on Kourion with a paper titled “The Ancient Kourion Area:
The Pennsylvania Museum’s Legacy and recent research in Cyprus” at
the University Museum of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 27–29 March.
18
He gave a lecture at the University of Pisa in Italy and participated in

a conference on the antiquities in the Kouris Valley, 25 April–2 May. In
cooperation with Dr. Maria Louisa Vitobello of the European Jewellery
Technology Network, he presented a paper on gold artefacts at a con-
ference organised by the Louvre, 11–13 May.
The Curator of Antiquities Dr Maria Hadjicosti attended the meet-
ing of the Expert Group on “Mobility of Collections” organised by the
E.C. Directorate-General for Education and Culture, in Brussels, 4–6
February. She also presented a paper titled “The Looting and Traffick-
ing of Cypriot Antiquities and the efforts made to repatriate them” at
the Conference “Trafficking in Stolen Artworks, organised by CEPOL
in Lefkosia, 13–19 March.
The Curator of Antiquities Dr Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou
gave a lecture on the medieval sugar mills of Cyprus at a seminar
organised by the C.T.O. for licenced Guides at the Hilton Park in
Lefkosia, 29 January. She attended the Second Informal Drafting Meet-
ing of the Bureau of the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Prop-
erty in the event of Armed Conflict, Hague Convention, Second Proto-
col (1999), in Helsinki, 5–6 February. She participated in a conference
on Kourion with a paper titled “The archaeological excavations of the
medieval sugar mills at Episkopi-Seragia and Kolossi and the produc-
tion of sugar in Medieval Cyprus” at the University Museum of Penn-
sylvania, Philadelphia, 27–29 March. She attended the Periodic
Reporting Focal Points Meeting for the European Mediterranean sub-
region, in Tomar, Portugal, 8–9 May. She attended the Fourth Meeting
of the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Property in the event of
Armed Conflict, Hague Convention, Second Protocol (1999), in Paris,
26–29 May. She participated in the Eighth Meeting of the High Con-
tracting Parties to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of
Cultural Property in the event of Armed Conflict, and in the Third
Meeting of the Parties to the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention
of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the event of Armed
Conflict, at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, 23–25 November.
The Senior Archaeological Officer Dr Despo Pilides participated in
the 27th CAARI Archaeological Workshop, which is organised annual-
ly in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities, with a paper on
the Digitisation Project of the artefacts from the Enkomi tombs (British
19
excavations), on 20 June. She participated in the International Confer-

ence Chypre à l’époque hellénistique et impériale : recherches récentes
et nouvelles découvertes with a paper titled “Evidence of the Hellenis-
tic period in Nicosia: The settlement at the site of Agios Georgios and
the cemetery of Agii Omologites” in Paris, 25–26 September. She gave
a paper at the Conference organised by the Archaeological Research
Unit, Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the 2 nd
MBC in honour of J.D. Muhly, titled “Reconstructuring the Enkomi
Tombs (British excavations): an instructive exercise” in Nicosia, 9–10
October. She presented a paper on the Cyprus Museum at the Work-
shop organised by the University of Cyprus, School of Architecture, 24
October. She gave a lecture at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto,
Canada titled “Recent Research in Cyprus”, in the framework of a
workshop on Cyprus, 5 December. She was the Chair of the Commit-
tee on Common Assessment Framework, a member of the Committee
on Mobility of Collections and a member of the Committee “Sense of
Place” for the Airports of Larnaka and Pafos.
The Archaeological Officer Dr Eustathios Raptou was invited to
give a lecture titled “Painted tombs of Roman Pafos” at the Association
of English Archaeologists in Pafos, 28 January. He participated in a
Conference organised by the Bishopric of Tylliria Τηλλυρία: Μνήμες,
Ιστορία και Αρχαιολογία, with a paper titled “Ancient sanctuaries and
worship in the area of Tylliria” (in Greek), 4–5 April. He participated
in the 27th CAARI Archaeological Workshop, which is organised annu-
ally in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities, with a paper
titled “The Archaic and Classical Sanctuary at Lingrin tou Digeni
(Rantidi Forest)” in Nicosia, June. He paerticipated in the Internation-
al Conference Chypre à l’époque hellénistique et impériale: recherch-
es récentes et nouvelles découvertes with a paper titled “Nouvelles pra-
tiques funéraires à Paphos hellénistique et romaine” in Paris, 25–26
September.
The Archaeological Officer Dr Giorgos Georgiou participated in a
Workshop on the archaeological and natural wealth of the areas Mam-
mari and Deneia with a paper titled “The archaeological wealth in the
area of Deneia” (in Greek) at Mammari, 3 June. He attended the Inter-
national Conference Chypre à l’époque hellénistique et impériale:
recherches récentes et nouvelles découvertes, with a paper titled
20
“Three stone sarcophagi from a Cypro-Classical tomb at Kition” in

Paris, 25–26 September.
The Archaeological Officer Eftychia Zachariou-Kaila attended the
International Conference Chypre à l’époque hellénistique et impériale:
recherches récentes et nouvelles découvertes and presented a paper
titled “Personal grooming: Metal objects from Roman Cyprus” in
Paris, 25–26 September. She was invited to give a lecture titled
“Grooming and adornment of the body in the Roman period in Cyprus
(in Greek)” at the Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus,
as part of their series of Public Lectures, in Lefkosia, 7 December.
The Archaeological Officer Chrysanthi Kounnou participated in the
workshop organized within the framework of the STACHEM pro-
gramme (Science and Technology for Archaeology and Cultural Her-
itage in the Eastern Mediterranean), with a paper titled “Digitization
Programmes of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus”, in Paestum,
Italy, 20 November.
The Conservator Eleni Loizides gave a lecture titled “Archaeologi-
cal Site Conservation: The Role of the Tourist Guide” as part of a train-
ing programme ‘Hands on Tourist Guide Training and Train the Train-
er Course’, organized by the Centre for Life Long Learning, Assess-
ment and Development of the University of Cyprus in cooperation with
the World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations and the Cyprus
Tourist Guides Association, in Nicosia, 15 June. She participated in a
Regional Seminar on Underwater Heritage and gave a paper on “The
Conservation ο f Underwater Heritage in Cyprus: Current and Future
Challenges” at the International Centre for Underwater Archaeology, in
Zadar, Croatia, 1–4 October. She attended the International Conference
Conservazione e Restauro del Mosaico Antico e Contemporaneo with
a paper on “Documentation as Conservation Strategy: The Case of Nea
Paphos, Cyprus”, in Ravenna, Italy, 22–24 October. She took part in
the Panhellenic Guides Convention and spoke on “The Role of the
Guide in the Conservation and Preservation of Archaeological Sites
and Historical Buildings” (in Greek), in Lemesos, 25 November. She
participated in the 1st STACHEM regional workshop on Infrastructures
for Underwater Archaeology at the Hellenic Centre for Marine
Research with a paper titled “Future Plans for the Conservation of
21
Underwater Heritage in Cyprus”, in Athens, 1 December. She was

invited to give a lecture titled “The preservation of monuments after
conservation” at the Archaeological Research Unit, University of
Cyprus, as part of the 32nd series of Public Lectures, in Lefkosia, 7
December.
22
APPENDIX I
Note: Except where otherwise stated the works described below were carried out by the
Department’s staff and paid for from government funds. The Monuments marked with
an asterisk are in the custody of the Department, some being Government property and
some by special arrangement with the owners.
A. PRE-CHRISTIAN, BYZANTINE AND MEDIEVAL

MONUMENTS
LEFKOSIA DISTRICT
Lefkosia, Church of Agios Kassianos. – Conservation work was carried
out in certain parts of the church, especially the iliakos (por-
tico) on the west side of the church proper and in the area of
the Holy Bema, to deal with the problem of humidity.
Lefkosia, Church of Agios Antonios (Figs 6–7). – The conservation and
restoration of the bell-tower was completed.
Lefkosia, Church of Agios Savvas. – The conservation and restoration
of the bell-tower was completed.
Flasou, Church of Agios Georgios Lamproforos. – A pavement was
constructed along the perimeter of the church.
Kalopanagiotis, Monastery of Agios Ioannis Lampadistis. – Work was
carried out this year to improve the surrounding area of the
Monastery (inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage
List), especially on the northwestern side. Access to the
church was improved with the construction of stone steps
and provisions were made for the access of persons with
disabilities. Conservation was also carried out on the exte-
rior pavement and all the wooden sections of the monastery.
Kampia, Church of Agios Georgios. – The conservation and completion
of the churchyard wall was carried out this year.
Korakou, Church of Panagia (Figs 8–9). – The Church of Panagia was
restored to its original type as a timber-roofed church. Due
to the previous interventions carried out to the roof, it was
in such a poor state that it had to be completely rebuilt.
Lagoudera, Monastery of Panagia tou Araka. – The Monastery of
Panagia tou Araka is inscribed in the UNESCO World Her-
23
itage List. Partial conservation was carried out this year to

the west section of the timber roof of the northern wing of
the cells.
Lazania, Monastery of Machairas. – Restoration work of the Greek
marble floors of the portico (iliakos) of the monastic build-
ings (dated to the end of the 19th century) at the Monastery
of Machairas continued.
Linou, Church of Agia Marina (Figs 10–11). – Following the comple-
tion of the conservation and restoration of the church, a new
timber shelter was constructed on the west side.
Moutoullas, Church of Panagia. – Restoration work was carried out on
the surrounding area of the Church of Panagia, which is
inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. New pro-
tective wooden fencing was installed and underground
installation of the electricity supply was carried out.
Pedoulas, Church of Archangelos Michail (Figs 12–13). – This is one
of the most important timber-roofed painted churches of the
Troodos region, also inscribed in the UNESCO World Her-
itage List. Partial conservation of the timber roof was car-
ried out this year; it was also cleaned and the ceramic tiles
were put back into place. The monument’s surrounding area
was improved with the installation of protective wooden
fencing on the north side of the yard.
Polystypos, Church of Apostolos Andreas. – Conservation was carried
out on the timber roof of the Church of Apostolos Andreas.
Temvria, Church of Timios Stavros (Figs 14–15). – The Church of
Timios Stavros in Temvria is a single-aisled timber-roofed
church of the 18th century. Restoration of the church was
completed this year with the conservation of the interior
and exterior masonry, the laying of a new floor of gypsum
marble slabs and the installation of windows.
LARNAKA DISTRICT
Larnaka, Kepir Mosque. – Conservation of this mosque continued with
the grouting of the exterior masonry on the south and east
sides. (Government contribution: €46.937).
24
Agios Theodoros, Church of Agios Athanasios Pentaschoinitis. – The

ruins of this church were cleaned of vegetation.
Kiti, Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti (Figs 16–19). – The systematic
conservation and restoration of the Church of Panagia
Aggeloktisti began in September. During conservation
work that had been carried out on the church in 1959, the
entire surface of the interior masonry had been plastered
with a strong and thick layer of cement. The primary goal
this year was to remove all the later plaster and to carry out
conservation of the masonry. At about the same time (in the
1960s), the wooden gallery located in the west part of the
church was replaced by another of reinforced concrete. As
this recent intervention was adversely affecting the stabili-
ty of the building, it was removed and a new one of wood
will be constructed to replace it. (Government contribution:
€48.337,52).
Kivisili, Church of Panagia. – Construction of the bell-tower began as
well as conservation of the exterior masonry.
Pyrga, Church of Panagia Stazousa (Figs 20–23). – Conservation and
restoration of both rooms in the northwest wing was com-
pleted. New roofs were placed over the rooms, the interior
and exterior masonry was grouted and a new floor of gyp-
sum marble slabs was laid.
Tersefanou, Church of Agios Andronikos and Agia Athanasia. – The
roof of the church was covered with insulating material to
protect against rainwater.
Xylotympou, Church of Agios Vasileios (Figs 24–27). – The Church of
Agios Vasileios is a small single-aisled vaulted building
that dates to the 12th century. It is located approximately
2km west of the village of Xylotympou, which is located in
the area British Base of Dekeleia. Conservation and restora-
tion of the church was completed this year with the grout-
ing of the interior and exterior masonry and the laying of a
new floor of Cypriot marble.
25
LEMESOS DISTRICT
Agios Thomas, Church of Agios Thomas (Figs 28–31). – At approxi-
mately 1km west of the Turkish-Cypriot village of Agios
Thomas is the ruined church of the same saint. It seems that
the village was named after this very church. The building
was in very poor condition and only the south wall and the
apse of the Holy Bema were preserved in a relatively good
condition. This is a small vaulted church, which has traces
of wall-paintings on the conch of the Holy Bema. During
the work carried out this year, the accumulated earth on the
north, west and east sides was removed, revealing the foun-
dations of the south and west walls and part of the original
floor. The interior and exterior masonry of the church was
consolidated. (Government contribution: €19.911,54).
Arakapas, Church of Panagia Iamatiki (Figs 32–33). – The timber-
roofed church of Panagia Iamatiki is located on the eastern
borders of the village. Important wall-paintings of the italo-
byzantine school dating to the 16th century are preserved.
Conservation was carried out this year on the west section
of the timber roof which suffered from the natural decay of
its wooden parts. (Government contribution: €24.500,50).
Dierona, Church of Archangelos Michail. – This church is located
about 500m to the NE of the village and was built within
the cemetery. In the 19th century, the vaulted church was
extended to the west and was covered by a sloping roof
with tiles of Byzantine type. The conservation and restora-
tion of the church continued this year with the rebuilding of
the north and west walls. (Government contribution:
€81.542,09).
Fasoula, Church of Agios Georgios (Figs 34–37). – The ruined Church
of Agios Georgios is located approximately 3km west of the
village. Prior to conservation it was in very poor condition
due to wild vegetation and trees that destroyed part of the
masonry. Work began this year with the cleaning of the
interior and exterior of the church and the conservation of
the masonry. The tree roots were all cut away from the
masonry, revealing that the church belongs to the architec-
26
tural type of vaulted churches. As a result of the work

undertaken the west narthex came to light as well as abut-
ting auxiliary rooms to the north and it became apparent
that the church had two architectural phases. It is possible
that the church was used either as a refuge for monks or
shepherds of the area as was customary at least during the
Ottoman period. Conservation will continue next year.
(Government contribution: €16.012,53).
Kaminaria, Church of Agios Georgios. – The Church of Agios Geor-
gios is located in the centre of the village and is a large
three-aisled building that was originally timber-roofed
according to the standard architectural type of timber-
roofed churches found throughout the Troodos mountains.
The roof is supported by two built arches. The initial phase
of the church can be dated to the 18th century while the sec-
ond phase, dating to the end of the 19th and beginning of the
20th century, comprises the expansion of the church to the
west for the construction of a wooden gallery and the con-
version of the timber roof from a double roof with hooked
tiles to a plain saddleback roof with “French” tiles. The
conservation of the exterior masonry of the church began
this year. (Government contribution: €52.193,03).
Kapeleio, Church of Agios Georgios. – This is the parish church of the
village and is located on its eastern borders. It is a single-
aisled church and one of the timber-roofed churches of the
Troodos region. The conservation of the wood-carved
iconostasis was completed this year. (Government contribu-
tion: €20.507).
Monagri, Monastery of Panagia Amasgou (Figs 38–39). – The monas-
tic church of the Monastery of Panagia Amasgou is deco-
rated on the interior with wall-paintings dating to the 12th,
13th, 14th and 16th century. Humidity problems had arisen
following the rise of the ground level of the interior yard.
To deal with this issue, it was necessary to carry out an
investigation of the foundation of the church to determine
the actual ground level of the interior yard. After digging
test trenches, it was revealed that the ground level began at
27
0.10m to the west and reached 0.50m at the apse of the Holy
Bema. It was therefore deemed necessary to remove the
recent landfill throughout the yard and to lay a pavement.
The two wooden pillars that supported the church roof on
the east side were also replaced. (Government contribution:
€50.530,32).
Omodos, Monastery of Timios Stavros. – Improvement work was car-
ried out in the ground-floor rooms of the northwest wing of
the monastery as this area will be used to house the
monastery’s icon repository. (Government contribution:
€3.059,68).
Paramali, Church of Agios Georgios (Figs 40–43). – The Church of
Agios Georgios is located approximately 1km to the west of
Paramali village on the south side of the old Lemesos-Pafos
highway. It is a semi-ruined church whose roof has col-
lapsed and is in a very poor state of preservation. It belongs
to the combined architectural type of inscribed cross-in-
square church with a dome. This year, interior and exterior
cleaning of the church took place and the entire masonry
was grouted, while minor completions were made where
deemed necessary for stability issues. (Government contri-
bution: €30.431,44).
Prasteio Avdemou, Church of Panagia Diakenousa. – This church is
located on the southwestern borders of the village. Land-
scaping of the surrounding area was carried out this year,
and toilet facilities and a kiosk were constructed on the
south side of the yard. (Government contribution:
€64.943,03).
AMMOCHOSTOS DISTRICT
Agia Napa, Monastery (Figs 44–45). – Large-scale conservation and
restoration of the monastic cells in the north and east wings
of the Monastery of Agia Napa continued. The primary goal
this year was for the removal of the later cement plaster and
the grouting of the interior masonry. The removal of the
modern floor of the cells also began, under which the sub-
stratum of the original floor was discovered. Both wings of
28
the monastic cells will be used as a Museum of Ecclesiasti-

cal Art by the Bishopric of Constantia and Ammochostos,
and therefore a museological study will be carried out.
(Restoration of church – Government contribution:
€145.936. Restoration of wall-paintings – Government con-
tribution: €38.868,66).
PAFOS DISTRICT
Pafos, Church (Mosque) of Agia Sofia (Figs 46–47). – The conserva-
tion and restoration of this mosque in the Moutallos area
continued this year. It was initially a Christian church but
was converted into a Muslim mosque during the Ottoman
period after 1570. The grouting of the interior and exterior
masonry was completed this year and conservation of part
of the yard wall was carried out. The modern shelter locat-
ed on the west façade of the monument and the dilapidated
auxiliary buildings on the south side of the yard were
demolished.
Drousia, Monastery of Agios Georgios tou Nikoxyliti (Figs 48–49). –
The Monastery of Agios Georgios tou Nikoxyliti is located
4km to the southeast of Drousia village in an area with
abundant olive and carob trees. Of the monastic buildings,
only the church is preserved in very good condition in con-
trast to a section of the north, south, west and east wings of
the cells. The north wing consists of a long narrow ruined
room and three cells with many modern alterations. There
is also a large square room with a central vault, its entrance
located in the interior yard of the monastery. The ruins were
cleaned this year and the walls were completed according to
the original foundations. The modern roof of reinforced
concrete was then removed from the existing rooms and
new roofs were built with wooden beams. The entire interi-
or and exterior masonry of the north wing was grouted, and
all the trees and bushes were cut away from the north exte-
rior side of the rooms. The accumulated earth in the interi-
or yard was removed to reveal the original ground level of
the yard which was 0.50m lower. (Government contribu-
tion: €96.722,89).
29
Gialia, Monastery of Panagia Chrysogialiotissa (Figs 50–51). – To the

south of the village of Gialia in the forests of Pafos are the
ruins of the Monastery of Panagia Chrysogialiotissa, which
have been under excavation the last three years by the
Georgian Archaeological Mission of the Ministry of Cul-
ture of Georgia. During the excavations a large subter-
ranean cistern was discovered on the south side of the
monastic church. Due to its poor condition, part of the south
wall had caved in and it was, therefore, rebuilt using the
same materials.
Moronero, Church of Agios Gennadios (Figs 52–53). – The Church of
Agios Gennadios is located in the presently abandoned
Turkish-Cypriot village of Moronero at approximately 3km
to the north of Episkopi village. It is situated on the eastern
borders of the village and is in a very poor state of preser-
vation since wild vegetation has destroyed part of the Holy
Bema. The church is of the single-aisled vaulted type but
the vault has mostly collapsed on the east side. The west
part of the church has also been covered by dirt up till the
springing vault. Work this year primarily focused on the
area of the Holy Bema. A large tree necessitated the demo-
lition of a large part of the conch of the Holy Bema as its
roots pervaded the masonry and thus a large part of the
masonry had to be knocked down so as to remove the roots
– the masonry was then rebuilt. Accumulated earth was
removed from the north and west sides and the interior and
exterior masonry was grouted. Conservation and restoration
of the vault was also carried out by supporting and consol-
idating it. (Government contribution: €32.922).
Polemi, Church of Panagia Chryseleousa (Figs 54–55). – Conservation
and restoration of the older church of Panagia Chryseleousa
which abuts the north side of the recent church was com-
pleted this year. Work had begun in 2008 and was complet-
ed in 2009. Conservation of the conch of the Holy Bema
was completed with the replacing of the worn stones of the
masonry. (Government contribution: €23.030,64).
30
B. MONUMENTS OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
LEFKOSIA DISTRICT
Lefkosia, structure on Perseos Street to the west of Silikhtar aqueduct. –
Small-scale building work was completed on the building.
Cracks on the mud brick were filled in.
Lefkosia, House on Axiothea Street. – This year’s conservation work
involved the completion of the conservation of the wooden
elements found on the interior surfaces of the windows and
doors and on the kiosk. The wood was treated with a spe-
cial wood preservative. On the façade, the damaged plaster
was removed and a new layer of a more water-resistant lime
mortar was applied. The cracks on the façade overlooking
Anastasia Toufexi street were sealed and the gutters were
fixed. The following parts of the monument were painted:
on the ground floor, the north interior wall surface, the
north room-kitchen interior wall surface, the iliakos’ walls
and façades on the first floor. The external electrical wiring
that was placed on the iliakos’ roof beams in order to cover
the needs of the cultural events, were covered with a special
covering in the colour of wood. (Government contribution:
€29.556).
Lefkosia, Turkish Cypriot building (shop) on plot 164, on Ammochos-
tou Street. – This year’s work on the monument were limit-
ed to the conservation and restoration of its façades, within
the framework of the restoration of façades for the Taht el
Khale area regeneration project, funded by the European
Union.
The conservation of the façades included the following
works: Removal of the old plaster, cleaning, conservation
and consolidation of the masonry, conservation and repair
of the stone frames of the openings, construction and instal-
lation of new doors and windows. Also, the ends of the roof
(karkania) were restored with the placement of new gyp-
sum slabs. On the exterior, the walls were plastered with
lime mortar. It was decided that the shelter along the north-
ern side, which exists on the cadastral map, would not be
31
reconstructed due to the lack of adequate data but also for

functional reasons (it would hinder the circulation of traf-
fic).
Lefkosia, House on Solonos Street, plot 28. – Conservation and restora-
tion work began on this 20 th century house this year. It
seems that initially this house and the adjoining house on
plot 29 used to be one single house which, at some point in
time, was separated into two houses, a usual development
in the old town of Lefkosia. The building consists of two
rooms, an arched entrance, a spacious hall and a small gar-
den which, according to the topographic map, was initially
a room which at some point collapsed or was demolished so
as to create an outdoor space. The topographic map also
shows that initially there was a covered iliakos that was
later destroyed. On the second floor there is a spacious hall
and two rooms. The façade has a characteristic arched
entrance framed with carved stone and a small wooden bal-
cony.
The building was abandoned for many years and therefore
its walls, roof and floors were extensively damaged. The
western wall, constructed with the dolma technique, and
part of the mudbrick garden wall, had collapsed.
The first phase of the works involved the removal of all the
accumulated debris and the corrugated iron that covered the
garden area. A wall on the second floor, as well as the walls
in the ground floor’s western room, all constructed with the
dolma technique, were removed due to the extensive dam-
age they had suffered. The mezzanine was removed and the
ground floor tiles as well as the preserved encaustic tiles
were stored in order to be refitted at a later stage. The roof,
the plastering and the embrasures were all removed. The
masonry was then repaired and in the western part, a new
wall was built with the dolma technique, in the place of the
initial one which had been demolished. A second support
wall, constructed with the dolma technique, was attached to
the south wall of the hall. The floor of the ground floor was
dug and the building’s foundations were reinforced and a
32
slab of reinforces concrete was laid out. The decorative tiles

that are characteristic of early 20th century urban houses
were laid out on the floor of the entrance and of the hall
whilst coloured concrete was used on the corridor floor. The
more recent tiles were removed from the staircase and large
stone slabs were placed. The mezzanine was rebuilt with
wooden beams, reeds or planks, depending on the initial
technique and concrete slabs, insulation material and gyp-
sum marble slabs on the first floor. The roof was also reno-
vated with wooden beams, reeds, insulation material and
roof tiles. The balcony floor was reconstructed with wood-
en boards. The stone frames of the openings were repaired
and cleaned. In the west room of the ground floor the west
and the south walls, as well as the corridor along the south
part of the room, were nullified and the room extended up
to the garden wall. Metal beams were installed in order to
give support to a transparent addition to the west and the
south of the room, which needed to become larger due to
functional requirements. The room that once stood in the
garden was not rebuilt so that the garden could be main-
tained as a source of fresh air and light in the house. A metal
staircase was installed on the north garden wall in order to
provide access to the first floor from outside. A number of
decayed lintels were replaced and the building was plas-
tered with gypsum internally and with lime mortar exter-
nally. The construction of wooden doors and windows
began.
Lefkosia, House on Solonos Street, plot 29. – Restoration work began
on this house, which was last restored 15 years ago. During
this year’s work the roof was removed and reconstructed
with wooden beams, reeds, insulation material and tiles.
The modern coating, comprised of stone slabs, was
removed from the external surface of the southern wall and
from the ground floor interior wall surfaces. The plaster
was removed from the façade and the south side, and the
surfaces were replastered with lime mortar. On the west
wall the door leading to the garden was restored. The door
had been sealed and turned into a cupboard at some later
33
period. A new kitchen was made and a new electricity and

plumbing supply was installed.
Agios Ioannis Malountas, House of S. Perdikis, plots 65 and 54 (Figs
56–61). – Conservation and restoration work on the build-
ing continued and was completed this year. The building is
a very interesting sample of the rural architecture of the
plains, with a large garden closed off by a surrounding wall
and the adjacent rooms at the rear of the garden area.
During this year’s work the dilapidated garden wall was
restored: its stone foundation was repaired and grouted and
mudbrick was added and plastered with mud and straw. The
old plank door was installed in its original position. The
garden was cleared from the debris, revealing the original
floor surface of river stones, which was restored. The
roofed veranda (iliakos) in front of the large room (dichoro)
was also restored: below the concrete floor the remains of a
pebbled surface were revealed, which were restored. In the
large room, the concrete floor was also removed and the
ground was dug to a depth of 30cm. The remains of the ini-
tial pebble floor were revealed. Due to the difference in lev-
els between the floor of the roofed veranda to that of the
room, a new pebble surface was laid at the same level with
the most recent cement floor. Part of the old floor was pre-
served beneath a glass surface as a sample of the original
floor. In the nearby long room (makrynari) (new kitchen),
the cement floor was removed and the original pebble floor
surface was revealed and restored. The existing pebble
floor surface was also restored in the cellar. The electrical
and plumbing supply, kitchen cupboards and working sur-
faces were installed and the bathroom was equipped. The
old windows and door of the large room were conserved
and painted blue, according to their initial colouring. (Gov-
ernment contribution: €17.156).
Akaki, Hotzia Mill, plot 551 (Figs 62–67). – Restoration work began
this year on the large exterior water-wheel that used to put
the mill stones in motion. The work was carried out by the
Department of Antiquities’ carpenters under the supervision
34
of a conservator from the Department. The upright water

wheel belongs to a type called ‘roman type’ because it was
used throughout the Roman world. It is an extremely rare
type in Cyprus, since the horizontal-wheeled mill was much
more common. In this type of water mill, the water falls
from the adduction channel situated above the wheel, inside
the wooden panels of the wheel and is emptied as a result of
its circular movement. In this way, the weight of the water
causes the wheel to accelerate. The transfer of the move-
ment from the water wheel to the mechanism was achieved
through the use of a system of axes and gears that are visi-
ble from within the mill.
Initially, the state of preservation of the water-wheel was
assessed as well as the problems that needed to be
addressed. Both the wooden and the metal parts of the con-
struction showed signs of wear and alterations. Some parts
were found to be completely destroyed, such as many of the
wings and two of the axes that supported the external and
the internal ring. Thus the entire installation had become
incredibly fragile. The water-wheel had moved from its ver-
tical position and its upper part was leaning on the wall.
However, the main problem was the condition of many of
the wooden parts, which showed signs of serious decay and
their restoration would have been an extremely difficult
task. If new wood were to be added to the fragmentary and
decayed parts, it would most likely cause breakage and
would not necessarily provide adequate support. On the
other hand, a simple conservation of the water-wheel in its
existing condition would not render it more traceable to the
visitors. Following an in-depth inspection of the wooden
parts, it was decided to fully reconstruct the very worn parts
that could not be fixed or were completely missing. The
parts with missing pieces that were in a fairly good condi-
tion were completed.
Within the above framework the work proceeded as fol-
lows: The area around the water-wheel was cleared of
debris; the water-wheel was moved to its original vertical
35
position, thus freeing the central metal axis; the missing or

heavily worn wings were reconstructed; two new wooden
axes were installed, replacing those missing, in order to
support the water-wheel. One wooden axis that was only
half-preserved was reconstructed. Its metal components
(metal lamina, bolts, screws etc.) were reconstructed by a
freelance ironmonger, according to the original ones.
Alethinou, house on plot 1014 (Figs 68–71). – This year the restoration
work on this house, which will be used as the Offices of the
Community Council and village medical centre, was com-
pleted. The construction of the floor with gypsum marble
tiles on the ground floor was also completed. Straw and
mud plastering was applied on the exterior walls and lime
plaster was used for the interior walls. New plank doors
were constructed and installed on the northern façade
(ground floor). A modern metal railing was installed on the
roof of the north side, as well as a slightly tilted wooden
platform for people with disabilities. The new staircase
which leads from the ground floor of the northern wing to
the roof was also reconstructed. Sanitary equipment was
installed in the lavatories and the electrical installation was
completed.
Dali, water-mill in Agridia area. – Work continued on the water-mill
this year. According to the information provided by the vil-
lage elders as well as on-site observations, the water-mill
was the property of a rich Turkish-Cypriot landowner,
Jamal Bey, who lived in a mansion (konak), situated around
200m to the SW of the water-mill. The mansion had a large
orchard that was irrigated by the same channel which fed
water to the nearby mill. Jamal Bey, who died sometime in
the 1940’s, had one daughter called Fatma and an adopted
son called Tkekkes. The work at the mill was conducted by
two employees of Jamal Bey, called Koutsopanaes from
Potamia and Xiouros, a Turkish-Cypriot. The water-mill
was functioning up until approximately 1950. During the
40’s and 50’s two other flour-mills were in operation at Dali
village. Also, a small house close to the water tower was
36
used by Fatma, daughter of Jamal Bey, as a holiday home.

The lawful owners of the mill are the descendants of Jamal
Bey, EVKAF (which owns plot 78 (cistern) since 1987) and
a Greek-Cypriot.
Provision of water: According to the villagers, the water
was directed to the mill via an underground channel (chain-
of-wells) which had a SW to NE direction. Approximately
450m from the cistern, the underground channel continued
as a surface channel which passed through the orchard of
Jamal Bey’s house and continued in a NE direction towards
the cistern. To the NW of the cistern, a channel is still pre-
served that used to direct the water to the water tower.
Channelling of the water to the mill: The remains of two
channels in the cistern area demonstrate that one of the
channels, which is found on the upper part of the western
wall of the cistern, must have channelled water to the fields
to the west. On the eastern wall of the cistern there is an
opening for the emptying of water. From there, a second
earthen channel began with a north direction, which after
50m forked out towards two other channels: one with a
western direction, and the other with a northern direction,
part of which is partially preserved and is made of stone.
According to the villager’s description, a large part of the
channel was stone-built and covered with stone slabs. Just
outside the area of the water-wheel part of the stone-built
channel was uncovered covering a distance of 3m. This
channel directed the water which seeped out of the under-
ground area of the water-wheel through an arched opening
and into the fields to the north of the mill. The channel,
which extended for at least 2km, was partly stone-built and
partly constructed of earth and it irrigated the cultivated
land situated to the north of the mill. Some remains of the
channel (blocks of limestone) are still visible in the
riverbed, which it crossed in order to continue in a norther-
ly direction.
Cistern: The channelled water was directed to a stone-built
cistern, constructed on the upper level of the mill complex.
37
From there the water was channelled to the water tower or

to irrigation channels which had a north and northwest
direction.
Water Tower: The upper part of the water tower is situated
to the NW of the cistern. The opening through which the
water used to fall is rectangular. In more recent times it was
covered with a cement slab, which was removed during this
year’s work. Its lower part is on the same level as the mill
room and it ended up in the water wheel area. At this point
there is an opening (sifouni) from which the water exited
with great force and turned the water wheel.
The well building: A high, stone-built feature is attached to
the west part of the water tower. Its upper surface is uncov-
ered and there is a well which has been filled with debris in
its floor. This building is arched in its north side and
extends to the east on the north side of the water tower,
forming a unique complex. Oddly whilst in the NW corner
the wall of the tower is not bound to the attached wall of the
building, in the NE corner there is a binding at the lower
part of the water tower wall and the building wall. This is
the only point at which the two buildings are bound to each
other. In the rest of the area it seems that the well building
was built later, onto the northern side of the water tower.
The use of this building and of the well has not yet been
clarified and the elders that have been asked could not even
remember its existence.
Mill area: In the lower level, the remains of walls and a
floor were unearthed, indicating a huge room. The large
room, where the grinding mechanism was installed (which
was smaller than the current one), was cleaned from accu-
mulated earth. The masonry of the second phase is com-
prised of rectangular white limestone, much different to
masonry of the older phase. The remains of a stone-built
wall which corresponds to an older phase were unearthed.
This wall belonged to the older room that housed the grind-
ing mechanism, which was rectangular, narrower and
longer than the current one, as attested by the older wall
38
which extends eastwardly, under the east wall of the current

room and beneath the stone paving that survives outside the
enclosed area. The wall is constructed with large ashlar
brown sandstones and it is of the same type as the lower
level of the water tower and the first phase of the under-
ground area of the current water wheel. It seems that the
initial water mill was much smaller than the surviving one,
and dated to the end of the 19th century. At this period the
initial rectangular room was extended to the north, thus cre-
ating a much larger square room for the grinding mecha-
nism, keeping the same height as the first room. The differ-
ing building material suggests that the water tower was also
heightened and that the water wheel’s underground room,
which at the same time functioned as the channel through
which the water exited the mill, was extended towards the
north, and was of the same length as the new room that
stored the grinding machine. A second building was con-
structed in the west, attached to the mill’s room and built
with the same type of white limestone. This room had two
levels and communicated with the room where the grains
were ground. This building, of which only the wall founda-
tions have been preserved, was used as a storeroom and the
miller’s house. A high rectangular building, attached to the
water tower in the west and the north, was built of the same
stone. This building has neither windows nor roof but only
an arched opening in its northern side. It is built upon an old
well which is filled with earth and stones. Its walls are also
built with the same rectangular pieces of limestone, also
found in the upper level of the water tower. The rooms
which were used as stables to the east of the mill are also of
a later date and correspond to the mill’s second phase.
Fikardou, House of Chrysanthi Farmaka, plot 22. – Conservation and
restoration work began on this typical example of local tra-
ditional architecture. The building is comprised of a
dichoron and a long room (makrynari), a roofed iliakos and
a small yard on the ground floor and a dichoron and a
makrynari on the upper floor. The building is built out of
39
local stone, the upper part of the walls is built of mudbrick

and the roofs of the large rooms are supported by wooden
posts and thick horizontal beams (neukes) on which the
volitzia are supported. The building was in a bad state of
preservation, with cracks and damaged stone masonry, as
well as large-scale destruction of the mudbrick which was
frivolously filled-in with bricks and cement plaster and a
damaged roof.
During this year’s first restoration phase, the bricks in the
west wall of the upper floor were replaced with mudbrick.
The mezzanine was reconstructed with wooden beams,
bush branches (stroteri), insulation material, cement slabs
and gypsum slabs. The roof was rebuilt with wooden
beams, reeds, insulation material and the old tiles. The orig-
inal supporting system in the upper floor dichoron was pre-
served (pillar, fourousi, neuka). (Government contribution:
€25.000).
Fikardou, old Primary School. – Conservation and restoration work
began this year on the old Primary School of Fikardou. The
School was housed in an old simple building comprised of
a single large hall. It opened in 1926, as documented from
the date carved on a stone slab built in the wall above the
entrance. It used to function with one teacher who taught
schoolchildren from the villages of Fikardou and Gourri.
Up until Cyprus’ Independence in 1960 the teacher’s salary
was paid by the Church. The building is constructed of local
stone and it has a thatched saddleback roof. The openings
seem to be of a later date. In the north part a small ameni-
ties room seems to have been built of bricks and cement at
a later stage. Internally the walls are covered with gypsum
and the floors are covered with square gypsum slabs, most
of which are broken or worn. During this year’s work the
later addition in the north side was removed as well as old
gypsum plaster, the roof, the floor gypsum slabs and the
wooden ceiling, which was in a bad state of preservation.
The roof was removed and rebuilt with new material simi-
lar to the original (i.e. wooden beams and reeds). Insulation
40
material was installed and the old tiles that had been kept
were reinstalled. The masonry joints were kept where nec-
essary so that its original character is preferred as far as
possible. The doors and windows were removed and the
wooden lintel of the entrance was consolidated following
the instructions of the Department of Antiquities’ conserva-
tor. The damp soil was removed from the floor and gravel
was laid. The old floor tiles were not preserved and new
ones were placed and filled in at the joints. The ceiling,
built out of wooden planks, was also damaged and was thus
replaced with a similar one. The interior walls and the win-
dow sills were covered with gypsum mortar. Externally a
drainage channel was opened with a pipe leading to a small
drainage well. The door and the window shutters seemed to
be later additions and this was confirmed by the old school
teacher who informed us that the original openings were
covered with wooden boards. According to the above infor-
mation, new windows and a new door were constructed.
(Government contribution: €10.000).
Kalopanagiotis, Kykkos’ water-mill. – This year, conservation work
was undertaken in the room with the grinding mechanism.
The roof tiles were removed as well as the rotting straw mat
and the 10 decaying wooden beams from the roof. New
beams and straw mat were placed, pipes for transferring
electrical wiring, insulation materials, a plastic net and the
old tiles were reused with mud and straw. Three wooden
damaged lintels were also replaced. (Government contribu-
tion: €19.398,42).
Palaichori, olive press and school on plots 995–997. – This year all the
wooden features on the traditional olive-press and the old
school, which are both housed in the same building com-
plex, were conserved (doors, windows, wooden roof parts).
Pera Oreines, House of Marianna Giallouridi, plot 347 (Figs 72–81).
– Conservation and restoration work on this building con-
tinued and was completed this year. The building has a
characteristic iliakos with arches along the sides that over-
look the internal garden. During this year’s work, the ili-
41
akos roof was completed and the ruined makrynari (long

room) was rebuilt in the west part of the garden. The old
features that survived in the area, such as the small mill
with the wooden screw, the stone basin and the animal feed-
ing basins were conserved and kept in place. The stone
floors were restored in four rooms, the iliakos and the gar-
den and the rest of the rooms were laid with gypsum mar-
ble slabs, according to the original. The walls were plas-
tered with lime, new doors and windows were constructed
and installed and some of the old doors that were in good
condition were conserved and kept. The garden walls that
had been demolished at a later stage, were rebuilt, the exter-
nal doors were constructed and installed in the north and the
south of the garden. The plumbing and electrical supply
was completed and the lavatory and kitchen were completed.
Pera Oreines, House of Andreas Argyrou, plot 348 (Figs 82–89).
– Conservation and restoration work on this building con-
tinued and was completed this year. The building is a con-
tinuation of the house on plot 347 and they both share the
same garden. During this year’s work the floors of the
ground floor were restored with gypsum marble slabs and,
in the iliakos, a floor was laid with irregular stone slabs.
Stone slabs were also laid on the floor of the backyard. In
the kitchen area the old arch that used to open onto the
backyard was revealed, which had been filled-in at some
later phase. The arch opening was closed with transparent
glass. The worn masonry stones from the main door-frame
were replaced. All the walls of the room and the iliakos
were plastered, new doors and windows were installed
although some of the original doors that were in good con-
dition were conserved and kept in situ. The plumbing and
electrical wiring was completed and rest rooms and a
kitchen were provided. (Government contribution:
€33.000).
Pera Oreines, House of Maria Symeonidou. – The old entrance leading
from the road to the iliakos was repaired. The worn parts
were replaced with new ones and missing iron accessories
were also replaced. The door was then treated with a special
preservative.
42
Pera Oreines, House on plot 142. – This impressive example of tradi-

tional architecture was cleared from wild vegetation and
was sprayed with insecticide. Wire was placed in the win-
dow openings in order to prevent pigeons from entering.
Pera Oreines, House on plot 149. – Large-scale conservation work was
conducted since the building suffered severely from rising
damp. The plaster was detached from the walls, the mud-
brick needed restoration and the walls also presented static
problems. In order to deal with the humidity problems, the
gypsum floor slabs were removed as well as 25cm of soil
from the rooms on the ground floor. Drainage and airing
channels for the foundation walls were thus created in the
perimeter of the rooms and plastic pipes were placed in
them. The floors were covered with gravel, the plumbing
system was laid and the area was covered with cement
12cm thick. Cyprus gypsum slabs were then laid down
joined together with gypsum. A small rest room was creat-
ed in the southern room with the construction of a separat-
ing wall made of bricks. In the iliakos the cement plastering
was removed and new lime plastering was applied. The
exterior north-eastern detached wall of the dichoron was
supported with two iron pillars that were fixed in the
ground. At their higher parts the pillars were joined with
tendons that run across the roof up to the dichoron’s oppo-
site wall. The yard’s paving was removed. The plumbing
was laid out and a new paving was constructed with gyp-
sum joinings. Cracks were fixed, new lime plastering was
applied and a new plumbing system was laid. New drain-
pipes were installed on the façade of the building. (Govern-
ment contribution: €51.835).
Pera Oreines, Girls School. – The following restoration work was car-
ried out at the old Girls School: an old cement slab was
removed from the back side of the building, the area was
cleared from rubbish and fallen earth. The old wire fence
was removed. The walls in the west and north of the back
yard were restored and stone slabs were placed on their
43
upper surface, according to their original form. In the front

yard the later elevated passageway which led from the
entrance of the yard to the iliakos was removed and the area
was paved at the same level. Small wells were opened in the
yard and pipes were installed in order to channel the rain-
water. The walls were painted both internally and external-
ly. Conservation was carried out to the roof’s karkania as
well as the wooden tsappes of the rooms and the iliakos. In
the kitchen, gypsum tiles were placed on the window sills
and the iron fencing was painted. (Government contribu-
tion: €15.000).
Pera Oreines, House on plot 185. – The wild vegetation was cleared
and the area sprayed with insecticide. The remains of the
mudbrick above the front door were collapsing and were
removed. The wooden lintel was temporarily covered with
tiles in order to protect it from the rain. The northern yard
wall was in a bad state of preservation, especially its upper
levels made of mudbrick. This part was, therefore, removed
and the remaining part was temporarily fixed with gypsum.
The northern interior wall cracks were also filled-in with
gypsum.
Pera Oreines, House of M. Menoikeos, plot 152. – The old entrance
door of the house consisting of broad wooden boards and
metal was seriously damaged but the owner, with the assis-
tance of the Department of Antiquities, managed to pre-
serve it after completing the necessary conservation work:
the lower part of the wooden boards which had decayed was
replaced with new wood, the iron accessories were repaired
and completed where necessary, the wood and iron was
treated with preservatives and the door was finally rein-
stalled. (Government contribution: €456,35).
Potamia, Manor. – The first phase of excavation took place in the west-
ern part of the manor. The west part is a later addition than
the eastern part, which dates to the Ottoman rule of Cyprus,
when it was a chiftlik. The complex is comprised of 9 rooms
and a portico, all lined along the four sides of the garden,
and three more rooms, possibly of a later date, located south
44
of the garden. Entry to the building is made via a large door

in the northern side which opens from the street into a rec-
tangular area (its roof has collapsed) towards the garden.
On the southern wall of this room, a second, high and wide
door leads to the large interior garden. Work began on the
floors of the rooms. The vegetation was cleared, shrubs
were cut and trees were pruned. Then, accumulated earth
was cleared and the cement floor was removed. The rooms
were given numbers from I to XIII. The investigations in
the garden revealed a floor comprised of stone slabs, which
cover the entire length of the south part of the garden. The
stone slabs are square and two pillar bases were revealed at
the edge of the paved floor, indicating that this area must
have been used as a roofed area for various activities. The
investigations in the rooms revealed the following finds:
Room VI (to the west of the entrance): This is the most
impressive room of the western part measuring 12×4m. Its
roof is supported by 4 arches, three of which were filled for
the purpose of creating three smaller rooms. Its NW corner
was demolished and a more recent diagonal wall was con-
structed, thus altering the initial shape of the room. A fifth
arch in the northern wall opens up towards the street
through a large door with an arched lintel. Both the door
and the arch have been filled in with a later addition of
mudbrick. During this year’s investigations the more recent
walls, which had filled in the arches that support the roof,
were removed and therefore the original character of the
room was restored. In the NW the investigations uncovered
the remains of the initial walls that formed the north-west-
ern corner of the room, which had been demolished at a
later stage. In addition, traces of the original floor paved
with gypsum marble tiles was uncovered. The excavation
continued beneath the existing gypsum marble floor. At a
depth of 20cm some stone slabs were revealed and some
low walls, perpendicular to the room’s long walls, which
link the bases of the arches. At a further depth of 20cm an
irregular floor appeared made of hard, trodden earth with
two rectangular openings and a third in the shape of an
irregular Γ in which a thick layer of ash and charcoal was
45
found, with no other fabric or feature indicating their use.

Apart from these openings a built installation was found,
resembling a small cistern, sunken into the ground in the
NE side of the room. On the walls of the cistern, traces of
lining are preserved and a layer of ash and charcoal was
found in its interior. In the western side of the room 7 open-
ings of an irregular circular and oval shape were found as
well as two small rectangular trenches. At this level, almost
half a metre deeper beneath the latest floor, it seems some
kind of work space existed which was originally uncovered.
The nature of the work that took place in this space is as yet
unknown, although it seems that either some kind of burn-
ing occurred here or ash was used possibly as part of the
processing of flax. However, the trenchs could be of an ear-
lier date and it is possible that the ash found within them
was part of the features secondary use. The few finds, such
as pottery sherds made of coarse reddish clay, which
belonged to water jars and clay slabs, as well as a more
recent vessel with slip and floral decoration, belong to more
recent chronological periods. In the interior of the small
cistern fragments of a yellow-coloured glass paste were
found as well as a leather knife case and iron pieces that
seem to belong to an iron object.
North-Eastern rooms V and IV: Beneath the more recent
floor surfaces made out of wooden planks and concrete
respectively, the older stone-paved floors were revealed at
a depth of 30–35cm.
South-Eastern rooms I and II: The concrete floor was
removed and a trench was opened along the eastern wall,
revealing part of the exterior wall of the large cistern, which
is attached to the rooms in the east. It seems that the east-
ern walls of the rooms were built upon the western wall of
the cistern, which belongs to the medieval part of the manor
and extends east of rooms I and II. The walls and parts of
the buttresses that were uncovered are constructed with ash-
lar stones, built following the isostructural system, unlike
the building technique of the later phase that uses the dry
stone building system.
46
North-West garden room VII: In this room (which commu-

nicates to the north with the large arched room) part of the
more recent concrete floor was removed. At a depth of
30cm the remains of the initial doorstep in the east wall
were revealed, which led to the garden, as well as the
remains of a floor made of stone slabs.
Room X to the south of the garden: This is a large square
roofed space in a west-east direction, its narrow sides com-
prised of two large arches. The room was last used as a boil-
er-room. Beneath the floor and along the two long walls,
older walls were uncovered, 30cm high following approxi-
mately the same direction. Buttresses were found on the
north wall, indicating that an external wall existed to the
north of the existing room, which is associated with the
paved floor along the north side of the room. Inside the
room there is a rectangular building resembling a small cis-
tern, sunk in the ground. The cistern walls are irregularly
built and their interior surfaces are lined with plaster. Its
west wall is linked to the remains of a wall in an east-west
direction, perpendicular to the long walls.
South room with shelter (ΧI): This is the southernmost
room of the manor. A shelter, which is evidently of a later
date, extends in front of the northern wall of the room.
Investigations in this room revealed an older floor with
square stone slabs. Along the south long wall and partially
beneath it, a row of square stones was revealed. The stones
have a square recess each and they seem to be the bases of
pillars. These features are foreign to the masonry of the
room and they pose the question as to whether this was not
a room originally but a shelter that was later transformed
into a room. On the plans it is noted as a roofed semi-open
area.
Open area between rooms X and XI: Investigations in this
area revealed the remains of a wall in a west-east direction,
which is intersected by three walls in a north-south direc-
tion. These walls seem to continue southwardly, beneath the
floor of sheltered room XI. In this area the remains of a
47
channel running along the long wall were revealed. (Gov-

ernment contribution: €32.630).
Spelia, traditional olive press. – The “Mill of Pafitaina” (O Mylos tis
Pafitainas) as it is known, is a 19th century pre-industrial
olive press. It preserves its original crushing and pressing
installations, the manually operated mill comprised of a
deep stone basin and grinding stone that turns around a ver-
tical wooden axis as well as the wooden, also manually
operated press, the “distilla”. These installations are situat-
ed in a simple rectangular room with a saddleback tiled
roof. The walls are built with stone and mudbrick at their
upper parts. This year, the Department of Antiquities under-
took the conservation of the roof and the mudbrick walls.
The tiles on the roof were fixed, reinstalled or replaced and
were sealed with mud and straw at the ceilings. The stone
masonry and the plaster of the east and west walls were
restored. The roof, door and window woodwork was treat-
ed with wood preservative and oil. The door was repaired
and a new traditional iron lock was installed. The broken
rim of the basin of the grinding mechanism was restored.
LARNAKA DISTRICT
Larnaka, monastic buildings of Agios Lazaros Church. – Conservation
work was undertaken this year in the rooms of the south and
west wing of the old monastic buildings of the church in
which the Byzantine Museum is housed. These buildings
presented serious humidity problems resulting in the dam-
age of the wall plaster and to some extent to the masonry
itself. This situation was intensified by the past application
of unsuitable plaster on the exterior surface of the main
room of the museum, which caused the retention of humid-
ity in the masonry. It was noted that humidity was also
descending from the roof. The following work was con-
ducted in order to deal with the above situation: All interi-
or and exterior plastering was removed from the monastic
cells and from the reception area and new lime plastering
48
was applied and then painted. All floor tiles that had been
damaged in the reception area were replaced and joined
together with mortar. The existing drainage pipes were
cleaned and the church yard paving tiles were joined with
mortar.
In the yard of the building adjoining the external western
wall of the Museum all vegetation was removed along with
a makeshift room that had been attached to the monument’s
external wall. The cement mortar was removed and the
masonry was restored where necessary. A channel was then
dug running parallel to the wall down to the first traces of
the foundations. The masonry was cleaned with water pres-
sure and the underground part of the wall was insulated.
The channel was filled-in with gravel. A floor was con-
structed of reinforced concrete in order to cover the plant
pots along the wall. The exterior surface of the eastern wall
was covered with plaster and then painted. Internally the
plaster was removed from the wall surfaces and the gypsum
floor tiles were also removed. The older mosaic floor was
treated with a special insulation material and the gypsum
floor tiles were reinstalled. Those tiles that were damaged
were replaced by new ones of the same dimensions. The
work will continue next year. (Government contribution:
€9.843).
Larnaka, shop in the Zouchouri complex, plot 380 (Figs 90–93). – Dur-
ing the second conservation and restoration phase the fol-
lowing work was conducted: The damaged plaster was
removed and the mudbrick walls were restored where nec-
essary. The stone-built walls were restored, fixed and grout-
ed. A crack on the western wall was filled in. The ashlar
stones on the arches were cleaned, the gypsum floor tiles
were removed and the ground was dug 40cm in order to
remove the moist soil. The original floor, also comprised of
gypsum floor tiles, was located. Also, the original stone-
built threshold of the south entrance was revealed. The
removal of the wall plaster revealed that the eastern wall
built entirely of bricks, initially belonged to the shop on
49
plot 380. The western wall is constructed in a makeshift

manner with stones and mudbrick with older openings to
the west. The older floor and the traces of older, lower
openings on the façade, indicate that the floor and the roof
of the shop were originally at a lower level. Also, a lower
and smaller door and window, both arched existed on the
façade. At some point, in the beginning of the 20th century,
as shown by the tile sherds that were found beneath the lat-
est floor, the walls, the floor and the roof were raised in
height, the old openings were cancelled and a large, tall
door was added to the façade. This could have occurred
partly due to the raising of the level of the road as the orig-
inal floors of the Zouchouri shop complex are beneath the
existing road level.
The cement plaster covering the exterior surfaces of the
north wall of the shop was removed as was the makeshift
room that had been built onto the exterior surface of the
wall. The original dimensions of the window were revealed,
which was originally of a different style. The original win-
dow was rectangular and arched. The alteration of its shape
and style as well as the opening of a new door in the north
wall must have occurred when alterations were made on the
south face and the roof.
The works continued with the addition of a layer of gravel,
25cm thick, on the floor up to the doorstep level and with
the laying of the gypsum floor tiles, leaving an uncovered
area, 30cm wide in order to allow the humidity to be
released from within the floor. The window in the south
face was restored to its original form but the later door was
kept for safety reasons. The external wall was grouted with
a mortar comprised of lime, sand and a small quantity of
cement.
A new lavatory was constructed with modern material, its
ceiling lower than that of the monument.
The exterior surfaces of the walls were covered with a lime
mortar and were painted with ochre. A small rest room to
serve the needs of the current shop was created in the south-
50
western corner. The original stone doorstep was conserved.

The later aluminium double door in the north side was
replaced with a four shutter door made of wooden boards, a
type characteristic of the original shops in the area. An exte-
rior door was also constructed with glass. The electrical
supply and the plumbing (comprising of provision for link-
ing the shop with the sewerage system at the back side of
shop) were completed.
Larnaka, House of Z. Efthymiades, plots 331, 332, 333. – Conservation
work continued this year on the building which presented
serious problems related to humidity and termites in the
ground floor during the last year. During this year’s work
the masonry at the lower level of the walls of the iliakos and
those of the shops as well as the gypsum floor tiles were
grouted. New lime plaster was applied on the walls of the
shops down to 50cm above the floor so as to allow the
masonry to ventilate. The wooden frames of the openings
that had been affected by termites were conserved and those
which had been destroyed were replaced with new ones,
similar to the old. The entire woodwork was painted. Also
the walls were painted internally and externally. The gyp-
sum floor tiles in one of the shops and the brick wall in the
yard were reconstructed (Government contribution:
€10.841).
Larnaka, Abu Bekir aqueduct. – Limited conservation work was car-
ried out on the masonry of the middle section of the aque-
duct. Gaps were filled in where the stone had been
destroyed, some seriously damaged ashlar stones from the
arches were replaced and lime mortar was used to grout the
masonry. The area was also cleared of the reeds that had lit-
erally covered the arches. On the western side of the aque-
duct parts of the sections of the walls had collapsed in two
areas. At this point the base of an older channel became vis-
ible. It consists of stone slabs with an indentation which the
vertical side is designed to fit. The older channel is around
30cm beneath the later one and the gap between then has
been filled in with earth and irregular stones.
51
This older phase is of great interest since information con-

cerning the existence of an older aqueduct is lacking. Some
researchers claim that the aqueduct was not constructed
entirely by Abu Bekir Pasha since there was already an
older one in its place. It is also worth noting that in the Acts
of the Apostles Paul and Barnabas, an unidentified aque-
duct of Larnaka is mentioned. The phrase “... they left the
city and sat under the aqueduct to refresh themselves”
points to a tall building, possibly consisting of arches.
(Government contribution: €27.514).
Kalavasos, olive press (Figs 94–97). – This year the installation of the
grinding mechanism, from which only the carved stone
basin and the heavy grinding stone which grinded the olives
in the basin were preserved, was restored with the con-
struction and installation of the wooden members that are
required for the circular movement of the stone in the basin.
The beam of the mill was constructed, a horizontal pillar of
circular cross-section, which passed through the central
hole of the grinding stone, the vertical pillar that moves
around its axis along with the grinding stone and the neuka,
a powerful horizontal pillar, the ends of which were fixed in
the walls. The beam of the mill was passed through the cen-
tral hole of the grinding stone and then through the vertical
pillar, the upper end of which was fixed to the neuka,
whereas its lower part was inserted into a hole in the centre
of the basin. Wooden wedges were used in order to hold the
mill stone onto the horizontal pillar preventing it from mov-
ing left or right during the turning procedure. (Government
contribution: €5.183).
Kato Drys, House of Papachrystoforou (Local Rural Museum). – Dur-
ing this year’s conservation work a special insulation mate-
rial was placed on the flat roofs. The roof corners at the
covered entrance (iliakos) were conserved. The gypsum
slabs were removed and reinstalled in their correct position
with the application of lime mortar. In the entrance (iliakos)
the cracks on the exterior plaster, made of straw and mud,
were fixed. The plaster in the cellar was also restored. In the
52
large room (dichoron) 6 decaying beams were replaced.

The roof of the upper floor was checked and the broken
roof tiles were replaced. In the same room new hand-made
iron nails were placed on the two doors. The walls of the
large room (dichoron) with the arch, of the guard’s office
and of the entrance (iliakos) were painted. The woodwork
was treated with special oil. Mirrors were installed in the
lavatories. (Government contribution: €15.887).
Pano Lefkara, House of Themistokles Patsalos (Local Museum). – Dur-
ing this year’s conservation work the western entrance
(iliakos) was plastered with lime mortar, the worn floor
tiles were replaced and grouted. The wooden beams of the
entrance (iliakos) were treated with special oil. In the old
stable, which is now functioning as an information centre,
some small cracks in the walls were treated and more
branches were added on the roof. (Government contribu-
tion: €14.257).
Pano Lefkara, House of Athanasia Savvidou. – During this year’s con-
servation work the paving of the yard was carefully
removed and soil was manually removed so as to enable the
rainwater to drain easily. The yard was repaved once the
plumbing and sewerage works were completed. The oven
and the small oven in the iliakos were restored. In the house
the floors were paved with gypsum floor tiles or irregular
stones. The worn lintels were replaced and those which
were found to be in a good state of preservation were con-
served. The arches in the iliakos were repaired and cleaned
and the walls were plastered with lime mortar internally and
externally. Ochre and loullaki colour were applied so as to
achieve the colours closest to the original ones.
Conservation on the woodwork also continued: The floor of
the balcony which looks onto the interior yard was con-
structed of wooden boards after the removal of the existing
cement floor. The wooden frames of the openings were con-
structed and installed and the reconstruction and installa-
tion of the destroyed wooden windows and doors began. At
the same time, the conservation of the original surviving
53
doors began, such as the large entrance door and the old
doors of the rooms that open to the iliakos, made of wood-
en boards. Unlike the doors of the western rooms which
belong to the older style and date to the oldest phase of the
house, the doors found in the northern rooms have glass
panes and belong to a later phase.
Wooden shelves and cupboards began to be installed in the
room which will be used as a kitchen. The electrical supply
also began to be installed. (Government contribution:
€1.793).
Pano Lefkara, House on plot 569. – During this year’s conservation
and restoration work the three pithoi were transferred to the
Lefkara Museum for security reasons. The plaster was
removed from the walls of the ground floor to the left of the
entrance. Two cavities appeared in the masonry of the west
and north walls, lined with layers of plaster made of havara,
a mixture used prior to the use of gypsum. Also, the gypsum
floor tiles and the floor of the mezzanine which was com-
prised of wooden beams, reeds, earth and gypsum floor tiles
were removed. New wooden beams and reeds were placed.
The work continued with the conservation of the cracks on
the walls and grouting of the masonry. The walls of the
adjoining ground floor room are plastered with havara and
layers of loullaki. The roof is comprised of wooden beams,
woven reed mats that were worn and had to be replaced
with new ones. The mezzanine was constructed with a
cement slab. The decayed wooden lintels on three doors
were replaced and three pits were dug in the yard for the
sewerage. (Government contribution: €21.319).
Pano Lefkara, Basement of house on plot 960 (Elli Vasileiadou). – This
house is a typical example of the development of the archi-
tecture in Lefkara during the beginning of the 20th century,
when the rich lace merchants extended their family houses
with features inspired by urban architecture of the island.
The result was a combination of traditional rural 18th and
19 th century architecture in the ground floor and urban
architecture in the upper floor. In the case of plot 960 the
54
basement has the typical characteristics of this architectur-

al development. The basement is comprised of a small
enclosed yard with an oven, a large room with an arch and
three rooms, one opening into the other, that were used as
storage rooms. One of the most special characteristics of
the house is a small domed space which opens into the first
room. The use of this domed structure is still being investi-
gated. The third room does not have any windows and its
floor is half a metre higher that the floors of the other
rooms. It is full of pithoi which cannot in any way be
moved. Therefore, the removal of the roof here was per-
formed with extreme caution and all measures were taken
for the protection of the pithoi. The first phase of the works
consisted of cleaning the area from debris and then the roof
was removed and a new one was built out of new wooden
beams. In order to maintain the original form of the roof,
the architect in charge placed rough tree trunks instead of
carved wooden beams. (Government contribution:
€15.000).
Pano Lefkara, House of Syllouris, plot 590. – Small-scale conservation
work was undertaken on the paving of the yard, the wood-
en doors and the electrical installation. (Government con-
tribution: €375).
LEMESOS DISTRICT
Prasteio Avdemou, Turkish-Cypriot coffeeshop. – Conservation work
was undertaken this year on the old coffeeshop which is
used today as a community cultural centre. During this
year’s work all the old paint was removed from the interior
surfaces of the walls and they were repainted with special
paint for plastered surfaces. The woodwork on the exterior
of the building was treated with special oil.
PAFOS DISTRICT
Geroskipou, Hadjismith House (Folk Art Museum). – The straw and
mud covering the wall surfaces was conserved in the
ground floor rooms and were then covered with lime
55
according to the traditional method. The flat roofs (domata)

were insulated and the woodwork on the exterior of the
building was treated by the conservators of the Department
of Antiquities. (Government contribution: €21.566).
Kouklia, old fountain and cistern in plot 90 (Figs 98–101). – Conser-
vation and restoration work began this year on the old foun-
tain which is connected to a stone-built cistern. The foun-
tain is built 3m lower than the current road level. It consists
if a rectangular stone-built fountain with two taps and a flat
roof built on the slope and it is dated to 1919. To the north
of the fountain a stone-built supporting wall leads to an
older building which seems to be the exit point of the water.
From the rectangular opening water is directed to a stone
channel built along the supporting wall up to a stone-built
fountain. In front of the fountain and the north supporting
wall an uneven pavement was found. After the area towards
the north of the cistern was cleaned, it became evident that
the cistern had two different architectural phases. During its
first phase it seems that it was larger and at a later date its
size was reduced with the construction of a wall perpendic-
ular to the west face. It is clear that the later wall is not
bound with the older wall but it merely touches it. The ini-
tial western wall of the cistern extends towards the north for
3m and it then turns eastwards, thus forming the initial
extent of the cistern. At a later date a makeshift stone wall
was built above this wall and the surface level was raised
50cm with gradual landfills. With the cleaning of the build-
ing a stone channel appeared which directed the water from
the cistern to the nearby fields. An older phase associated
with the cistern was also recorded.
Initially the water around the fountain was drained. The
masonry of the 1919 fountain was then conserved along
with the wall which runs between the fountain and the older
water source. Some worn stones were replaced, missing
stones were added, and the masonry was grouted. The roof
was restored. Also the two taps were carved and installed
on the fountain.
56
The supporting wall to the south of the 1919 fountain was

rebuilt since it was found destroyed. During the restoration
work the wall was rebuilt following the original type of
masonry which comprised of limestone filled in with small-
er stoned and mortar replacing the parts built of dry stone
masonry comprised of river stones without mortar. It is very
likely that originally the wall was built of limestone and
that sections of it had collapsed and were rebuilt in a
makeshift manner.
The slope to the NW of the fountain was landscaped with
concrete. Some rocks were preserved and were incorporat-
ed in the landscaping.
Kretou Tera, the so-called “Casino”. – The second phase of the clean-
ing of the wall paintings was completed. The door in the
internal wall that leads to an adjoining building was closed
off for security reasons. The entire woodwork (doors, win-
dows, staircase and the roof’s wooden beams) was treated
with special oil. (Government contribution: €14.027).
Panagia, House of Archbishop Makarios III. – New wooden gargoyles
replaced the old ones that had been destroyed, the façade
was insulated and the wooden windows were conserved by
the conservators of the Department of Antiquities. (Govern-
ment contribution: €871).
57
APPENDIX II
Note: The reports below present the current archaeological discoveries made by the Depart-
ment of Antiquities, Foreign Missions and the University of Cyprus (A. systematic exca-
vations and surface surveys; B. underwater exploration; C. salvage excavations and sur-
face surveys).
A. SYSTEMATIC EXCAVATIONS AND SURFACE SURVEYS
LEFKOSIA DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS AT POLITIKO-TROULLIA
During the summer of 2009 archaeological investigations featured
renewed excavations at the Bronze Age community of Politiko-Troul-
lia, lying about 25km southwest of Lefkosia near Agios Irakleidios
Monastery in the copper-bearing foothills of the Troodos Mountains.
Under permit from the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus and the
direction of Dr Steven Falconer and Dr Patricia Fall of Arizona State
University, this fieldwork revealed extensive evidence of the Bronze
Age community (ca. 2000–1500 BC) that was the predecessor of
ancient Tamassos, the seat of a centrally important kingdom during the
subsequent Iron Age. These excavations involved graduate and under-
graduate students from Cyprus, Canada and the United States.
This year, the excavations on the west sector of the site brought to
light a series of households around a large communal courtyard that
produced evidence of intensive animal husbandry and crop processing,
copper metallurgy and sophisticated ceramic technology during the
Middle Bronze Age, just prior to the advent of cities on Late Bronze
Age Cyprus. The results from Politiko-Troullia open an archaeological
window on the communities that provided the foundation for urbanized
civilization on Cyprus.
The 2009 excavations at the west sector provide evidence of occu-
pation at Politiko-Troullia somewhat earlier in the Middle Cypriot
Period than the evidence from the east sector excavated in 2007, which
dates to the latter portions of the Middle Cypriot Period. These results
suggest the potential of a dispersed farming community comprised of
earlier households with shared communal space and later discrete room
blocks. The inhabitants of Politiko-Troullia appeared to have shifted
from being mixed hunters and farmers to dedicated farmers and
58
herders. It is hoped that future excavations will produce evidence to

supplement this portrait, especially from the portions of Politiko-Troul-
lia West that promise to reveal stratified evidence that may carry the
record of settlement at this community earlier into the Bronze Age.
EXCAVATIONS AT IDALION – LOWER CITY

The 2009 excavation season of the Lycoming College Expedition to
Idalion was carried out under the direction of Dr Pamela Gaber. This
year’s goals included work in the Lower City South, the temenos that
the excavator refers to as the ‘Sanctuary of the Paired Deities’ due to
the pair of standing stones in the central chamber containing the altars
and ash pits. Efforts were concentrated in the eastern end of the com-
plex where a number of substantial walls were revealed, all in perfect-
ly parallel formation with those discovered in previous seasons.
The architecture was close to the surface, as in previous seasons,
with a layer of mudbrick – often scored with plough marks – above the
stone socles. In some cases there were mudbrick structures in situ in
conjunction with the stone walls visible. Mudbrick structures are visi-
ble particularly in the eastern trenches and most of them date to the late
Hellenistic and Roman periods during which it appears that people
were using and refurbishing older installations. Thus, a feature in the
west of trench ‘E015’ appears to date to the Cypro-Classical period, but
some of the installations immediately to its east have had concrete and
mudbrick embellishments added later. Immediately to the north of
trench ‘E015’ a deep, plaster-lined pit was found. It contained a large
quantity of bone, a few terracotta fragments, a limestone sculpture
fragment and two Cypro-syllabic inscriptions.
Perhaps of greatest interest in terms of the longevity of the site’s
sacred nature, was the unearthing of a votive deposit in the mudbrick
detritus that has been mentioned above. In other words, after the build-
ings had fallen into ruin, someone found an ancient pot, a terracotta
head and a terracotta quadruped (perhaps after breaking into an ancient
tomb while ploughing), and remembered that this place was once
sacred.
In addition to the late installations in the eastern end of the temenos,
a Cypro-Archaic wall was also unearthed with foundation trenches in
the western part of the sanctuary.
59
Investigations next season will focus on exposing earlier floors

associated with the early architecture of the temenos. The opening of
the Hellenistic/Roman villa site uncovered in the 1970’s by the previ-
ous excavators is also part of next season’s plans. In addition, the site
of the Adonis temenos on the terrace of Mouti tou Avrili, the east
Acropolis of Idalion will be reopened.
LARNAKA DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS AT CHOIROKOITIA
Excavations at the Neolithic site of Choirokoitia were carried out in
July and August by the National Centre of Scientific Research of
France under the direction of Dr Alain Le Brun.
Research undertaken in 2005 on the north side of the hill where the
site is installed was completed. The aim of this research was to deter-
mine the outline of the walls, which constituted the successive bound-
aries of the settlement.
The results obtained, have in many points, profoundly altered our
view of the site of Choirokoitia and, more widely, our knowledge on
the recent phase of the Neolithic Aceramic period of Cyprus.
Research of previous years has shown that the expansion of the
built area on the south side occurred simultaneously with the abandon-
ment of the north side. Therefore, the history of the settlement needed
to be reconsidered: it must be interpreted as a rearrangement of the
built environment rather than the expansion of the village.
This year’s archaeological campaign contested the idea that we had
until now concerning the way in which the site was inserted in the
space. The wall, which constitutes the primitive limit of the establish-
ment, was found in a deep trench near the river. Initially it was thought
that the course of the wall was perpendicular to the flow of the river
thus completing the natural protection of the river where it was absent.
The new evidence has shown that the wall follows a parallel course to
the bed of the river Maroni. Therefore, the village has to be seen dif-
ferently, that of a village enclosed by a wall made of massive pisé with
its exterior façade revetted in stone. The elevation of such a construc-
tion at such length expresses a collective effort which supposes a
strongly structured social organization.
60
EXCAVATIONS AT PYLA-KOUTSOPETRIA
The 7th season of archaeological fieldwork of the Pyla-Koutsopetria
Archaeological Project (PKAP) has been completed in the coastal zone
of Pyla village near Larnaka. Since 2003 the PKAP team has worked
under the direction of William Caraher (University of North Dakota),
R. Scott Moore (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) and David K. Pet-
tegrew (Messiah College) and used intensive survey, remote sensing,
and soundings to document this rich archaeological landscape. The
2009 field season was the largest and most complex to date with a staff
of 30 students and specialists from the US, Canada, the UK and
Cyprus.
Over a 5-week season, the PKAP team opened six small trenches at
the sites of Vigla, Koutsopetria, and Kokkinokremmos, each designed to
test the results of intensive pedestrian survey and remote sensing. The
trenches on the prominent coastal height of Vigla produced significant
evidence of a Hellenistic (4th–3rd cent. BC) settlement. An imposing for-
tification wall surrounded domestic quarters whose collapsed mudbrick
walls sealed valuable ceramic material on the floors. These buildings
may have been the houses for mercenary or garrison forces positioned
to protect a vulnerable stretch of coastline near the cosmopolitan city
of Kition, or perhaps the homes of local residents who had settled in
fortified villages during politically unstable times. The soundings on
the neighbouring coastal ridge of Kokkinokremmos revealed two sec-
tions of complex perimeter wall dating to the Late Bronze Age. This
wall suggests that the site itself was not properly fortified but only
ringed with a series of interlocking structures. While these structures
would have presented an imposing vista to an attacking foe, the pres-
ence of doorways leading through the exterior wall indicates that resi-
dents of the Late Bronze Age settlement regarded practical needs over
the need for an impregnable defence. The final area of trial trenches
was the Early Christian basilica at Koutsopetria. Work near this long-
known building sought to unravel the complex history of repair and
rebuilding that occurred during the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries AD. To gath-
er information on the building’s tumultuous life cycle, the soundings
focused on an annex room that suffered several incidents of significant
damage before its roof and the second storey collapsed under seeming-
ly dramatic circumstances.
61
In conjunction with this work, the PKAP team conducted 10 days of

geophysical survey with ground penetrating radar in collaboration with
Beverly Chiarulli of Archaeological Services Laboratory at Indiana
University of Pennsylvania. This work revealed several areas of signif-
icant subsurface features.
The project enjoyed the generous assistance of the Estate Manager
of the British Sovereign Area-Dekeleia Garrison, the Larnaka District
Archaeological Museum and the Cyprus American Archaeological
Research Institute. The 2009 season’s fieldwork was funded by grants
from the University of North Dakota, the Institute of Aegean Prehisto-
ry, and generous private donors.
EXCAVATIONS AT KALAVASOS-KOKKINOGIA
This year’s field season at the Late Neolithic / Early Chalcolithic
site of Kalavasos-Kokkinogia was conducted by the University of East
Anglia, under the direction of Dr Joanne Clarke. Kokkinogia is situat-
ed in farmland, approximately 4km south of the village of Kalavasos.
It is the most southerly of a cluster of sites located around the inter-
section of the old Lefkosia/Lemesos road and the road to the coastal
village of Zygi that include the Early Chalcolithic site Kalavasos-
Agious and the multi-period prehistoric site, Kalavasos-Pampoules.
The April season brought to completion the first phase of excava-
tions by the Kalavasos Prehistoric Project pending publication of exca-
vations at Kokkinogia. Future archaeological research is planned for
the multi-period site, Pampoules.
In recent years excavations at Kokkinogia have uncovered an
impressive “chamber and tunnel complex” (Fig. 102) and a series of
individual and inter-joining chambers. The purpose of these under-
ground features remains enigmatic. Many were sealed up following
primary use, or were re-used for tasks such as the processing of ochre
or storage of objects; their primary use and why they were actually dug
cannot be ascertained as most were completely empty.
In addition to the chamber and tunnel complex and the individual
chambers, excavations uncovered a single circular structure, partly
sunk into the bedrock, with a central post hole, fire pit and a series of
crushed limestone floors. This structure appears to have been associat-
62
ed with at least some of the underground chambers but clearly had a

different use.
Finally, Kokkinogia was used as a burial place (Fig. 103). At least
six individuals were interred in pits and chambers around the structure.
In one shallow pit was found the fully articulated bones of a young
female and the long bones of a second individual. In another pit were
three fully articulated skeletons, one on top of the other, and in a cham-
ber-like feature were the stacked bones of another individual.
LEMESOS DISTRICT
SOUNDING AND ASSESSMENT AT AGIOS TYCHONAS-

KLIMONAS
Archaeological sounding and assessment of two plots at Agios
Tychnonas-Klimonas in the Lemesos District took place in 2009, under
the direction of J. Guilaine, J.-D. Vigne and F. Briois (Collège de
France).
11 test trenches were made which indicate that the site of Klimonas
could play a major role in the improvement of our knowledge of Cypri-
ot Prehistory. The site evidences a new archaeological period predating
the Aceramic Neolithic site of Shillourokambos by 5 to 10 centuries
and moves back the earliest Cypriot-Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the first
half of the 9th millennium, or even slightly earlier. The site is probably
a Pre-pottery Neolithic village, well preserved, extending over more
than 700m2, with several stratigraphic phases and a very abundant,
well-preserved and diversified archaeological material.
EXCAVATIONS AT PANO PYRGOS TILLYRIAS-AULI

The second excavation season of the Museum of the Monastery of
Kykkos at the locality of Auli in the community of Pano Pyrgos, Tillyr-
ia, was conducted under the direction of the Director of the Kykkos
Museum Dr Stylianos Perdikis in cooperation with the Department of
Antiquities. He was assisted by Vasiliki Lysandrou, an archaeologist of
the Kykkos Museum and Georgios Koumis, a Senior Technician of the
Department of Antiquities. The archaeologist Ourania Perdiki also par-
ticipated as a volunteer. The excavation lasted 4 weeks from the 5th
until the 30th of October 2009, and was funded in part by the Monastery
of Kykkos.
63
This year, the excavation was concentrated in the area to the north
of the structures that were discovered during the previous season (Figs
104–105). As expected, the structure built entirely with sandstone ash-
lars, extended to the north. The structure consists of the east wing,
measuring 38 × 6.30m and with a south-north direction, which is
believed to have been the most important part of the entire complex.
Based on what has been revealed by the excavation, the east wing
included six rooms of different sizes. Their lengths vary from 5.50m,
6.60m and 6.90m, with Room 6 being particularly large (9.70×5.30m).
At present, excavation of this medieval structure has shown that it
consists of eight rooms of different sizes. The building seems to extend
to the west, where a third wing with an east-west direction has
appeared. This wing constitutes a continuation of the northern limit of
the east wing. The excavation of this new wing is still in progress. The
eighth room was excavated, which underlies an existing modern aban-
doned house from the early 20th century. The room is situated at the
highest point of the natural bedrock. A doorway was discovered in the
middle of the south wall of this room, with a monolith threshold in situ
measuring 110×76cm. Based on the position of this doorway, it is pos-
sible to estimate the floor levels of the building.
Parts of walls built mainly with rough local volcanic stones and
abundant mortar were located to the northwest within plot 503. As yet,
these walls do not define complete rooms but it is clear that they are
related to the building complex in the eastern part of the area.
The medieval structure was ransacked of its stone towards the end
of the 19th century. Large quantities of building material were trans-
ported to the nearby community of Pano Pyrgos, and reused in houses
of the village (Fig. 106). During the excavation, a survey was carried
out and these houses were inventoried and photographed.
Of interest among the moveable finds is the variety of pottery,
which mostly consists of Plain White and Glazed vessels (Fig. 107).
With regard to the Glazed vessels, the majority of these stand out for
their good quality and large size. Of special note is the imported
Majolica ware. As far as the metal artefacts are concerned, of particu-
lar importance is a bronze ring with engraved decoration as well as two
medieval coins. After their conservation, it was shown that one coin
was minted in Cyprus – a silver denier of the Frankish King Henry II
64
Lusignan (1285–1324 AD) – while the other is a bronze tornecello of

Venetian mint depicting the Venetian Doge Andrea Contarini
(1368–1382). In the upper excavation layers was an Ottoman pipe with
a red slip.
An archaeological survey in the area of Mansoura was also conduct-
ed, whereby 47 tombs were located and mapped. Based on the pottery
found, the tombs can be dated to the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
EXCAVATIONS AT PYRGOS-MAVRORACHI
The 2009 excavation period at the locality Mavrorachi at Pyrgos,
Lemesos, was carried out by the archaeological mission of the Italian
National Council for Researches in Cyprus. The mission is co-funded
since 1998 by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Cultural
Association Tuscia Cultura, the Centre for Experimental Archaeology
“Antiquitates” of Blera, Italy and the Municipality of Pyrgos. Prelimi-
nary results are published on the website www.pyrgos-mavroraki.eu.
Archaeological excavation has brought to light an architectural
complex of about 2000m 2, which was destroyed by an earthquake
around 1850 BC, at the end of the Middle Bronze Age II. The entire site
is calculated by geophysical prospection and GIS systems to 4,000m2.
In the deepest layers of the excavation, artefacts were found that prove
that the site was in use during the earliest phases of the Early Bronze
Age (2400–2000 BC).
Of particular importance is the discovery of an industrial zone orga-
nized around the production of olive oil. This area was also used for the
refining of copper, production of bronzes, extraction of aromatic
essences for the preparation of perfumes, dyeing and preparation of
plant fibres and animal production, weaving, and composing of phar-
maceutical substances. According to the excavator a special room with
specific equipment for the preparation of wine, which was also used in
therapeutic and aromatic, was also found. The various rooms in which
the activities took place were intercommunicating.
The site is important for its industrial identity and for the intact pre-
historic levels, buried by the sudden collapse of the walls after what is
considered to have been an earthquake. The state of preservation of the
site allows, through archaeology, archaeometry, palaeobotany, palaeo-
65
zoology and ethnoarchaeology investigations to reconstruct the 2nd mil-

lennium BC processes of metallurgy, agriculture, medicine and textile
production.
In 2008, a second building was brought to light, to the south of the
industrial area. This is a unique construction, consisting of two rooms
arranged in what seems to the excavator to be a triangular area
(12×12×24m, 90º/45º/45º). Like the nearby building, it seems that it
was probably destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned around 1800
BC.
The excavator proposed that this building was a cult site with an
altar, which was flanked by a channel on two sides. The excavator sug-
gests that the channel, which is made of pebbles and is plastered on the
sides, might have served for the disposal of the blood of the sacrificed
animals. A squared pit located on the north side of the altar might have
been the source for water used in the rituals.
According to the excavator, the religious use of the building is
deduced by numerous finds (not only ceramics), including four cal-
carenite horns of different sizes and a number of animal bones, mainly
fragments of crania of bulls and rams. This apparently triangular struc-
ture seems to date to the last reconstruction episode, which according
to the ceramic finds dates to Middle Bronze Age II.
A smaller triangular structure in the main building could, according
to the excavator, belong to an earlier sanctuary, dating to the Early
Bronze Age, as its foundations were found in deeper layers. In the mid-
dle of this structure, a large hole encircled by a double line of stones
was probably the original location of the pithos jar found in fragments
around the altar. Fragments of a second pithos jar were found to the
south of the altar, together with a fragmentary four-legged Red Pol-
ished bowl of unusual shape. A pair of copper earrings of the Philia
phase (the earliest phase of Early Bronze Age) was excavated in the
deepest layers, together with shell pendants and flat-based vessels,
characteristic of the earliest phase of the Early Bronze Age. This data
suggests that the building is one of the earliest constructions at the site.
The location of this cult place next to the area where metallurgical
activities took place is said to have been connected to the later tradition
of the Late Bronze Age where cult places are situated next to areas of
metallurgical activities (Myrtou Pigades, Kition, Athienou, Egkomi).
66
EXCAVATIONS AT EPISKOPI-PAMPOULA
Investigations of Area XVI at Episkopi-Pampoula were conducted
for three weeks in June 2009, under the direction of Professor Gisela
Walberg, University of Cincinnati.
The aim of the excavation last summer was to define more clearly
the nearly 4.80m wide stone formation (Wall 37) and to extend the
excavations in different directions. A considerable part of the area was
framed on four sides by walls of an average width of 2.50m. Also, a
passage, which leads up to the rampart by way of two large steps, was
discovered to have a hard floor with pebbles set in clay mortar and
some fallen stones on the surface.
This year, 27 test trenches were excavated in order for the earlier
results to be verified and also in order to see if the combination of
walls, spaces and other architectural features show purpose and ratio-
nal planning. Also, the relations between the large stone structure (Wall
37) and the other walls needed to be clarified. These walls were not
likely to be of the same period since Wall 37 divides Area XVI into an
eastern and a western half and there are no openings between the two
halves.
The 2009 excavations showed that Wall 37 on the one hand and
Walls 53, 47, 56 and 51 on the other, are indeed of a different date. It
was made clear that Wall 37 must have been built at a later stage to
replace walls enclosing the area at a lower level. Thus, there are walls
at two different levels of which four enclose and protect the area on all
four sides and the fifth runs in a north-south direction and protects the
area in the east, the side of the river Kouris. The level of the passage
excavated in 2008 was established to be considerably higher than that
of Wall 37 and the passage could therefore be identified as belonging
to a later architectural phase.
During the course of the excavations the ceramics found in strata 6,
7, 8, 9 and 12 are all non-diagnostic. A pithos sherd of the Late Bronze
Age turned up this year in stratum 8 of Test Trench 7 and in strata 1–5
the latest sherds were of Roman date. Considering their width, the
walls must be of a defensive character. The closest parallel to Walls 53,
47, 56 and 51, from the point of view of plan and architectural tech-
nique is the LC I–IIB fortress of Nitovikla on the Karpass peninsula,
excavated by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition in 1929.
67
Finally three fields were surveyed, one on the Pampoula plateau,

south of Area XVI, and two east of the area. The date of the ceramics
ranges from the Late Bronze Age to Roman and Medieval times with a
higher percentage of Roman and Archaic sherds.
EXCAVATIONS AT ERIMI-LAONIN TOU PORAKOU

The 2009 excavation season of the University of Florence (Dipart-
mento di Scienze dell’ ‘Antichita’ “G. Pasquali”) at Erimi-Laonin tou
Porakou was carried out from August 17th to September 8th and was
directed by Dr Luca Bombardieri, assisted by a team of archaeologists,
draftsmen and topographers of the Universities of Florence, Turin and
Chieti with the support of two conservators from the Soprintendenza
Beni Archeologici.
The site was first identified in 2007 during a complete survey of the
Kouris Valley area which aimed to outline the general patterns of the
landscape’s use and the sequence of the ancient occupation in the val-
ley area. The survey project carried out in 2007–2008, linked the study
of the surface material with an analysis of the cartography and the
Satellite and aerial photographs on disposal within a Multilayers GIS-
System. Thus, 14 sites were identified dating from the Early–Middle
Bronze Age to the Byzantine and Medieval periods. The final chrono-
logical sequence of the identified sites within the surveyed area wit-
nesses a relevant continuity in the occupational sequence and an inter-
esting development of the relation patterns of the valley’s various sites
(settlements, cemeteries, river control points and/or the inner valley
road network).
In 2008 a more thorough investigation of one of the identified sites
occurred. The site, named Erimi-Laonin tou Porakou, is located on the
eastern slope of the river valley, lying on a high plateau facing south-
ward, towards the modern Kouris Dam, between Ypsonas and Erimi
villages. Its position allows a good view of the river as well as the sea
coast, suggesting its use as a control point of the road network system
within the valley. The investigation of the site which was carried out
during 2008 provided evidence for a double circuit wall system sur-
rounding the settlement and a series of ramps and entrances were also
documented. The settlement sequence within the site area suggests
occupation throughout two main phases. The first and most relevant
68
phase dates from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age I peri-
od; a second phase, apparently following a long-time hiatus, is related
to a possible re-building of the outer circuit wall during the Late Hel-
lenistic and Roman period.
The 2009 season focused on the investigation of three areas: Area
A, B and E (Figs 108–109).
1) The top mound (Area A) had been extensively occupied by a
complex workshop, linked with a storage area. The natural limestone
bedrock has been carefully worked creating a proper work place. This
area (12.5×15m) has revealed an interesting workshop with a series of
deep rock-cut basins all interconnected by a system of channels. To the
south of the workshop a large (27m2) storage area was discovered,
divided into two rooms and extending beyond the limits of the current
excavation area. It has been possible to identify two phases of use of
this area (Phases A and B). In the storage area’s main room, a large
number of vessels were found under the collapsed stone and mudbrick
debris. During Phase A, the room had contained four large pithoi sunk
in the floor and surrounded by a series of stones; next to the pithoi a
collection of smaller bowls, spouted juglets and medium sized jars
were also discovered, all of which were found collapsed on the floor.
Τhe bowls and the other small vessels were probably used to extract or
to add substances into the large pithoi (as suggested by the broken
spouted juglet found inside one of the pithoi). Beneath the floor of the
storage area’s main room, another level of burnt debris was discovered,
indicating an earlier phase (Phase B); from this level a large amount of
pottery related to collapsed vases was collected. The ceramic assem-
blage of the storage area clearly indicates a Middle Bronze Age Red
Polished ware production.
2) The first lower terrace area (Area B) was possibly a domestic
quarter. An area of 19m² was investigated and the stone foundations of
a building were uncovered. On the building’s floor a fire place was
identified; within the rubble a large amount of Red Polished ware types
were found, which differ typologically from the material found in Area
A. Here the assemblage shows a clear prevalence of small types used
for food consumption (mainly bowls and small jars), strengthening the
suggestion that this was a domestic area. A jug sherd from within a wall
was found with an incision, possibly a written sign of the Cypro-
Minoan Script.
69
3) A small cemetery area (Area E) was also identified outside the

external circuit wall. In 2008 three rock-cut tombs with small dromoi
were excavated. Two unlooted tombs were discovered this season,
located along a lower limestone terrace south of the modern road. The
tombs do not have a dromos, but a cave-like chamber cut directly into
the limestone. In one of the tombs an adult inhumation was uncovered
whereas the smaller tomb may have been the grave of an infant. 12
almost complete vessels were found in the largest tomb, which show a
standard repertoire of the Red Polished decorated pottery production.
Furthermore, a series of 7 clay spindle-whorls with incised decoration
as well as two picrolite incised disks were among the grave offerings.
A similar ceramic repertoire was found in the smaller tomb, in which
however, no spindle-whorls or picrolite disks were found.
EXCAVATIONS AT AKROTIRI-KATALYMMATA
TON PLAKOTON
The third season of systematic excavations (12.10–20.11.2009) at
the site of Katalymmata ton Plakoton on the Akrotiri peninsula, were
conducted under the direction of the Senior Archaeological Officer Dr
Eleni Procopiou.
The research is supported by the Akrotiri Village Board and the
Environmental Department of the British Sovereign Base. The whole
project was assisted by Mary Chamberlain, Technician/draughtswoman
of the Department of Antiquities in Lefkosia, and the conservation
team of the Department of Antiquities in Lemesos (supervisor: El.
Charalambous, members: Chr. Orfanou, M. Triantafyllidou, P. Panayi).
The project is providing archaeological expertise to postgraduate
students and researchers through the Graduate European Archaeologi-
cal Skills Exchange (GrEASE), Leonardo da Vinci program. The 2008
team included Leslie McEwan, Thomas Stewart, David Walsh, Fay
Nash, Lucy Asworth, Kathryn Heaton, Joanne Kirton and Alexander
Matsangou, as well as the Cypriot PhD students, Doria Nicolaou, Rania
Michael and Polina Christofi.
During this season the excavation of the rest of the western part of
what was most probably the narthex of a very important ecclesiastical
building of the end of the 6th or the beginning of the 7th century AD,
which began in 2007, was completed (Fig. 110). The narthex has a total
70
length of 14m on an E-W axis and a width of 36m on a N-S axis. It con-
sists of a raised central area which extends to the west and terminates
with an apse. On the east of the raised area the stylobates of the aisles
of the central nave, have been found. The remainder of the nave has not
yet been excavated. It has been established that this area communicates
with the pulpit (ambo) and the Holy Bema to the East by means of a
narrow corridor (solea) along the axis of the central aisle.
The arrangement of the central raised area allows its identification
with a mitatorium, that is to say the area used by the clergy during the
certain parts of the liturgies held at that period in the narthex.
On the North and South of the mitatorium there are two transepts,
14m in length on a N-S axis with columns on the interior arranged in a
Π-shape (Fig. 111). On the West and North sides small funerary apses
were found of a diameter of 2.25m. On the South apse there was a lar-
nax that contained an undisturbed burial of an aged individual, its lid
decorated with a cross in relief and a perforation for libations in the
centre (Fig. 112). The burial contained two bronze fibulae for securing
the clothing, five coins and burnt organic beads possibly from a prayer
bead.
On the East side of the same transept there was, in place of an apse,
a small conch of rectangular plan, in which the small marble ossuary
found last year close to that area, was located.
The roof of the nave and the transepts was vaulted and the central
arch was supported by three strainers.
The entire excavated area was laid with mosaic floors in 26 differ-
ent patterns and 24 motifs, mainly geometric. There is only one picto-
rial mosaic composition on the raised area in front of the central west-
ern apse, representing two deer, in front of each side of a vessel, with
a rich flourishing tendril, symbolizing Jesus Christ. In the geometric
compositions, the main motif is the cross and the symbols of the reign
of Solomon (Solomon’s knot and the shield of David).
The building was destroyed by a severe earthquake in the middle of
the 7th century. The finds include many architectural fragments and
revetments of Proconnesian marble, small marble fragments from an
opus sectilae crustae wall decoration and wall mosaics, mainly of gilt
glass, glass and mother of pearl. There are also, amongst the finds,
71
many bronze brackets used for securing the revetments, iron nails,
fragmentary marble offering tables, glass fragments from windows and
glass oil lamps found in front of the funerary apses and in the conch
where the reliquary was placed.
It is clear from the above evidence that the building was planned
and executed with great care from bishops with a deep knowledge of
the religious rites and by the most skilled builders of the island or the
empire, so as to honour those buried within it, who must have been
very important but their memory, for some unknown reason, was not
preserved in the tradition of the area.
EXCAVATIONS AT THE MEDIEVAL SUGAR MILL

OF KOLOSSI
The sixteenth excavation season at the medieval sugar mill of
Kolossi in the Lemesos District was conducted under the direction of
the Curator of Antiquities, Dr Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou, with
the assistance of the archaeologist Doria Nicolaou, the technicians M.
Makri-Chamberlain and A. Tavelis, and a crew of seven workmen. The
excavations were carried out over a period of five weeks between Sep-
tember 7th and October 9th.
The main goal of 2009 was the completion of the excavations in the
area north of the circular construction, which was excavated during the
previous season of 2008. This is the area that is adjacent to the west
side of the aqueduct. It was also decided to extend the excavation 2.5m
to the south.
The extension of the excavation to the south brought the following
to light: beneath the modern steps that had been removed, a buttress
wall with width 1.5m was revealed that abuts to the west of the eastern
wall with a north-south direction. Its presence is probably related to
later attempts to restore the monument. This later construction abuts to
the south of the east-west wall parallel to it that was discovered in the
previous excavation season.
This wall with an east-west direction is of an earlier date than the
wall that abuts the buttress wall. Following the removal of modern
archaeological layers, the floor of the as-yet-undefined area was
revealed to the west of the buttress, which presents the following char-
72
acteristics: a thin layer of plaster with slight traces of charcoal and a

slight elevation to the south. The pottery found is homogeneous since
most of it consists of sherds of the characteristic type of vessels used
in sugar processing and only a small number of glazed pottery sherds
of the Lapethos type, especially in the lower strata.
The 2009 excavation season also focused on the southwestern lim-
its of the excavated area, and confirmed the southern extension of the
westernmost wall of the sugar mill installations (with a north-south
direction). It was revealed that it extended another 2.5m, reaching a
total length of 16m, and it is expected that it will continue. With
regards to the moveable finds, it is worth noting that despite the much
reduced concentration of ceramics, there were other finds including the
fragments of a glazed bowl, the sherds of a vessel with green slip and
two bricks with clear signs of burning on their surface. It is clear that
the extension of the west wall is a later addition of the existing wall;
this is also shown following the removal of the final archaeological
strata and the discovery of the natural bedrock.
PAFOS DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS AT AIS GIORKIS

The 2009 excavation season was carried out under the direction of
Prof. Alan H. Simmons of the University of Nevada. This season, the
project had four primary objectives, most of them directed at the mid-
Cypro PPNB site of Ais Giorkis, located near Pafos in the foothills of
the Troodos. The first three goals were to complete tool coding from
Ais Giorkis, conduct limited ground penetrating radar studies at the
site, and to conduct a survey of selected areas around Ais Giorkis. The
final objective was to excavate the limited deposits at the earliest site
in Cyprus, Akrotiri-Aetokremmos, which Simmons excavated in the
late 1980s and early 1990s.
All four objectives were successfully completed. All of the over
10,000 tools from Ais Giorkis have been coded. Eight units were sur-
veyed covering approximately 100,000m2 and locating 3 sites. Two of
these are directly above Ais Giorkis and from surface indications
appear to be related in time to the Cypro-PPNB. The ground penetrat-
ing radar study examined a 10×12m area, and initial results suggest
73
considerable sub-surface features. Finally, the last of the remaining

portions of four 1× 1m units were removed recovering a very large
amount of intact hippopotamus bone, as well as other (mainly bird)
bone, shell, a few chipped stone artefacts, and a picrolite pendant
blank. The site has now been completely excavated, except for a few
remaining pockets in the back of the shelter.
EXCAVATIONS AT PRASTIO-MESOROTSOS
The 2009 Prastio-Mesorotsos project took place from 22 June to 30
July and involved investigation of the stratified remains of Neolithic,
Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Late Antique and Medieval
archaeology. Excavations were carried out in eight areas across the
circa 10 hectare site in the Pafos district. In total, over 100m2 were
exposed and architecture and features from multiple periods were
revealed.
This first season of excavation has confirmed the presence of
deeply stratified (at present 1.5m+) occupation at the site, which may
eventually shed light on a series of important social changes that
occurred, for instance the transition from the Neolithic into the Chal-
colithic period. Particularly encouraging was the presence of Middle
Cypriot Bronze Age architecture, which is situated in the same location
where Early Cypriot Bronze Age and Late Chalcolithic materials are
being found, which could eventually lead to a stratified sequence
throughout these important periods. Equally important is the apparent
abandonment of the site in the Middle Cypriot III period, which coin-
cides with the burgeoning importance of Palaipafos (Kouklia) as a
regional centre of western Cyprus. Understanding and dating the aban-
donment of Prastio-Mesorotsos could tell us when and why Palaipafos
came to be such an important place in the Late Bronze Age.
After the tumultuous end of the Late Bronze Age, the site of Pras-
tio-Mesorotsos was re-occupied in the Iron Age and continued to be the
focus of inhabitation and activity until fairly recently, as shown by the
excavation of substantial Medieval remains, and a large threshing floor.
Continued excavation at the site may provide valuable information on
social changes through time, and provide an important perspective on
changing ways of life in western Cyprus.
74
EXCAVATIONS AT ROUDIAS IN
THE TROODOS MOUNTAINS
The 2009 excavations at the site of Roudias in the Troodos area
were conducted by the Department of History and Archaeology of the
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT). In 2008 the project had
located this important ‘pre’-Neolithic (as it was preliminarily termed)
site in the south foothills of the Troodos Mountains (470m elevation),
in the district of Pafos.
In November 2009 a small team from the AUT returned to the site
of Roudias having been granted license from the Department of Antiq-
uities and consent from the Cyprus Forestry Department. The team,
which was led by Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology Nikos Efstra-
tiou and included the Cypriot archaeologist-teacher Dimitris Kyriakou
and the students Eleni Mloukie, Yiannis Voskos and Elli Tzanne, con-
ducted a short geological and archaeological investigation (Figs
113–114). This investigation included: the assessment of the site from
a geological point of view, the systematic collection of surface materi-
al over a substantial area of the site with the use of a grid system in
order to confirm the site’s pre-Neolithic character, the opening of small
test trenches in various parts of the site in order to record the various
archaeological layers and finds (mainly lithics) and finally and most
importantly, the collection of samples for radiocarbon dating.
All three main areas of study in the 2009 investigations were suc-
cessfully fulfilled. Specifically, the team’s geologist Dr P. Karkanas
confirmed the Pleistocene character of the terrace on which the site is
located and its association with the riverbed. He also located the exact
initial position of the site and noted the variation of flint sources that
exist in the area. Most importantly however, Dr Karkanas located the
geological deposits in which archaeological material could be consid-
ered to be found undisturbed (in situ). Meanwhile, the systematic col-
lection of surface finds resulted in the accumulation of a numerically
rich collection of lithic material. Finally, the small test trenches that
were excavated following the methodological ‘protocol’ of a Palae-
olithic excavation, revealed stratified lithic material (tools, flakes, ani-
mal bone, organic residue) within the layers that had been previously
indicated by the team’s geologist and that proved to be of a satisfacto-
ry depth. The lithic tools that were recorded in ‘stratified’ contexts
75
demonstrate the site’s persistence in time. It is estimated that the site

covers tens of square metres.
The preliminary study of the lithics available yet comes from the
surface reconnaissance material of the site. The Roudias assemblage
gives the impression of a camping\activity situation with the possibili-
ty of a palimpsest seriously considered starting with a significant num-
ber of geometric pieces and flake cores, some of which would certain-
ly be at home in the early coastal assemblages and continuing with
finely made thin blades involving blade-based core technology,
Neolithic in character. Unfortunately finished tools are poorly diagnos-
tic. The local availability of chert outcrops does not seem to point to
quarrying activity because of the lack of large number of cores. If we
think of a real palimpsest and separate the flake-based and geometric
materials from the blade-based tools the possibility for an earlier time
designation is stronger. However, it should be strongly emphasized that
the character and date of main occupation period of Roudias will be
clarified only after the stratified material from the site is studied and
the radiocarbon dates are available.
The 2009 survey and excavation results at the site of Roudias have
been extremely satisfactory and they seem to confirm, at least as far as
the nature of the lithics technology is concerned, that the site could be
placed in Cyprus’ pre-Neolithic horizon.
EXCAVATIONS AT SOUSKIOU-LAONA
A fifth season of Lemba Archaeological Research Centre and Uni-
versity of Edinburgh investigations at the Chalcolithic settlement of
Souskiou-Laona was conducted for 4 weeks in April–May 2009 under
the directorship of Professor Edgar Peltenburg.
Last season, we reported the discovery of a fifth cemetery on the
West Ridge of Laona, but further investigations this season failed to
recover human bones from the pits shaped like graves and so Chalcol-
ithic people may have used them and other features on this prominence
for other purposes. In 2009 we were also able to show that buildings
discovered in 2008 were not isolated units on the West Ridge but that
they comprised a substantial part of the settlement. At least five build-
ings, including three forming an integrated linear arangement, are
securely identified. All five structures stood in a single row along a
76
lengthy terrace, so forming a contoured strip of housing on the upper

south slope of the ridge. Since rubbers and other heavy implements
occur above this strip, further housing may once have existed in paral-
lel rows. These substantial additions to the Laona population suggest
that it may have been sufficiently large to account for all the individu-
als in the cemeteries. More detailed chronological analysis of settle-
ment and cemeteries is required since three radiocarbon dates from
Operation B attest to a lengthier Middle Chalcolithic occupation than
previously suspected. They indicate that settlement persisted well into
the earlier 3rd millennium cal. BC.
Removal of slope-wash last season led to the discovery a sequence
of some four superimposed structures in East Ridge Operation A. One
of these, B 1015, may have re-used part of an earlier wall (Fig. 115).
An intact assemblage on its floor includes several stone objects,
amongst them an exceptional sub-rectangular stone bowl with side
socket. Ceramics belong to what increasingly seems like an earlier
phase of the Middle Chalcolithic. Immediately outside the re-used wall
lay a unique ceramic rosette with central perforation, possibly an inlay
or applique (Fig. 116).
Inhabitants also left a wide spectrum of usable goods on the floor of
nearby B 920. Systematic microstratigraphic and phosphate sampling
was carried out here.
As on the West Ridge, it is clear that inhabitants of the East Ridge
cleared soil cover (if it existed) to make extensive use of the natural
limestone bedrock. These clearances may have caused erosion on the
steeper slopes which led to the tumble of tabular limestone blocks into
the housing area. Such blocks supported a terrace that created two
occupational zones arranged in upper and lower terraces in Operation
B. Buildings 920 and 1015 lay in the lower terrace where, cut into the
bedrock, were a closely associated firepit, oven and fireplace, the last
containing many faunal remains, all surrounded by artefact-rich mid-
den deposits. These open air cooking arrangements preceded all built
structures. According to this sequence, it seems evident that the Laona
settlement initially evolved from temporary camping activities.
EXCAVATIONS AT KISSONERGA-SKALIA
The third season of excavations at the Early–Middle Bronze Age
77
settlement of Kissonerga-Skalia was carried out this year by a team

from the University of Manchester, under the directorship of Dr Lindy
Crewe.
The area around the village of Kissonerga near Pafos is rich in pre-
historic remains. The area was occupied from the earliest Neolithic of
Cyprus and also housed an important Chalcolithic settlement. We can
now extend the prehistoric occupation of Kissonerga into the Bronze
Age (ca. 2400–1650 BC), with evidence in the locality now spanning
over 6,000 years.
The team’s goals this season were to further expose the Bronze Age
architecture revealed in the first two years. A large, free-standing, fur-
nace-like structure around 2×2.5m in diameter was fully uncovered.
The structure had a wide opening and either raised mud plaster walls or
a domed roof, perhaps similar in appearance to a traditional village
oven (Fig. 117). In the ashy deposits of the base a partially collapsed
large storage jar was found embedded upright in a pit with a cooking
pot at the bottom. Further excavation is required to establish the nature
of the construction and possible function of the structure as it is the
only example of its kind from this period.
In the adjacent trench, floor deposits were excavated in a typical
Bronze Age-style rectilinear building (Fig. 118). The lower floor
deposit was found overlain with animal bones, edible sea shells, a cop-
per fish hook, storage jars and cooking pots and seems to have had a
domestic function. The unusually wide (1.2m) rubble wall that was par-
tially uncovered in the north of the site in 2007–8 was further excavat-
ed and a wall measuring around 17m in length was exposed. On the
interior of the wall a floor surface was uncovered with plastered pits,
spreads of pot sherds and ground stone tools. On the exterior a paved
surface embedded with pebbles and pottery and an additional enigmat-
ic stone built feature was found. This represents the latest preserved
occupation in this area of the settlement and is dated by the pottery to
the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age, when the site seems to have
been abandoned. No subdivisions have as yet been revealed on its inte-
rior and the function of the wall remains uncertain.
The three seasons of excavation undertaken so far have revealed
both similarities and differences with other sites of the period else-
where on the island. Further work is required to fully expose the archi-
78
tectural remains and to explore the nature of occupation at the site. In

addition to the preserved architecture, other finds include copper
objects, textile production (attested by spindle whorls), and numbers of
ground stone objects, including agricultural tools and weights. A piece
of copper slag found in 2009 reveals that copper working was carried
out and White Painted pottery from the northwest that they had con-
tacts with other parts of Cyprus. Why the occupants of Kissonerga-
Skalia chose to live on the coast, in contrast to the usual pattern of
inland settlements of the Early–Middle Cypriot Bronze Age, remains
unclear. Other research questions to be pursued in future seasons
include when exactly the site was founded in the Early Bronze Age and
why it was abandoned on the threshold of the Late Bronze Age.
EXCAVATIONS AT KATO PAFOS (AUSTRALIAN MISSION)

The University of Sydney conducted its twelfth season of excava-
tions at the site of the Hellenistic–Roman theatre of Nea Pafos under
the auspices of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus between the 3rd
and 31st of October 2009. The site is located on the southern slope of
Fabrika Hill in Nea Pafos, and the Australian excavations have
revealed a theatre that was constructed around 300 BC and was used as
a venue for performance and entertainment until the late 4th century AD
when it was destroyed by an earthquake. At least five distinct architec-
tural phases of the theatre have now been identified. After its destruc-
tion, much of the marble and other architectural features of the theatre
were robbed for reuse elsewhere in Nea Pafos.
One aspect of the site that has been little understood until now was
the relationship between the theatre and the urban layout of the sur-
rounding town. As the theatre was located in the north-eastern quarter
of the ancient town, near the city gates, issues of public access and the
flow of pedestrian traffic to surrounding public roads are paramount.
Four test trenches that were excavated in the 1990s revealed part of the
surface of a Roman road directly to the south of the theatre running in
an East-West direction, but only in this season have we finally uncov-
ered a direct link between the theatre and that road.
Since the 2007 excavations focused on the south-eastern corner of
the theatre where the remains of foundations are extensive enough to
allow for interpretation in spite of the heavy damage occurred during
79
the destruction and abandonment phases. Additional damage was

inflicted by a series of post-medieval lime-lined pits, which we tenta-
tively associate with tanning or dyeing activities (Fig. 119), and then
finally by modern pipe trenches.
Most of the eastern parodos of the theatre has now been cleared by
the Australian mission, as have the eastern support foundations for the
expanded Antonine theatre of the mid-2nd century AD. Directly to the
south of this parodos area, a substantial structure was uncovered. This
building faces onto the east-west running road, but is on a different
alignment to the theatre itself. Measuring almost 20m in length and 5m
in width and preserved to a height of between 0.30 and 1.2m, the struc-
ture is substantial in size and design, with thick masonry walls on all
four sides, and no obvious entry point. The interiors of the walls are
lined with thick plaster (Fig. 120) that is chamfered and rounded in the
corners, while the floor of the entire structure is a carpet mosaic of a
grey-brownish colour with faint traces of a pattern of stars. Excavation
of both the eastern and western sections of the structure’s interior is
now completed, but a large baulk in the centre was left intact for the
time being (Figs 121–122). The purpose of the structure is not yet clear,
nor is its precise chronology and relationship with the theatre. It is pos-
sible that it was a fountain house or a water pool of some description;
an interpretation that may find support in its location this close to the
ancient city gates and on a major thoroughfare. It may indeed have
been related to activities in the theatre in its final phase of operations,
when the theatre’s orchestra appears to have been flooded for perfor-
mances. The efficacy of the waterproofing of the long structure by
plaster and mosaic floor was apparent during the heavy rains in the
final days of the 2009 season.
Three trenches were positioned in the 2009 season to the east, west
and south of the long structure. The purpose of these new excavations
was to understand the exterior of the long structure, and how it faced
onto the road directly to its south. These trenches were positioned to
better understand the exterior of the structure and its relation with the
road directly to its south. Excavation proved that the road reaches the
southern wall of the structure (Fig. 123). Part of a semi-circular plas-
ter-lined water trough was revealed on the south-facing wall of the
building, enabling people using on the road to access water; again
80
strengthening the suggestion that the structure was a water facility. The
western trench revealed a gentle sloping pathway leading from the road
up to an entrance in the eastern parodos, providing a major southern
entrance into that part of the theatre. Although badly damaged, enough
traces remain to indicate that a mosaic floor covered most of the
entranceway. Excavation to the east of the structure was halted due to
rain, and work will continue in the area in 2010.
Whatever its precise purpose in antiquity, the long structure was
eventually used as a dump for architectural features from the theatre as
the stage building was being robbed of its stone work after the destruc-
tion. Capitals, column fragments, niches, cornices and other architec-
tural elements were recovered from this dump (Fig. 124), increasing
our knowledge of the appearance of the stage building of the theatre.
Additional small-scale excavation directly south of the site exposed
part of a post-medieval complex, including a courtyard and a series of
foundations of walls, which will be investigated in more detail in the
future. Small-scale clearance on the western cavea (the seating area of
the theatre) was conducted to examine evidence of support walls and
platforms for the earliest phases of the theatre’s seating.
Future seasons will enable the complete the excavation of the long
structure and confirm its function. We further intend to uncover more
of the ancient road in order to attain a greater understanding of the lay-
out of the north-eastern quarter of the ancient city of Nea Pafos around
the theatre.
EXCAVATIONS AT KATO PAFOS (POLISH MISSION)

2009 was the third season during which the Polish Mission under-
took excavations at the Kato Pafos Archaeological Site. The excava-
tions were co-financed by the Department of Antiquities and the Uni-
versity of Warsaw. On behalf of the Department of Antiquities, Dr
Angelos Papadopoulos supervised the excavations between the 16th and
19th December 2008 and 9th January until 4th February 2009. Between
the 9th of March and the 17th of April, Dr Henryk Meyza, assisted by
Joanna Michalska, supervised the excavations on behalf of the Polish
Mission and from the 29th August until the 3rd of October Dr Henryk
Meyza supervised the work.
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The third season of excavations included the regular excavation of

the western part of the so-called Hellenistic House, the conservation
(executed by PROP, Krakow) of a cistern situated under courtyard No.
13, as well as the reconstruction of the Nabatean column belonging to
the tetrastyle courtyard (Figs 125–126). The reconstruction was exe-
cuted by the Department of Antiquities. The most extensive areas that
were investigated were: the south-eastern part of the House of Aion,
excavated mainly by Dr Papadopoulos and documented by the Polish
Mission, and the western part of the Hellenistic House.
In the House of Aion, four new rooms were identified, including
two (nos 41, 42) with severely damaged monochrome mosaics, which
were found slightly displaced but preserving their relation to the divid-
ing wall. Another mosaic seems to have been reused in the Late Roman
period. Apart from the above, the area seems to have been looted as
indicated by the deep modern trenches found.
Important evidence was revealed in the western part of the Hel-
lenistic House. This area was destroyed by an earthquake not before
Adrian’s times and only a fraction of decorated blocks had been
removed in antiquity. In courtyard no. 13, an existing impluvium with
a tetrastyle portico underwent modifications since a higher wall was
built enclosing the basin between the columns, following a final
destruction. Surrounding the impluvium many scattered fragments of a
small, long integrated entablature measuring ca. 15m in length were
found. These seem to have belonged to an upper storey (all 4 of its cor-
ners have been preserved). Within the pool, parts of the main colon-
nade’s Doric frieze were found as well as a Roman-baroque cornice
with modillons. One of the portico’s columns, with its so-called
Nabatean pseudo-Ionic capital was found collapsed (one of its drums
was missing) and has been restored.
The cistern, which was discovered in 2007, may be approached
from the north and specifically, from the rooms under the later south
enclosure wall of the House of Theseus, by means of a dromos, which
at its lower end forms a staircase. The cistern’s well-head was found
immediately to the north of the impluvium. Within the cistern a well-
preserved, ornate spear butt (sauroter), was found. A second cistern
was found under the south-western part of the courtyard and it seems
to have supplied water to a bath complex extending south and west of
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the courtyard. This bath complex is still partially excavated and in its
southern part it consists of two rooms with hypocaustic floors and a
system of heating channels and pipes. The hypocaust was severely
looted even at its lower level of terracotta slabs, of which only imprints
in the mortar have survived. In a much better condition were preserved
the walls and flue channel of the next room, to the north (no. 32), which
was probably a praefurnium. This room has not yet been excavated to
the level of its floor, which is situated lower than in the surrounding
rooms. The thick layer of burnt matter and the presence of a channel
which led hot air to the hypocaust floors of Rooms 31 and 27 and to the
Roman House room 4, as well as a partly preserved pillar with triple
internal tubulature, cut in stone blocks, are the indications of the
room’s use as a praefurnium. A similar but possibly reused pillar was
found collapsed in the western part of courtyard 13. Further to the west,
two other rooms with stone-paved floors were excavated (nos 33 and
28). In these rooms large pieces of floor were found, probably belong-
ing to an upper storey. Excavations in the north-west corner of court-
yard 13 revealed another room (no. 34) with a blocked door and the
remains of a staircase which lead to an upper floor.
The most important discoveries of 2009 include: the unearthing of
several sections of a long wall running close to the damaged stylobate
of the Villa of Theseus’ peristyle southern portico; the discovery of
important data related to the early phases of the Hellenistic House, sug-
gesting that parts of the House originally had floors at much deeper
levels; the extent of the earlier bathing establishment under the eastern
part of the later Villa of Theseus has been confirmed.
EXCAVATIONS ON FABRIKA HILL (KATO PAFOS)

The second season of the French Archaeological expedition at
Pafos, under the direction of Dr Claire Balandier, on Fabrika Hill last-
ed from the 20th of April until the 29th of May, 2009. The two main
excavation areas are on the Northern slope of the hill and behind the
ancient theatre to the East. On the North side, the main aim was to find
the continuation to the North and the South of the long wall found last
year. To the South, the wall was found as far as the cliff against which
it seems to have been built.
On the North side, the wall was uncovered by a few more metres. It
would seem that it forms a corner to the East, but it is built in a differ-
83
ent way with pillars and with a filling of stones between them. The
uncovering of two perpendicular walls shows that it is not a rampart
but probably dwellings. The presence of fragments of painted wall
plaster and tiles strengthen this hypothesis. The ceramics still have not
yet been studied and cannot be dated at this moment. A third wall built
in yet a different way with layers of dressed stones and small pebbles
between them could be medieval. The investigation in this area will
continue next year. On the terrace behind the wall two test soundings
were made in order to try to date the levels of occupation of the hill.
Two human skeletons were also discovered.
On the Eastern slope of Fabrika we continued with the excavation
of the building carved out of the bedrock we discovered last year. An
important layer of destruction, the entire vault perhaps destroyed by an
earthquake were discovered as well as the fourth wall of the building.
The study of the material confirms its date to be the 13th century AD.
Next year the destruction level will be investigated and, hopefully, it
may be possible to identify the function of this important building.
EXCAVATIONS AT THE GEORGIAN MONASTERY

OF PANAGIA CHRYSOGIALIOTISSA, GIALIA
The excavation of the church of Agios Nikolaos on the site of the
10th century Georgian Monastery, at Gialia village in the Pafos District,
began on the 12th of September and ended on the 8th of October. It was
conducted under the direction of Dr. David Mindorashvili, and was
funded by the Georgian National Office for the Conservation of Cul-
tural Heritage. The church was studied from an artistic point of view by
George Gagoshidze and the architectural plans were drawn by Tengiz
Gabunia.
Investigations at this site focused on documenting the foundations
of the church of Agios Nikolaos (Fig. 127), which once belonged to the
Monastery. The site was excavated and the phases of the church con-
struction needed to be properly defined. The church (11×4m) was once
a two-storey building. The ground floor functioned as a crypt which
was roofed with an arch and divided by walls in the areas where buri-
als were made. Four such ‘ossuaries’ have been found so far and inside
them the bones of the dead were found spread about irregularly along
with a large number of clay vessels. The moveable finds, which main-
84
ly consist of bowls, date to various periods between the 12th and 15th
centuries AD. During previous seasons of investigation of the
Monastery’s main church, archaeologists could not locate the monks’
cemetery, which was an integral part of the monastic complex. As this
year’s investigations have shown, the Monastery’s monks were buried
in the ground floor, in the crypt of the church of Agios Nikolaos.
Due to the great extent of the area, excavation will continue in
2010. With the completion of the archaeological investigations the
monuments will be conserved and protected. A thorough investigation
of the church and the moveable finds will highlight the close links
between Cyprus and Georgia, concerning both the religious sphere and
the cultural-educational one.
EXCAVATIONS AT AGIA VARVARA-ASPROKREMMOS

The fourth small-scale season of excavation at the site of Agia Var-
vara-Asprokremmos was conducted under the direction of Dr Carole
McCartney with the support of the University of Cyprus. It was carried
out as part of the EENC (Elaborating Early Neolithic Cyprus) Project,
an international collaboration between the Universities of Cyprus, Cor-
nell University and Trent University, which focuses on excavation and
landscape survey of early prehistoric archaeological remains dated to
the early Holocene, when the transition from hunting to farming
economies was taking place throughout the Middle East. This year’s
excavations saw the unearthing of the earliest currently known struc-
ture belonging to the Neolithic period of Cyprus.
The site of Asprokremmos provides the first dated site illustrating
the occupation of Cyprus during the beginning phase of the Neolithic,
documenting evidence of an Early Neolithic or Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
as it is known in mainland sequences. This very early phase of the
Neolithic shown at Asprokremmos is currently dated by radio-carbon to
between 8,800–8,600 cal. BC predating previously known Neolithic
sites on Cyprus by between 400–600 years.
Excavations during 2009 continued to unearth evidence of signifi-
cant manufacturing activity associated with the production of lithic
tools including beautifully made arrowheads and a large array of
ground stone tools used for the processing of ochre pigment and the
likely processing of plants for subsistence. Of major significance was
85
the uncovering of parts of a substantial curvilinear semi-subterranean

structure that dominates the northern end of the site. This structure, cut
into the re-deposited havara sub-strata forming the base to overlying
Neolithic deposits, runs north to south across the gentle east-west slope
of the site, spanning over 5m in length. The straight cut walls of the
structure hollow extend down to a gently sloping trampled earth sur-
face that provides the floor of the structure.
Associated with this floor was an array of objects including a large
hemispherical stone mortar and two rectilinear stone vessels, one of
which was broken in situ during the apparent destruction of the struc-
ture by fire and subsequent burial complete with all of its contents.
Beyond these unique stone vessels a range of stone tools including
grinding tools and querns illustrates the domestic character of the
equipment left in place with the abandonment of the structure. This
assemblage is completed by a carefully carved human figurine deposit-
ed into the burnt orange soil that entombed the abandoned habitation.
The figurine, which is currently the earliest known example of human
representation on Cyprus, marks the end of a complex abandonment
phase of this highly significant structure, though the site itself was re-
occupied during at least two subsequent phases of habitation.
The character of both the structure and its unique assemblage of
finds provide significant parallels to other Early Neolithic sites across
the Near East, establishing important links between Cyprus and the
Levant during the 9th millennium cal. BC and crucial evidence con-
cerning the development of the Neolithic both on Cyprus and across
the Near East.
EXCAVATIONS ON GERONISOS ISLAND

The 2009 season of excavations on Geronisos Island, just off the
coast of Agios Georgios tis Pegeias, Pafos District, were conducted
under the direction of Professor Joan Breton Connelly of New York
University.
The team of 18 excavators began work on May 16, focusing their
efforts in the Central Sector of the island where they opened seven
1.5×5m trenches along a diagonal axis extending from southwest to
northeast. In the southernmost trench, at the very edge of the island,
numerous fragments of very large pithoi were unearthed. One of these
86
could be mended to stand to a complete profile of 1.20m in height. The

walls of the pithos measure as thick as 0.05m. The pithoi, which were
most probably used to hold olive oil, can be placed in the 1st century BC
and according to the excavators, they are among the largest storage
vessels found to date on Cyprus. The area from which the pithoi frag-
ments were removed appears to have been a storeroom or pantry facil-
ity, probably servicing the complex of small dining rooms found just to
the west of this area in previous seasons. The discovery of this storage
facility represents an important breakthrough in our understanding of
the experience of ancient pilgrims on Geronisos and the ritual dining
that seems to have taken place within the complex of rooms in the Cen-
tral South Sector.
A number of broken architectural members were also recovered
from this season, including what may be the remains of a stone lion’s
head waterspout very similar to one that was unearthed on Geronisos
in 1994. Traces of the lion’s sculptured mane are preserved along with
the moulding of what appears to be a cornice or gutter. This find gives
further evidence for a lavishly decorated building of great importance
on the island. The sculptured lion’s head would have been plastered
and painted as a fitting adornment for a monumental structure, possi-
bly a temple.
Excavations in the Central Sector of the island also produced rich
finds from the early Chalcolithic period, ca. 3800 BC. These include a
picrolite bead in a “figure-of-eight” design, ground stone tools includ-
ing a small axe and chisel, as well as quantities of red burnished ware
pottery.
The 2009 season on Geronisos included the participation of a num-
ber of eminent scholars engaged in the study of material excavated
from the island. Dr. Jolanta Młynarczyk of the University of Warsaw
continued her study of the late Hellenistic ceramics of Geronisos, while
Dr. Mariusz Burdajewicz of the Warsaw Museum continued his study
on the glass finds and prepared drawings of the pottery and architec-
ture. Dr. Richard Anderson, architect of the Agora Excavations in
Athens, prepared a new site plan of East Building using a total station
laser theodolite. He completed important work on the reconstruction of
East Building as the vaulted undercroft of a Christian basilica, most of
which has collapsed into the sea with the entire east end of the island.
87
Christos Tsiorgiannis of Cambridge University participated in the exca-

vations and Victoria Grinbaum of University College London began a
new study of the Geronisos amphorae.
B. UNDERWATER EXPLORATION
AMMOCHOSTOS DISTRICT
EASTERN CYPRUS MARITIME SURVEY

An underwater diving survey campaign (Eastern Cyprus Maritime
Survey) was undertaken from mid-July to mid-August along the
island’s southeast coast in the area of Cape Greco. The project is spon-
sored by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M Univer-
sity, with financial support from the University of Pennsylvania and
RPM Nautical Foundation, as well as additional logistical support from
the Thetis Foundation.
The project focused on the site of a Roman shipwreck discovered in
2007 (Fig. 128), completing a non-intrusive preliminary map of surface
remains to determine the extent of the site, its preservation, as well as
the full character and composition of the cargo. The ship, dating to the
first decades of the 2nd century AD, appears to have been carrying a
mixed cargo of liquids, likely wine but perhaps also oil, in over 130
ceramic jars, or amphorae.
Most of the assemblage is composed of jars from southeastern Asia
Minor and the general northeast Mediterranean region. Another group
of amphorae, however, appears to have contained wine imported from
the Mediterranean coast of France. A few non-cargo items discovered
on the site were likely used for storage and preparation of food, and
may point to a galley and give clues to life on board the merchant ves-
sel, although no wood, anchor, or other ship fittings are visible on the
surface scatter. Where the ship was heading remains unclear, but its
location in shallow waters, and the Roman presence in the area of Cape
Greco and further north at sites like Lefkolla, suggest that either the
vessel was nearing an intended port-of-call, or else was engaged in a
coasting trade, moving products to market over short distances up and
down the coast. Though scattered, the remains provide significant
insight into the local, regional, and even long-distance commercial
connections of this peaceful and prosperous Roman island.
88
Plans for future work in the area include a full shallow-water sur-
vey in the Cape Greco area, combined with a remote sensing search for
better preserved sites in the deeper sandy seabed farther offshore. The
Cape Greco area’s prominent maritime history is testified not only by
the shipwrecks, anchors, and other finds recorded so far along the
coast, but also by reports from local divers and specific events in the
historical record. According to Diodorus, it was at somewhere just
north of here that in 306 BC the Macedonian Demetrius Poliorcetes tri-
umphed over Ptolemy of Egypt in one of the largest naval engagements
of antiquity. Although Ptolemy eventually returned, proved victorious,
and controlled the island through the rest of the Hellenistic period,
nearly one hundred warships reported as sunk during the combat pro-
vide another hopeful target for archaeologists working in deeper waters
offshore.
C. SALVAGE EXCAVATIONS AND SURFACE SURVEYS
LEFKOSIA DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS IN ELEFTHERIA SQUARE

The excavation of the northeast corner of Eleftherias Square, adja-
cent to D’Avila bastion, was completed within February 2009, under
the direction of Archaeological Officer Chrysanthi Kounnou of the
Department of Antiquities, in view of the landscaping plans that are
scheduled to take place in the near future.
The excavation works revealed part of the curtain wall and the flank
of the bastion, which were covered when Eleftheria Square was formed
and the original Venetian bastion, which was partially demolished in
1939, for purposes of widening this main entrance to the town of
Lefkosia.
Following the excavation works, conservation and restoration work
was conducted on the excavated parts of the Venetian walls (i.e. the
curtain wall, the flank of the bastion and the original and recent oril-
lons of D’Avila bastion).
Within March 2009, minor excavation works were conducted in the
wider area of the proposed landscaping plans of Eleftherias Square,
consisting of sections in the moat along the D’Avila bastion and the
89
curtain wall between the Tripoli and D’Avila bastions, as well as along
the modern supporting wall along Stasinos and Omirou Avenues. The
aim was to enable the mapping of the foundation levels of all structures
within the moat and no architectural remains were revealed.
EXCAVATION ON ASCLEPIUS STREET, WITHIN THE

WALLS OF LEFKOSIA (SHEET/PLAN ΧΧΙ /46.06.01, PLOT 96)
A rescue excavation was carried out in Asclepius Street in Lefkosia,
under the direction of Archaeological Officer Chrysanthi Kounnou
with the assistance of Senior Technician Georgios Koumis. The exca-
vation was held in the courtyard of a listed building, in the area where
the construction of a basement was proposed. Four trenches were exca-
vated in total, where remains of the Ottoman and the Medieval period
were located.
Part of a building was unearthed, which extends at least 10m in a
North-South direction and 8m in an East-West direction. The building
seems to extend further to the south and west, outside the excavated
area. What is preserved are its foundations, which consisted of contin-
uous arches both in the outer walls, as well as in the internal walls, a
technique used in the Ottoman period and in houses of folk architec-
ture. The pottery recovered dates to the Ottoman period.
A built feature, found at a lower level can be dated to the Medieval
period. This is a small rectangular structure, built of worked sandstone
founded within the hard soil. It was preserved only up to a maximum
of 1m, but it must have been higher originally. The structure was filled
with glazed pottery dating to the 14th century AD and cooking ware
sherds. This feature must have been destroyed and abandoned and
when the abovementioned building was constructed, it was not visible.
EXCAVATIONS AT MITSERO-KOUTSALONA
A salvage excavation of two chamber tombs was carried out in July
under the direction of Archaeological Officer Dr Giorgos Georgiou.
They had been revealed during road-works in the eastern part of Mit-
sero village. Tomb 7, which dates to the Cypro-Classical period has a
single locus, while Tomb 8, dating to the Cypro-Classical and Hel-
lenistic periods, had two loci.
90
EXCAVATIONS AT KOKKINOTRIMITHIA-KAFKALLA
In November, during the digging of foundations for the supermar-
ket Lidl before the Kokkinotrimithia exit from the Lefkosia-Troodos
highway, tombs of Hellenistic and Roman date were discovered. Exca-
vation under the direction of Archaeological Officer Dr. Giorgos Geor-
giou revealed that the tombs had been looted in the past. However,
drawings of the tombs were made to pinpoint their precise geographi-
cal location and to document the funerary architecture.
LARNAKA DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS AT LARNAKA-PAMPOULA
From the 7th of May until the 19th of June, an excavation was carried
out in plot 178 in Larnaka under the direction of Archaeological Offi-
cer Dr. Giorgos Georgiou. Plot 178 is located to the west of the Larna-
ka District Museum on the other side of Kimonos street and therefore
is adjacent to the Pampoula archaeological site. Six 5×5m trenches
were opened that covered approximately half of the surface area of the
plot. In all the trenches, architectural remains of various chronological
periods were revealed. The stratigraphy was quite deep, and in most
trenches reached a depth of over 3m. The ceramics in the different stra-
ta indicate that the area was in use during the Early Cypro-Geometric,
the Cypro-Classical and the Roman periods. A small number of pottery
sherds dating to the Late Bronze Age were also found. Part of plot 178
abuts to plot 177, which was investigated by the Department of Antiq-
uities in 2000. The discoveries in 2009 confirm those of 2000 regard-
ing the use of the area throughout the three aforementioned periods.
EXCAVATIONS AT ALAMINOS-KAMPOS
From the 22nd of June until the 17th of July, salvage excavations were
carried out in plot 659 under the direction of Archaeological Officer
Dr. Giorgos Georgiou, following an application for building develop-
ment. This plot is one of a group of plots that were declared as Ancient
Monuments of Second Schedule in 2007, due to preserved remains of
an Early and Middle Bronze Age settlement. Test trenches were dug all
over the plot. Some of these were sterile while others showed signs of
human activity. The remains of walls were discovered in one of the
91
trenches. The stratigraphy is very shallow (0.30–9.50m) and the archi-

tectural remains are in poor condition. The pottery dates the remains to
the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Along with the walls, installations
in the floor were found of the same type as those discovered at the set-
tlement of Marki-Alonia.
EXCAVATIONS AT PSEMATISMENOS-TRELLOUKAS
In July, an excavation was carried out in plots 15 and 16 under the
direction of Archaeological Officer Dr. Giorgos Georgiou. These plots
are part of a group of plots that were declared as Ancient Monuments
of Second Schedule in 2007, due to preserved remains of an Early and
Middle Bronze Age settlement. These plots abut plot 449 to the east
(bordering Maroni), where the Department of Antiquities excavated 48
tombs of the Early Bronze Age in 2008. In contrast to plot 449 where
the tombs were cut into the rock on a mild slope, plots 15 and 16 coin-
cide with a steep slope. No remains of a settlement or of a cemetery
were discovered in these plots.
LEMESOS DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS AT YPSONAS-AGIOS SYLAS

In a rescue excavation under the directions of Archaeological Offi-
cer Katerina Papanikolaou in the area Ypsonas-Agios Sylas (plot 1542),
important archaeological remains were found, dated to the Late Bronze
Age (Fig. 129). The remains consist of an open-air sanctuary. Parts of
walls and constructions lie just above the bedrock (Fig. 130). The walls
probably separate specific rooms and delimit some constructions. At
the eastern part a four-sided construction (Fig. 131), is delineated by
two walls at the north and west side, and covered with a hard mixture
of limestone and clay. South of this construction another semi-circular
construction is found with a pit beside it. Inside the pit there was a frag-
ment of a pithos. Similar pits were also found around the other con-
structions; those of small diameter (0.10m) probably supported piles.
The larger pits (diam. 0.20–0.70m) contained Late Bronze Age pottery.
A conical pit (diam. 0.73m) contained a fragment of an animal-shaped
rhyton, stone tools, a pyramidal loom weight, a bronze object and Late
Bronze Age pottery.
92
The floor was covered with limestone material. Some places were
paved with stone and pithos sherds. On the south side of the sanctuary
one rectangular basin and a conical pit were found. The basin contained
stone tools and of pithos fragments. The conical pit also contained
pithos fragments.
Among the finds found at the sanctuary, the most important is a ter-
racotta figurine of Base-Ring ware (Fig. 132).
Around the sanctuary (north, south and west side), remains of vari-
ous walls and structures, consist of a building complex of a sanctuary,
dated from the Cypro-Archaic to the Roman period. The most impor-
tant part of the sanctuary is a building with walls, surviving to a height
of 2.5–3m above the floor (Fig. 133). The building seems to have at
least three phases of construction. The stone head of a temple boy (Fig.
134), a stone figurine of a horse (Fig. 135), terracotta figurines (Figs
136–137), male figurines, horse and rider figurines, parts of stone
basins, a great number of miniature vases, and imported vases of the
Hellenistic period were found among the walls of the building. A
bronze coin of Ptolemy IX Soter II (117/6–80 BC) constitutes further
evidence that the building was in use during the Hellenistic period. The
large number of tiles indicates that the building was roofed. Around the
building, parts of walls and semi-circular, probably open air construc-
tions were found (Figs 138–139). The fragmentary condition of the
remains does not provide information for their particular use.
There is no doubt that the god worshipped in Agios Sylas was male,
probably Apollo. The modern church of Agios Georgios Vikliou or
Sporou, located north of the sanctuary, is perhaps built upon the
remains of a byzantine church thus proving the continuity of the sanc-
tity and the change from paganism to Christianity.
In the locality of Tzamouda (ex-building E&S SPOLP), during the
excavations for the foundations of a building, three (3) rock-cut tombs
were found (T. 339–341), dated to the Middle Bronze Age. One of them
(T. 340) contained a bronze hook-tanged weapon (T. 340/3) (Fig. 140).
EXCAVATIONS AT EPISKOPI-PAMPOULA
In 2009 trial excavations were conducted under the direction of
Archaeological Officer Efthymia Alphas in the area of Episkopi-Pam-
93
poula in the District of Lemesos. Three plots were investigated yield-

ing finds that date from the Late Bronze Age to the Roman period. In
one of the plots 2 unlooted rock-cut tombs were excavated dating to the
Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical periods. Tomb 66 contained 46
objects dating to the Cypro-Archaic period, a large amount of pottery
sherds and very few fragments of skeletal remains. Tomb 71 contained
the skeletal remains of at least 27 individuals and 116 objects along
with a large amount of pottery sherds (Figs 141–143). The remainder
of the plot contained looted tombs, numerous rectangular and square
cuttings in the natural bedrock as well as fragmentary Late Bronze Age
remains, including a gaming stone. In another part of the Pampoula
hill, test trenches revealed architectural remains and pottery dating
from the Late Bronze Age to the Roman period.
PAFOS DISTRICT
EXCAVATIONS AT KATO PAFOS-GLYKY NERO

A short-term excavation was carried out under the direction of
Archaeological Officer Eustathios Raptou in a plot near the municipal
beach of Kato Pafos following the discovery of human bones. Archae-
ological remains of the late Hellenistic period, as well as several skele-
tons of humans and dogs had already been discovered in this plot in
2006. The rescue excavation at that time examined only a small section
of the plot, and revealed rooms, cisterns and hydraulic installations,
without it being possible to give a definitive interpretation as to the use
of these installations. It may have been a sanatorium where water
played an important role, and the canine burials may be related to the
worship of eastern gods and the rituals for cures.
The discovery of the bones in the winter of 2009 led to the extension
of the 2006 excavation to the north and east. No new structures were
revealed, only skeletal material. A total of three human skeletons were
found buried in the sand. There were no burial offerings and the posi-
tions of the skeletons indicate that these were rudimentary burials. Three
canine skeletons were also discovered amongst the human skeletons.
EXCAVATIONS IN KATO PAFOS (M.P. 3751)

On the 12th of June, while works were carried out for the construc-
94
tion of a road and pavement south of the 11th Elementary School in

Pafos, the Museum received a phone call that a large opening was cre-
ated on the side of the road and vessels were visible through the open-
ing. Museum staff was called in to investigate and excavate the tomb
that was revealed.
The tomb was a rectangular chamber, measuring 3.70×3.78cm, and
was cut into the natural bedrock with niches on the North and East
walls. The entrance to the tomb, measuring 95×145cm, lay on the West
wall and was found sealed with stones, while a 15cm step led into the
main chamber.
The niches on the North and East wall both contained skeletal
remains, but unfortunately they were very fragmentary. The North
niche in particular was covered with soil from the gap that the bull-
dozer created on the roof and very few bones were found. A large num-
ber of movable objects were recovered from the niches and the floor of
the tomb, including glass, bone and metal objects and clay vessels on
the floor (Figs 144–146). The finds date the tombs to the Hellenistic
period.
An interesting discovery was a gap in the southwest wall through
which another chamber was roughly visible with at least three niches
on the wall. The chamber seems to have been empty of finds, most
probably looted in antiquity. It was not possible to excavate this cham-
ber because it lay under another plot of land and as well as for safety
reasons.
EXCAVATIONS AT ANARYTA (M.P. 3754)

On the 16th of September, the Museum received a phone call from a
Water Development Department crew, that during trenching for the
replacement of pipes on Rodostheni Alexandrou Street, three openings
were observed, in one of which there were bones visible. Museum staff
was sent to investigate and excavate the tombs that were revealed. Due
to the large number of tombs located at the site, the staff returned to
Anaryta on the 17th as well as on the 20th of September.
A total of 9 tombs were excavated by the end of the third day, all
but 2 were undisturbed. Tombs six (6) and seven (7), located to the
south of the trenching operation, were found disturbed by earlier activ-
95
ity in the area. Tomb six (6) contained only skeletal remains, not in
situ, and even though the entrance to the tomb was sealed there were
plastic elements inside it. Tomb seven (7), located further south, was
investigated thoroughly but nothing was found inside except a metal
pipe, remnants of older trenching operations.
Tombs one (1) to five (5) and eight (8) and nine (9) were found
sealed and undisturbed. Each tomb was measured and photographed
and the artefacts as well as the remains were labelled and removed. The
niches were all carved into the natural rock and measured approxi-
mately 1.50–2.00m in length and 65–95cm in height. The widths of the
tombs were roughly the same measuring around 70cm. The skeletal
remains were fairly well preserved, indicating adult and young-adult
single inhumations (Fig. 147). The artefacts recovered in the niches
include amphorae, jugs, cooking pots and unguentaria. The finds date
the tombs to the Hellenistic and Roman period.
EXCAVATIONS AT KISSONERGA
Following the discovery of a shaft by an earth-moving machine on
a building site beside the main coastal road at Kissonerga, Pafos, a joint
excavation under the direction of the Director of Antiquities Dr Pavlos
Flourenztos was carried out between the Department of Antiquities and
Edinburgh University between 7th May and 4th June.
The shaft proved to be cylindrical, 75cm in diameter, and preserved
to a depth of 5m below the surface of havara bedrock (Fig. 148). A
number of small niches had been cut into the side of the shaft on the
east and the west to accommodate the hands and feet of the people who
originally dug the well as they climbed in and out of it. At the base of
the shaft were several small natural channels in the bedrock through
which water would have flowed, confirming that this was a water well.
Water would presumably have been extracted by some sort of bucket,
possibly made of leather, on a rope.
Once the well had gone out of use as a water source, it silted up.
During the course of its infilling various items fell into the well, or
were deliberately dumped or placed there by people. These items
included animal bones (of sheep, goat, pig and fallow deer), worked
flint, a few stone beads and pendants, and pieces of broken stone ves-
sels that are typical of the early (Aceramic) Neolithic period in Cyprus,
96
before pottery came into use. About half way up the shaft was found
the poorly preserved skeleton of a young woman. Unfortunately we
shall never know how she came to be there.
Towards the base of the well were found an intact small, crude bowl
and a dish of much finer quality that had clearly smashed when it fell,
or was thrown, in. Both were carved from chalk, and were perhaps ves-
sels that had been around the well-head. These and the other finds indi-
cate that this latest well to come to light is of broadly similar date to
six other wells that have previously been excavated in the vicinity by a
team from the University of Edinburgh. Radiocarbon dates indicate an
age of 9,000 to 10,500 years for these wells, placing them amongst the
earliest water wells known anywhere in the world.
EXCAVATIONS AT KISSONERGA-AMMOUDIA (M.P. 3738)

Rescue excavations at the Kissonerga-Ammoudia cemetery contin-
ued in June 2009, after a 6-month hiatus, under the direction of Archae-
ological Officer Elena Meranou, with the aim to complete the excava-
tion of the plot so that the construction of the apartment complex would
begin at the end of the year.
In 2008 the Northern and Western areas of the plot were excavated
by Dr Angelos Papadopoulos, at which time 38 tombs were recorded.
In 2009 the Southern and Eastern areas were investigated, while test
trenches were dug through the plot as well. During the one-month
excavation 8 more tombs were discovered, all dating to the Middle
Bronze Age, unfortunately with very few complete vessels. The tombs
were discovered very close to the surface, with a minimum depth of
10cm, and a maximum depth of 1.20m. Almost all tombs were round or
oval in shape, measuring approximately 1.50×1.80m (Figs 149–150).
A total of ten test trenches were also dug at the site, especially at the
South-Eastern area that was not excavated in 2008 and rose to a greater
height than the rest of the plot. At a depth of 1.50m no more tombs
were unearthed.
EXCAVATIONS AT AGIA MARINOUDA

Within the village of Agia Marinouda, in the ruins of the Church of
Agioi Konstantinos and Eleni, a short excavation was carried out under
97
the direction of Archaeological Officer Eustathios Raptou in order to

clarify the boundaries of the ruins for the granting of a building license.
The excavation was limited to two squares on the west and east
sides. On the west side, a chamber of trefoil plan was discovered in a
very bad state of preservation, perhaps the narthex of the church (Fig.
151). On the east side an annex was located, which would have been on
the south side of the church. As the greater part of the church and the
apse of the Holy Bema are in neighbouring plots, the excavation did not
continue.
There were no archaeological finds but the monument’s architecture
indicates that it may be dated to the Middle Byzantine period.
EXCAVATIONS AT MANDRIA-AGIOS MENAS

A rescue excavation, under the direction of Archaeological Officer
Eustathios Raptou, was carried out on the beach of Mandria in the
locality of Agios Menas, following the discovery of a mosaic floor
belonging to an early Christian basilica (Fig. 152).
The excavation revealed the western section of a three-aisled basil-
ica with an apse to the east; the dimensions of the thus-far revealed sec-
tion are 14×10m. The remains are preserved to a small height, approx-
imately 30–40cm, while in some areas such as in the apse, the floor is
located on the surface of the ground. The floors of the three aisles were
laid with slabs of local marble, of which only a few were still in place
in the south aisle while the others were missing. To the northeast of the
apse was an annex with a northern entrance.
Following the destruction of the older church, possibly in the
Medieval period, a smaller church was erected over the ruins encom-
passing part of the basilica’s central aisle. In the digging of foundations
for the small church, whose width does not exceed 3m, a trench was
dug that partially destroyed the apse and its mosaic floor.
There were no signs that the basilica had been destroyed by violent
means. It was probably left to fall into ruins with the eventual removal
of its architectural members and a greater part of the stones and other
useful building material. The same must apply to explain the destruc-
tion and dereliction of the smaller church.
98
Based on the architecture of the monument and the techniques used

to lay the mosaic floor, it is possible to date the early Christian basili-
ca to the 5th/6th century AD and, as mentioned above, a secondary phase
of use is observed in the medieval period.
EXCAVATIONS AT POLIS CHRYSOCHOU-ORTA KOILADES

During work carried out for the building of a road for use by the
new fire station, which passes through the cemetery of the ancient city,
a large wall was discovered with a length of 34m with an East-West
orientation. An excavation was carried out under the direction of
Archaeological Officer Eustathios Raptou, during which it was not
possible to reveal the full extent of the wall as it extended into private
property. Initially it was believed to be a wall of a large public build-
ing or a section of a fortification wall – this was eventually disproved
as the wall was shown to have only one façade facing North. The finds
indicate that the wall can be dated to the early Hellenistic period, per-
haps the early 3rd century BC.
The wall is constructed of large and slightly worked blocks of local
limestone (Fig. 153). It rests directly on the ground and is reinforced
by monolithic pillars, while the intervals are built with almost irregu-
larly placed blocks without grouting. The average existing height of the
wall is 80–90cm, the width is roughly 50cm and the intervals have a
length of 50–60cm. The masonry belongs to the category known as
murs à pillier or pillared walls, a characteristic element of Eastern
architecture. This technique was used primarily by the Phoenicians,
who seem to have spread its use to many areas of the eastern and west-
ern Mediterranean.
This long wall may have supported a platform within the cemetery
where there were funerary monuments. Excavation at the western edge
of the revetment revealed the base of a possible funerary complex of
large proportions. The monument consists of a platform of unworked
stones and earth, and a facing of blocks of white limestone. To the
north and east sides of the platform, the first row of blocks from the
external façade are preserved, while on the east side, there are three
rows of steps. At the western edge of the platform was a built base
which may have supported an altar or funerary sculpture. A test trench
in the interior of the platform revealed a Hellenistic tomb with two
Rhodian amphorae.
99
This is one of the most important examples of monumental archi-

tecture discovered in ancient Arsinoe and also one of the oldest as it
dates to the beginning of the Hellenistic period.
Below the monument to the west an unlooted tomb of the Archaic
period was discovered, consisting of a single chamber carved into the
natural rock (Fig. 154). Further west another tomb dating to the Clas-
sical period was discovered with few burial offerings.
100
PRINCIPAL ACQUISITIONS FROM

DONATIONS/CONFISCATIONS/CHANCE FINDS
(Other than those mentioned in Appendix II)
1. District Museum, Larnaka

On the 16th of November 2009, a tomb was discovered in Achna
Forest following the digging of a channel to carry away rainwater. The
tomb was carved out of hard havara and measured 2.5×2.5m. Several
vessels and sherds were discovered. One example is a bottle-shaped
alabastron with an out-turned mushroom rim, two conical lug handles
and a round base (MLA 2016/24, Ht. 17.5cm) (Fig. 155).
During work to clear wild vegetation from the archaeological site of
Athienou-Pampoularin tis Kokkouninas, several objects were found
that included the following: i) a juglet of White Shaved ware with
cylindrical body and pointed base, trefoil mouth and a vertical handle
from rim to shoulder (now restored) (MLA 2014/1, Ht 15.6cm) (Fig.
156); ii) a miniature vessel of Coarse ware with rounded base and two
opposing holes on either side (MLA 2014/5, Ht 4.1cm, max. Diam.
2.4cm) (Fig. 157); iii) a miniature juglet of Coarse ware with spherical
body, concave neck, vertical handle from rim to shoulder, round base,
rim missing (MLA 2014/6, Ht 4.2cm) (Fig. 158); iv) a juglet of Plain
White ware with upper part of handle missing (MLA 2014/7, pres. Ht
5cm) (Fig. 159); v) a miniature vessel of Plain White ware with wide
flat base and inverted rim (MLA 2014/8, Ht 2.8cm, max. Diam. 1.7cm)
(Fig. 160); vi) a miniature vessel of Coarse ware with rounded base
(MLA 2014/9, Ht 4.1cm, mouth Diam. 2.3cm) (Fig. 161); vii) a minia-
ture vessel of Plain White ware with a wide flat base and inverted rim
(MLA 2014/11, Ht 2.6cm, mouth Diam. 2.3cm) (Fig. 162); viii) a
miniature juglet of Coarse ware with ovoid body, round base, out-
turned rim, vertical handle from rim to shoulder (MLA 2014/13, Ht
4.9cm) (Fig. 163); ix) a bowl of Base Ring ware with cylindrical ring
base, inverted rim, missing handle (MLA 2014/15, Ht 5.5cm, Diam.
10.5cm) (Fig. 164).
2. District Museum, Pafos

A resident from Lempa, Mrs Mary Stella Sabry donated a col-
lection of thirty-three (33) antiquities to the Department of Antiquities
101
that were registered at the Pafos District Museum. These antiquities

include the following: i) an amphoriskos of White Painted I ware with
biconical body, cylindrical neck, flaring rim, two vertical handles from
rim to shoulder and conical base. Decoration consists of concentric cir-
cles and triangles on shoulder (PM 3756/1, Ht 18cm) (Fig. 165); ii) a
very heavy imported Phoenician jug of Bichrome ware with ovoid
body, cylindrical neck and ring base (handle and rim missing). Deco-
ration consists of concentric circles on the body (PM 3756/5, Ht 15cm)
(Fig. 166); iii) a handle of Plain White ware with raised handle, low
shallow bowl, slightly rounded base (PM 3756/7, Ht 9cm, Diam.
6.7cm) (Fig. 167); iv) a jug of Plain White ware with pointed base, flar-
ing rim and vertical handle on midbody near carination (PM 3756/15,
Ht 20.8cm) (Fig. 168); v) a conical bowl of Red Polished (mottled)
ware with conical body, pointed base and four projections on rim, two
rectangular and two shaped like an animal’s head (PM 3756/25, Ht
14.5cm, Diam. 13cm) (Fig. 169).
102
APPENDIX III
EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE
A.-ORDINARY AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
HEAD 21.08.2.- ANTIQUITIES

2009 2009
Appropriated Actual
Expenditure
€ €
SUB-HEAD:
0208200102 Basic Salaries 1.636.002,00 1.398.919,81
0208200103 Increase of Salaries 110.546,00 103.625,18
0208200106 Extra Assistance 155.757,00 155.756,74
020820010 Thirteenth Salary 119.849,00 139.814,51
0208200108 Thirteenth Salary of
Temporary Personnel 14.660,00 17.725,98
0208200141 Cost of Living Allowances 404.200,00 375.920,22
0208200208 Hospitality Allowance 6.000,00 2.665,00
0208200261 Overtime Fees 166.469,00 166.468,94
0208200281 Social Insurance Fund
Contribution 188.500,00 192.962,05
0208200282 Social Cohesion Fund
Contribution 47.500,00 47.221,49
0208200283 Termination of Employment
Scheme Contribution 27.365.00 26.677,42
0208200302 Hourly Paid Staff 1.131.164,00 1.340.340,04
0208200305 Seasonal Staff
Employment 2.672.854,00 1.333.708,07
Hourly Paid Staff 372.859,00 368.784,62
103

Seasonal Staff 124.970,00 104.585,23
0208200341 Cost of Living Allowances 3.985.000,00 3.335.000,00
0208200441 Supervision Allowance 2.000,00 1.607,65
0208200461 Overtime Fees of Hourly
paid Staff 141.803,00 141.802,44
0208200462 Commuted Overtime Fees 400,00 —
0208200481 Social Insurance Fund
Contribution 478.700,00 441.317,81
0208200482 Social Cohesion Fund
Contribution 152.000,00 132.076,18
0208200483 Termination of Employment
Scheme Contribution 91.200,00 79.188,98
0208200484 Provident Fund Contribution 245.000,00 257.343,94
0208200485 Medical Scheme Contribution 188.224,00 81.370,00
0208200488 Contribution to Central
Holiday Fund — —
0308200002 Travelling Expenses 28.700,00 21.765,45
0308200003 Subsistence Allowance 9.700,00 6.528,64
0308200004 Commuted Allowance 2.100,00 820,08
0308200005 Transportation 360,00 50,00
0308200021 Postage 8.100,00 5.626,73
0308200022 Telephone charges 32.000,00 31.034,31
0308200023 Lighting, Heating and Fuel 5.400,00 6.752,93
0308200026 Rates and Water Rates 1.300,00 493,33
0308200027 Library 17.080,00 15.659,14
0308200028 Newspapers and Periodicals 500,00 498,00
0308200029 Advertisements, Publications
and Publicity 680,00 340,86
0308200049 Sundries 1.200,00 406,18
104
0308200053 Lighting, Heating and Fuel 142.500,00 137.301,48

0308200055 Rents 29.900,00 29.890,03
0308200056 Rates and Water Rates 27.000,00 31.450,98
0308200099 Incidentals 800,00 875,30
0308200104 Remuneration of Committees’
Chairmen and Members 3.365,00 1.576,07
0308200151 Photocopying Materials 2.300,00 1.526,06
0308200152 Office Cleaning 26.000,00 23.093,67
0308200153 Purchase of Paper 1.450,00 1.364,06
0308200154 Computers’ Consumables 3.100,00 3.714,54
0308200155 Stationery and Printing 1.280,00 1.270,69
0308200157 Purchase of Consumable
Equipment 1.350,00 108,27
0308200158 Purchase of Furniture and
Fittings 26.140,00 19.833,60
0308200160 Purchase of Drawing Materials 5.220,00 2.277,84
0308200161 Purchase of Fuel and/or
Lubricants 63.200,00 46.884,83
0308200162 Purchase of Microelectric
Appliances and
Telecommunication Equipment 3.400,00 2.095,98
0308200208 Photographic Supplies 7.920,00 5.263,25
0308200210 Purchase of Furniture and
Fittings 10,00 —
0308200229 Uniforms 35.700,00 23.499,80
0308200302 Maintenance of Office
Buildings 1.700,00 237,81
0308200303 Maintenance of Residential
Premises 3.400,00 —
0308200319 Minor Works 52.400,00 27.640,68
105
0308200323 Maintenance of Exhibition

Premises and Museums 140.000,00 121.565,68
0308200431 Maintenance of Motor
Vehicles 35.000,00 40.552,60
0308200432 Maintenance of Mobile
Machinery 7.000,00 7.767,34
0308200433 Maintenance of Electrical
and Mechanical Installations
and Equipment 63.000,00 20.430,04
0308200444 Maintenance of Laboratory
Machinery and Equipment 10.600,00 8.216,91
0308200454 Maintenance of Air Conditions 7.500,00 9.554,74
0308200461 Maintenance of Data
Processing Equipment 4.000,00 132,30
0308200462 Maintenance of
Telecommunication Equipment 5.250,00 3.325,56
0308200466 Maintenance of Office
Equipment 1.200,00 225,00
0308200481 Maintenance of Furniture
and Fittings 850,00 299,37
0308200482 Maintenance and Operation
Expenses of Workshops 35.000,00 17.319,99
0308200502 Local Training 2.505,00 680,00
0308200523 Participation in Committees /
Working Groups of the
European Union 5.700,00 5.519,46
0308200531 Conferences, Seminars and
Missions Abroad 12.000,00 10.477,17
0308200564 Archaeological Research 37.000,00 34.698,75
0308200583 Purchase of Services 350.000,00 289.450,20
0308200654 Publication of Periodicals,
Albums and Guides 15.000,00 287,50
106
0308300135 Excavation of Archaeological

Sites 81.000,00 24.657,42
0308300503 Scholarships and Training
Abroad 3.410,00 —
0308300655 Publication of Monographs
and Catalogues 88.000,00 87.921,52
0480200152 Contribution to International
Organizations 5.000,00 2.801,00
0408200351 Contribution to the Archbishop
Makarios III Historical Cultural
Centre 5.300,00 5.125,00
0508300892 Programmes Financed by
Foreign Organizations and/or
Other Sources 10,00 —
0508300896 Cyprus Archaeological
Digitization Programme
(CADiP) 98.510,00 83.174,46
0708200502 Purchase and Installation of
Air Conditioning Units 17.000,00 13.321,35
0708200513 Purchase of Electronic
Equipment 10,00 —
0708200653 Purchase of Other Equipment 10,00 —
0708200654 Purchase of Office Supplies 4.000,00 3.806,50
0708200655 Purchase of Telecommunication
Equipment 10,00 —
0708200801 Purchase and Transportation
of Antiquities 5.200,00 786,20
0708200802 Purchase of Works of
Traditional Art 3.400,00 —
0708300501 Purchase of Equipment and
Machinery 83.000,00 34.188,59
0708300589 Purchase of Other Vehicles
and Mobile Machinery 10,00 —
107
0708300652 Purchase of Data Processing

Equipment 10,00 —
0708300661 Purchase of Electronic
Equipment 150.000,00 57.854,91
0808300901 Improvement, Presentation
and Promotion of Archaeological
Sites and Monuments 62.000,00 11.806,97
0808300904 Improvement of Kourion
Archaeological Site 190.000,00 167.985,19
0808300905 Improvement of Kolossi
Castle Archaeological Site 5.000,00 —
0808300906 Improvement of Amathous
0808300907 Improvement of Kato Pafos
0808300908 Reconstruction and Restoration
of Ancient Monuments 850.000,00 713.450,88
0808300909 Repairs to Frescoes
Programme 25.000,00 21.007,32
0808300910 Improvement of Paralimni-
Nissia Archaeological Site 175.000,00 —
0808300912 Improvement of Akamas
Archaeological Site 20.000,00 —
0808300913 Improvement of Tombs of the
Kings Archaeological Site 50.000,00 —
0808300923 Other Construction Works 450.000,00 63.685,03
Total 17.085.772,00 12.720.043,84

108
THE ANTIQUITIES FUND

RECEIPTS ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 2009
RECEIPTS € €
Balance in hand on 1st January 2008 47.371,60

A. CONTRIBUTIONS FOR UNSPECIFIED PURPOSES
B. CONTRIBUTIONS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
1. For restoration of Monuments:
Church Committee of Agios Antonios,
Lefkosia: Conservation of bell-tower
of the Church of Agios Antonios,
Lefkosia 15.000,00
Church of Agios Georgios, Xylofagou:
Conservation of wall-paintings of the
Church of Agios Georgios, Xylofagou 20.000,00
Church Committee of Agios Nikolaos,
Polystypo: Conservation of the Chapel
of Apostolos Andreas, Polystypo 713,00
Municipality of Lefkosia: Rehabilitation
of Eleftheria Square, Lefkosia 40.000,00
Church of Agios Savvas: Restoration
of the bell-tower of the Church
of Agios Savvas 19.200,00
Church Committee of the Church
of Agios Kassianos: Conservation
of the Church of Agios Kassianos 10.527,00
Monastery of Agios Irakleidios,
Politiko: Restoration of Church
of Agios Irakleidios, Politiko 35.000,00
Church Committee of Kalopanagiotis:
Conservation of wall-paintings in the
Church of Agioi Andronikos and
Athanasia, Kalopanagiotis 5.057,50
109
Church Committee of Kalopanagiotis:

Conservation of iconostasis in the Church
of Agioi Andronikos and Athanasia,
Kalopanagiotis 8.000,00
Church of Chrysopantanassa, Linou:
Conservation of the Church
of Agia Marina, Linou 6.788,00
Mrs Afroditi Philippou: Restoration
of the main door to the House of Maria
Menoikeos Symeonidou in plot 152Ψ,
Pera 850,00
Church of Panagia Kousoulias, Flasou:
Conservation of the Church of Panagia
Kousoulias, Flasou 19.530,00
Church of Agia Paraskevi, Galata:
Conservation of wall-paintings
in the Church of Agia Paraskevi,
Galata 12.825,00
Church Committee of Agios Nikolaos,
Kato Deftera: Conservation of the Church
of Chrysospiliotissa 5.000,00
Monastery of Panagia Amasgous,
Monagri: Conservation of the Monastery
of Panagia Amasgous, Monagri 18.000,00
Old Church of Archangelos Michail,
Dierona: Renovation of Old Church
of Archangelos Michail, Dierona 15.000,00
Church of Panagia Chryseleousis, Lysos:
Construction of doors and windows
for the Church of Panagia Chryseleousis,
Lysos 6.000,00
Church of Panagia Iamatiki, Arakapas:
Conservation of old Church of Panagia
Chryseleousis 11.000,00
110
Monastery of Machairas: Conservation

of the beams and bricks in the vaults
of the Monastery of Machairas 1.420,00
Church of Panagia, Kiti: Conservation
of the Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti,
Kiti 25.000,00
Church of Agioi Varnavas and Ilarionas:
Conservation of the wall-paintings in the
Church of Agioi Varnavas and Ilarionas 3.700,00
Church Committee of Drousia:
Conservation of the Monastery
of Agios Georgios Nikoxylitis, Drousia 25.000,00
Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation:
Restoration of the Church of
Archangelos Michail, Dierona 5.000,00
Conservation of the wall-paintings
of the Church of Agios Ioannis
Lampadistis, Kalopanagiotis 11.106,00
Agios Georgios, Kaminaria 12.815,00
Agios Gennadios, Kallepeia 5.000,00
Community Council of Kouklia:
Restoration of the catholicon church
of Kouklia 31.000,00
Lemesos Water Board: Restoration
of the Havouza aqueduct, Agios Georgios 3.163,00
Community Council of Spelia:
Restoration of olive-mill, Spelia 5.000,00
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Conservation
of the wall-paintings of the Monastery
of Agia Napa 10.150,00
111
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Restoration

of the Monastery of Agia Napa 40.000,00
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Restoration
of a monastic cell in the Monastery 1.334,00
of Agia Napa
Archbishopric of Cyprus: Conservation
of the wall-paintings in a monastic cell
in the Monastery of Agia Napa 5.681,00
Bishopric of Morfou: Restoration of the
Church of Agios Mnason, Potamiou 15.000,00
Bishopric of Morfou: Restoration
of the Church of Agios Andronikos
and Agia Athanasia, Kalopanagiotis 4.000,00
Bank of Cyprus (90% of retrievable
interest): Restoration and conservation
of the House on Axiothea street 728,01
University of Cyprus: Restoration
of the House on Axiothea street 6.750,00
Community Council of Parasteio
Avdemou: Restoration of the Church
of Panagia Diakenousa, Prasteio
Avdemou 30.000,00
Community Council of Kallepeia:
Restoration of the Church of Agios
Gennadios, Moronero 5.000,00
Community Council of Agios Thomas:
Agios Thomas, Lemesos 10.000,00
Community Council of Koile:
Agios Georgios, Koile 20.000,00
Monastery of Stavrovouni: Restoration
of the Monastery of Panagia Stazousa 57.691,98
Church of Agia Paraskevi, Geroskepou:
Agia Paraskevi, Geroskepou 899,15 583.928,64
112
THE ANTIQUITIES FUND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST
DECEMBER, 2009
EXPENDITURE € €
1. Repairs and Improvements to Ancient Monuments:
Agia Napa: Church of Agia Napa 57.853,61
Korakou: Church of Panagia Eleousa 8.324,92
Kouklia: Church of Panagia Katholiki 1.970,61
Tempria: Church of Timios Stavros 3.463,82
Polemi: Church of Panagia 4.382,46
Lefkosia: Church of Agios Antonios 12.702,15
Lefkosia: Church of Agios Kassianos 7.402,63
Lysos: Church of Panagia Chryseleousa 5.743,32
Kampia: Church of Agios Georgios 6.321,38
Linou: Church of Agia Marina 6.403,51
Pyrga: Church of Panagia Stazousa 52.442,66
Peristeron: Church of Agioi Varnavas
and Ilarionas 2.557,29
Kaminaria: Church of Agios Georgios 24.321,85
Geroskepou: Church of Agia Paraskevi 772,30
Monagri: Church of Panagia Amasgou 25.265,16
Xylofagou: Conservation of the
wall-paintings of the Church
of Agios Georgios 17.666,08
Polystypos: Chapel of Apostolos Andreas 713,00
Lefkosia: Church of Agios Savvas 8.758,06
Spelia: Conservation of olive-mill 3.475,85
Politiko: Church of Agios Irakleidios 24.989,46
Kalopanagiotis: Church of Agios
Andronikos and Agia Athanasia 17.057,50
113
Pera Oreines: House of Maria Symeonidou

(plot 152) 456,35
Dierona: Church of Archangelos Michail 35.000,00
Agia Napa: Conservation of the
wall-paintings of the Monastery
of Agia Napa 17.165,00
Arakapas: Church of Panagia Iamatiki 11.000,00
Prasteio Avdemou: Church of Panagia
Diakenousa 30.000,00
Lazania: Monastery of Machairas 1.245,61
Kiti: Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti 24.168,76
Agios Thomas: Church of Agios Thomas 9.955,77
Koile (Pafos): Church of Agios Georgios 18.137,12
Drousia: Church of Agios Georgios
Nikoxyliti 25.000,00
Eleftherias Square, Lefkosia 25.609,99 490.326,22
Refunds on contributions
Church of Agia Paraskevi, Lefkosia 3.020,07
Excavations in the area of Enaerios,
Lemesos 3.989,33
Technological University of Cyprus
(TEPAK) 30.616,75
Bishopric of Morfou for Church
of Agios Ioannis Lampadistis 11.106,00 48.732,15
Adjustments 9.525,94
BALANCE ON 31ST OF DECEMBER 2009 €7.024,61

Fig. 1. Map showing activities of the Department of Antiquities and Foreign Missions in Cyprus during 2009.
Fig. 2. View of public toilets in the Cyprus Museum, before renovation.
Fig. 3. View of public toilets in the Cyprus Museum, after renovation.

Fig. 4. View of public toilets in the Cyprus Museum, before renovation.
Fig. 5. View of public toilets in the Cyprus Museum, after renovation.

Fig. 6. Lefkosia. Church of Agios Antonios, during restoration.
Fig. 7. Lefkosia. Church of Agios Antonios, after restoration.

Fig. 8. Korakou. Church of Panagia, during restoration.
Fig. 9. Korakou. Church of Panagia, after restoration.

Fig. 10. Linou. Church of Agia Marina, before restoration.
Fig. 11. Linou. Church of Agia Marina, after restoration.

Fig. 12. Pedoulas. Church of Archangelos Michail, during restoration.
Fig. 13. Pedoulas. Church of Archangelos Michail, after restoration.

Fig. 14. Temvria. Church of Timios Stavros, before restoration.
Fig. 15. Temvria. Church of Timios Stavros, after restoration.

Fig. 16. Kiti. Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti, during restoration.
Fig. 17. Kiti. Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti, after restoration.

Fig. 18. Kiti. Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti, during restoration.
Fig. 19. Kiti. Church of Panagia Aggeloktisti, after restoration.

Fig. 20. Pyrga. Church of Panagia Stazousa, before restoration.
Fig. 21. Pyrga. Church of Panagia Stazousa, during restoration.

Fig. 22. Pyrga. Church of Panagia Stazousa, after restoration.
Fig. 23. Pyrga. Church of Panagia Stazousa, after restoration.

Fig. 24. Xylotympou. Church of Agios Vasileios, before restoration.
Fig. 25. Xylotympou. Church of Agios Vasileios, after restoration.

Fig. 26. Xylotympou. Church of Agios Vasileios, during restoration.
Fig. 27. Xylotympou. Church of Agios Vasileios, after restoration.

Fig. 28. Agios Thomas. Church of Agios Thomas, before restoration.
Fig. 29. Agios Thomas. Church of Agios Thomas, after restoration.

Fig. 30. Agios Thomas. Church of Agios Thomas, before restoration.
Fig. 31. Agios Thomas. Church of Agios Thomas, after restoration.

Fig. 32. Arakapas. Church of Panagia Iamatiki, during restoration.
Fig. 33. Arakapas. Church of Panagia Iamatiki, after restoration.

Fig. 34. Fasoula. Church of Agios Georgios, before restoration.
Fig. 35. Fasoula. Church of Agios Georgios, before restoration.

Fig. 36. Fasoula. Church of Agios Georgios, after restoration.
Fig. 37. Fasoula. Church of Agios Georgios, after restoration.

Fig. 38. Monagri. Monastery of Panagia Amasgou, before restoration.
Fig. 39. Monagri. Monastery of Panagia Amasgou, after restoration.

Fig. 40. Paramali. Church of Agios Georgios, before restoration.
Fig. 41. Paramali. Church of Agios Georgios, before restoration.

Fig. 42. Paramali. Church of Agios Georgios, after restoration.
Fig. 43. Paramali. Church of Agios Georgios, after restoration.

Fig. 44. Agia Napa. Monastery, during restoration.
Fig. 45. Agia Napa. Monastery, during restoration.

Fig. 46. Pafos. Church (Mosque) of Agia Sofia, during restoration.
Fig. 47. Pafos. Church (Mosque) of Agia Sofia, after restoration.

Fig. 48. Drousia. Monastery of Agios Georgios tou Nikoxyliti, before restoration.
Fig. 49. Drousia. Monastery of Agios Georgios tou Nikoxyliti, after restoration.
Fig. 50. Gialia. Monastery of Panagia Chrysogialiotissa, before restoration.
Fig. 51. Gialia. Monastery of Panagia Chrysogialiotissa, after restoration.

Fig. 52. Moronero. Church of Agios Gennadios, before restoration.
Fig. 53. Moronero. Church of Agios Gennadios, after restoration.

Fig. 54. Polemi. Church of Panagia Chryseleousa, during restoration.
Fig. 55. Polemi. Church of Panagia Chryseleousa, after restoration.

Fig. 56. Agios Ioannis Malountas. House of S. Perdikis, façade before restoration.
Fig. 57. Agios Ioannis Malountas. House of S. Perdikis, façade after restoration.
Fig. 58. Agios Ioannis Malountas. House of S. Perdikis, façade with iliakos before restoration.
Fig. 59. Agios Ioannis Malountas. House of S. Perdikis, façade with iliakos after restoration.
Fig. 60. Agios Ioannis Malountas. House of S. Perdikis, dichoron before restoration.
Fig. 61. Agios Ioannis Malountas. House of S. Perdikis, dichoron after restoration.
Fig. 62. Akaki. Hotzia Mill, before restoration.
Fig. 63. Akaki. Hotzia Mill, before restoration.

Fig. 64. Akaki. Hotzia Mill, during restoration.
Fig. 65. Akaki. Hotzia Mill, during restoration.

Fig. 66. Akaki. Hotzia Mill, after restoration.
Fig. 67. Akaki. Hotzia Mill, after restoration.

Fig. 68. Alethinou. House on plot 1014, ground storey after restoration.
Fig. 69. Alethinou. House on plot 1014, ground storey after restoration.
Fig. 70. Alethinou. House on plot 1014, second storey after restoration.
Fig. 71. Alethinou. House on plot 1014, roof after restoration.

Fig. 72. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, makrynari before restoration.
Fig. 73. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, makrynari after restoration.
Fig. 74. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, dichoron before restoration.
Fig. 75. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, dichoron after restoration.
Fig. 76. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, iliakos before restoration.
Fig. 77. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, iliakos after restoration.
Fig. 78. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, view from southeast before restoration.
Fig. 79. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, view from southeast after restoration.
Fig. 80. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, small mill before restoration.
Fig. 81. Pera Oreinis. House of Marianna Giallouridi, small mill after restoration.
Fig. 82. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, façade before restoration.
Fig. 83. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, façade after restoration.
Fig. 84. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, iliakos before restoration.
Fig. 85. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, iliakos after restoration.
Fig. 86. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, dichoron during restoration.
Fig. 87. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, dichoron after restoration.
Fig. 88. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, external view of arched room before restoration.
Fig. 89. Pera Oreinis. House of Andreas Argyrou, external view of arched room after restoration.
Fig. 90. Larnaka. Shop in Zouchouri complex, façade before restoration.
Fig. 91. Larnaka. Shop in Zouchouri complex, façade after restoration.

Fig. 92. Larnaka. Shop in Zouchouri complex, interior before restoration.
Fig. 93. Larnaka. Shop in Zouchouri complex, interior after restoration.

Fig. 94. Kalavasos. Olive press, before restoration.
Fig. 95. Kalavasos. Olive press, before restoration.

Fig. 96. Kalavasos. Olive press, during restoration.
Fig. 97. Kalavasos. Olive press, after restoration.

Fig. 98. Kouklia. Old fountain and cistern, before restoration.
Fig. 99. Kouklia. Old fountain and cistern, after restoration.

Fig. 100. Kouklia. Old fountain and cistern, discovery of stone-paved area.
Fig. 101. Kouklia. Old fountain and cistern, supporting walls erected to the north.
Fig. 102. Kalavasos-Kokkinogia. Chamber and tunnel complex.
Fig. 103. Kalavasos-Kokkinogia. Burial.

Fig. 104. Pano Pyrgos Tillyrias. General view of the site from the southwest.
Fig. 105. Pano Pyrgos Tillyrias. View of the excavation.

Fig. 106. Pano Pyrgos Tillyrias. House of Konstanta, built almost exclusively of sandstone ashlars.
Fig. 107. Pano Pyrgos Tillyrias. Fragmentary slip ware.

Fig. 108. Erimi-Laonin tou Porakou.
Fig. 109. Erimi-Laonin tou Porakou.

Fig. 110. Akrotiri-Katalymmata ton Plakoton. General view of the excavated site from the east.
Fig. 111. Akrotiri-Katalymmata ton Plakoton. The south transept.

Fig. 112. Akrotiri-Katalymmata ton Plakoton. The lid of the larnax in the south apse.
Fig. 113. Roudias (Troodos mountains).
Fig. 114. Roudias (Troodos mountains).

Fig. 115. Souskiou-Laona.
Fig. 116. Souskiou-Laona.

Fig. 117. Kissonerga-Skalia.
Fig. 118. Kissonerga-Skalia.

Fig. 119. Kato Pafos, Theatre.



Fig. 125. Kato Pafos Archaeological Site.
Fig. 126. Kato Pafos Archaeological Site.

Fig. 127. Monastery of Panagia Chrysogialiotissa, Gialia.
Fig. 128. Eastern Cyprus Maritime Survey.

Fig. 129. Ypsonas-Agios Sylas. Sanctuary.
Fig. 130. Ypsonas-Agios Sylas. Construction in south part of sanctuary.

Fig. 131. Ypsonas-Agios Sylas. Four-sided construction.
Fig. 132. Ypsonas-Agios Sylas.




Fig. 141. Episkopi-Pampoula.


Fig. 144. M.P. 3751. Bone object.
Fig. 145. M.P. 3751. Glass vessel.
Fig. 146. M.P. 3751. Metal object.

Fig. 147. M.P. 3754. Skeletal remains in T. 8.
Fig. 148. Excavation of Kissonerga well.
Fig. 149. M.P. 3738. Tomb.
Fig. 150. M.P. 3738. T. 40 found in relation to T. 38.

Fig. 151. Agia Marinouda. West side of church.
Fig. 152. Mandria-Agios Menas. South side of apse with mosaic floor.
Fig. 153. Polis Chrysochou-Orta Koilades. Retaining wall of Classical/Hellenistic period.
Fig. 154. Polis Chrysochou-Orta Koilades. Archaic tomb.

Fig. 155. Achna Forest. Fig. 156. Athienou-Pampoularin Fig. 157. Athienou-Pampoularin
MLA 2016/24. tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/1. tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/5.
Fig. 158. Athienou-Pampoularin Fig. 160. Athienou-Pampoularin

tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/6. tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/8.
Fig. 159. Athienou-Pampoularin

tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/7.
Fig. 161. Athienou-Pampoularin Fig. 162. Athienou-Pampoularin

tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/9. tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/11.
tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/13. Fig. 165. PM 3756/1.

tis Kokkouninas. MLA 2014/15.
Fig. 166. PM 3756/5. Fig. 167. PM 3756/7.
Fig. 168. PM 3756/15. Fig. 169. PM 3756/25.

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REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS AND WORKS

PRINTED AT THE PRINTING OFFICE

Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou (Acting Director in December 2009),

3. SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFFICERS:

6. CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFFICERS

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

3. Collaboration with international and other organisations

tection, research and promotion of the cave installations at Erimi-

Lemesos Water Board: Restoration of the Havouza

5. Cultural activities in Cyprus and abroad

7. Use of Ancient Monuments for Cultural functions

ation, OM Destination Management, and other private companies and

h) The American Mission of Lycoming College at Idalion Lower

monuments and mosques in Larnaka and Pafos continued, of which the

11. Visitors to Museums and Ancient Monuments

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE/MUSEUM VISITORS

13. Staff and Staff Activities

He gave a lecture at the University of Pisa in Italy and participated in

excavations), on 20 June. She participated in the International Confer-

“Three stone sarcophagi from a Cypro-Classical tomb at Kition” in

Underwater Heritage in Cyprus”, in Athens, 1 December. She was

A. PRE-CHRISTIAN, BYZANTINE AND MEDIEVAL

itage List. Partial conservation was carried out this year to

Agios Theodoros, Church of Agios Athanasios Pentaschoinitis. – The

tural type of vaulted churches. As a result of the work

the monastic cells will be used as a Museum of Ecclesiasti-

Gialia, Monastery of Panagia Chrysogialiotissa (Figs 50–51). – To the

B. MONUMENTS OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

reconstructed due to the lack of adequate data but also for

slab of reinforces concrete was laid out. The decorative tiles

period. A new kitchen was made and a new electricity and

of a conservator from the Department. The upright water

position, thus freeing the central metal axis; the missing or

used by Fatma, daughter of Jamal Bey, as a holiday home.

From there the water was channelled to the water tower or

which extends eastwardly, under the east wall of the current

local stone, the upper part of the walls is built of mudbrick

akos roof was completed and the ruined makrynari (long

Pera Oreines, House on plot 142. – This impressive example of tradi-

upper surface, according to their original form. In the front

of the garden. Entry to the building is made via a large door

found, with no other fabric or feature indicating their use.

North-West garden room VII: In this room (which commu-

channel running along the long wall were revealed. (Gov-

plot 380. The western wall is constructed in a makeshift

western corner. The original stone doorstep was conserved.

This older phase is of great interest since information con-

large room (dichoron) 6 decaying beams were replaced.

basement has the typical characteristics of this architectur-

according to the traditional method. The flat roofs (domata)

The supporting wall to the south of the 1919 fountain was

A. SYSTEMATIC EXCAVATIONS AND SURFACE SURVEYS

herders. It is hoped that future excavations will produce evidence to

EXCAVATIONS AT IDALION – LOWER CITY

Investigations next season will focus on exposing earlier floors

In conjunction with this work, the PKAP team conducted 10 days of

ed with at least some of the underground chambers but clearly had a