1.0 Population Demand and Sedimentation Calculation

Population Demand
Population Equivalent (Po)
i. Population Rejection for water supply
Population in Zintan, Libya on 2011 = 16, 024 peoples
To calculate for 20 years in future; P2011 -> P2031
P2011 = 16, 024

n = 20
Assume; r = 5%
Pn = Po (1+r)n
5
P2031 = 16, 024 (1 + 100)20
= 42, 529.7
= 42, 530 people
Per capita consumption
Since the population for the next 20 years are more than 20,000 (>20,000), the categories
that suitable for per capita consumption will be;
URBAN = 230 to 320 litres/head/day
Assume for further calculation;
q = 300 litres/head/day
ii. Water Demand Estimation
Wdn = Pn × C × F1 × F2
Assume;
F1 = Service factor = 0.99 Pn = 42, 530 people
F2 = Design factor = 2.50 C = 300

litres/people/day
Wdn = 42, 530 × 300 × 0.99 × 2.5
= 31.58 × 106 l/day
= 3.158 × 104 m3/day
iii. Amount of water required commercial and industrial area
Assume;
Wd (industrial) = 1000 m3/day
**Zintan city is one of the new development city in Libya
iv. Amount of water required for school (75 l/capita/day)
School = 10,000 people/pupils
Wd (school) = 10,000 × 75
= 75 m3/day
v. Amount of water required for fire fighting
Assume = 1000 l/day

Wdn = 42,530 + 1000 l/day
= 43, 530 l/day
Wdn (fire fighting) = 43.53 m3/day

Total Water Demand for Zintan City in 2031
Total Water Demand:
= 3.158 × 104 m3/day + 0.99 (751 m3/day + 75 m3/day + 43.53 m3/day) + 2.5 (751 m3/day +
75 m3/day + 43.53 m3/day)
= 34,614.66 m3/day
= 3.5 × 104 m3/day
Output required = 3.5 × 104 m3/day
Q = 35 MLD
q = 5% at Q (assume)
Water read to be abstracted = 1.55Q + q
= 1.55(35) + 0.05(35)
= 54.25 + 1.75
= 56 MLD
Design of intake aqueducts:
 Will be an open channel

 Calculate quantity of water
 Design to operate 24 hours
1
Hourly input = 56 MLD × 24
= 2.333 mil.litres/hr
= 2,333 m3/hr ≈ 2,400 m3/hr

Design of Intakes and Screen
1. Hydraulic data
 Design flow (max.day demand) = 34,615 m3/day (30MGD)

 Minimum reservoir elevation = 80m (MSL)
 Maximum reservoir elevation = 87m (MSL)
 Normal reservoir elevation = 81m (MSL)
 Bottom elevation = 60m (MSL)
m3 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Q = 34,615 × × ×
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24 ℎ𝑟 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 0.4 m3/s
Assume selected velocity for design v = 0.092 m/s (below velocity intake gate, ok)
**Calculate area (based from - velocity for intake gate = 0.1524 m/s)
Total area for two gates, A = Q/V = (0.4 m3/s)/(0.091) = 4.40m2
Select two equal size square gate, L = W = (4.40/2)0.5 = 1.4832m
**Manufacturer catalogue for gate:
Width and height =1.6764m
**Check velocity when both gates are open:
V = 0.4/[1.6764 × 1.6764) × 2] = 0.071 m/s < 0.1524 m/s ≈ ok
**Check velocity when only one gate is open:
V = 0.4/[1.6764 × 1.6764) = 0.1423m/s < 0.1524 m/s ≈ ok

Determine the layout of intake structure
**Assume: Set the lowest gate at a centre line elevation of 75m, provide 3.5m of head at the
100 year drought elevation at 80m.
Spacing = (76.5 – 75)/(3 spaces) = 0.4m/space
Design of coarse screen:
Assume:
Use 13 mm square edge bars, 4.8 m long, spaced at approximately 8 cm on centers. This
provides a clear opening of 6.7 cm. The bars cover 3.6 m width over the gate.
Calculate the no of space = 360/8.0

= 45 spaces (minus 1)
To determine the no of bars, = No of spaces – 1

= 44 bars
Area of the rack = 17.28m2
Area of the bars = 2.75m2
Open area = 14.53m2
0.4𝑚3 1
Velocity = × 14.53 = 0.0138m/s (<0.15m/s – ok)
2
Design of fine screen:
Assumption:
 Provide two fine screens, each with a 9.5-mm opening.
 The depth of flow at the screen chamber is 9.53 m at the minimum reservoir level of
70.00 m.
 A maximum velocity of 0.2 m/s through the screen is assumed.
 The recommended screen efficiency factor is 0.56 for stainless-steel screens.
Hydraulic calculation
1
(0.0138)2 − (0)2 ( )
0.7
hL = = 0.00001m
0.7𝑥 2 𝑥 9.81
*Flow will be one half of the total flow = 0.5 x 0.4 = 0.2 m3/s
1 0.2
hL = 2𝑥9.81 x (0.6𝑥9)^2 = 0.00007m
*Calculate the head loss through the fine screen:
Assume: Cd – 0.6
Manufacturer’s area reduction factor = 0.56
1 0.4
hL = 2𝑥9.81 x (0.6𝑥9.53𝑥0.9𝑥0.56) = 0.0071m
Total head loss:
0.00001 + 0.00007 + 0.00710 = 0.0072m

Stability Calculation
Calculate the uplift forces:

*2308 kg/m3 (unit weight of concrete)
Vol of water displaced by tower and base slab

= 10m x 10m x 30m + 15m x 15m x 2.5m
= 3563m3
The weight of water displaced = 1000kg/m3 x 3563m3

= 3.56 x 106 kg
Weight of the side walls = (10x10x35) - (8x8x35) x 2308

= 2.91x106 kg
Weight of foundation slab = (15x15x2.5) x 2308 kg/m3
Total downward weight = 2.92x106 kg + 1.30x106 kg

= 4.21x106 kg
Calculation the factor of safety:
Safety factor = 4.21x106 / 3.56x106
= 1.2 (OK – In range from 1.5-2.0)

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Population Demand

Population Equivalent (Po)

i. Population Rejection for water supply

Population in Zintan, Libya on 2011 = 16, 024 peoples

To calculate for 20 years in future; P2011 -> P2031

P2011 = 16, 024

= 42, 530 people

Per capita consumption

URBAN = 230 to 320 litres/head/day

Assume for further calculation;

F1 = Service factor = 0.99 Pn = 42, 530 people

F2 = Design factor = 2.50 C = 300

Wdn = 42, 530 × 300 × 0.99 × 2.5

= 31.58 × 106 l/day

= 3.158 × 104 m3/day

iii. Amount of water required commercial and industrial area

iv. Amount of water required for school (75 l/capita/day)

School = 10,000 people/pupils

v. Amount of water required for fire fighting

Assume = 1000 l/day

Wdn (fire fighting) = 43.53 m3/day

Total Water Demand:

= 3.5 × 104 m3/day

Output required = 3.5 × 104 m3/day

Water read to be abstracted = 1.55Q + q

Design of intake aqueducts:

 Will be an open channel

= 2,333 m3/hr ≈ 2,400 m3/hr

 Design flow (max.day demand) = 34,615 m3/day (30MGD)

Total area for two gates, A = Q/V = (0.4 m3/s)/(0.091) = 4.40m2

Select two equal size square gate, L = W = (4.40/2)0.5 = 1.4832m

**Manufacturer catalogue for gate:

Width and height =1.6764m

**Check velocity when both gates are open:

V = 0.4/[1.6764 × 1.6764) × 2] = 0.071 m/s < 0.1524 m/s ≈ ok

**Check velocity when only one gate is open:

V = 0.4/[1.6764 × 1.6764) = 0.1423m/s < 0.1524 m/s ≈ ok

Spacing = (76.5 – 75)/(3 spaces) = 0.4m/space

Design of coarse screen:

Calculate the no of space = 360/8.0

To determine the no of bars, = No of spaces – 1

Area of the rack = 17.28m2

Area of the bars = 2.75m2

Open area = 14.53m2

 Provide two fine screens, each with a 9.5-mm opening.

 A maximum velocity of 0.2 m/s through the screen is assumed.

 The recommended screen efficiency factor is 0.56 for stainless-steel screens.

*Calculate the head loss through the fine screen:

Manufacturer’s area reduction factor = 0.56

Total head loss:

0.00001 + 0.00007 + 0.00710 = 0.0072m

Calculate the uplift forces:

Vol of water displaced by tower and base slab

The weight of water displaced = 1000kg/m3 x 3563m3

Weight of the side walls = (10x10x35) - (8x8x35) x 2308

Weight of foundation slab = (15x15x2.5) x 2308 kg/m3

Total downward weight = 2.92x106 kg + 1.30x106 kg

Calculation the factor of safety:

Safety factor = 4.21x106 / 3.56x106

= 1.2 (OK – In range from 1.5-2.0)