1.

INTRODUCTION
Technology in our society becomes more complex over years through many
development of a new technique that could meet the ever-increasing needs in all aspects of
information.

Online Hotel room booking system

A leading web application online hotel room booking system let you connect with global
clients by providing them the unique search and book functionality. This online hotel room
booking system is designed for any hotel, motel or travel websites. Customers and any travel
agents can make searches, reservations and cancel an existing reservation on the hotel
reservation’s web site. Administrator can add or update the hotel and the room information
approve/disapprove a new travel agent’s account application and generates a monthly occupancy
rate report for each hotel.

Features of Online Hotel room booking system:

 Anytime and anywhere access

 Book directly on your website

 Online Hotel reservation system runs on any web browser.

 Room + Hotel Image Gallery

1.1 Introduction to Web Database Architecture:

Browser Web Server PHP Engine MySQL Server

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1. Browser issues an HTTP request for a particular web page.

2. Web server receives the request, retrieves the file and passes it to the PHP engine for
processing
3. PHP engine connects to the MySQL server and sends the query
4. MySQL server receives the query, processes it, and sends the results back to the PHP engine
5. PHP engine receives the results, prepares the HTML page and sends it to the web server
6. Web server sends the HTML page to the browser and browser displays the page to the user

MySQL + PHP Programming Model:

• Web site made from “.php” files on web server

• “.php” files contain HTML with embedded PHP code
• PHP code is enclosed in <?php ... ?>
• Basic steps followed in any PHP script used to access a database:
– Check and filter data coming from the user
– Set up a connection to MySQL server
– Selecting the appropriate database
– Query the database
– Retrieve the results
– Present the results back to the user
– Close the database connection

1.2 Introduction to XAMPP:

XAMPP is a solution stack of free, open source software. The acronym XAMPP refers to
the first letters of Windows(operating system), Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (database
software) and originally PHP (but now sometimes Perl or Python), principal components to
build a viable general purpose web server.

Though the original authors of these programs did not design them all to work
specifically with each other, the development philosophy and tool sets are shared and were

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developed in close conjunction. The software combination has become popular because it is free
of cost, open-source, and therefore easily adaptable, and because of the ubiquity of its
components which are bundled with most current Windows Distributions.

 Software Components:

Windows:
Like the other WAMP components, Windows is free open-source software which means
the source code is available for the operating system, which can be edited according to specific
needs.

Apache:
Apache is an open source web server, the most popular in use.

MySQL:
MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL database management system (DBMS) now
owned by Oracle Corporation. Alternatives at this level of the stack do also exist, for example
by using PostgreSQL (LAPP). MySQL has been owned by Oracle Corporation since January
27, 2010 through the purchase of Sun Microsystems.Sun had acquired MySQL originally on
February 26, 2008.

PHP:
PHP is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic
web pages. PHP is used mainly in server-side application software.

1.3 Overview of the Components: Front End

 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) :

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for displaying web pages
and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets
(like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>
and </h1>, although some tags, known as empty elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The

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first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags
and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other
types of text-based content.

The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or
audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret
the content of the page.

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to
be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured
documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links,
quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the
behavior of HTML webpages.

 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) :

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation
semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most
common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a
similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout,
colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and
control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share
formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing
for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different
styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a
speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be used
to allow the web page to display differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is
being viewed.

CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule
matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are
calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.

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1.4 A Glance at the Apache Web Server:

The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, is a web server software notable
for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. In 2009 it became the first
web server software to surpass the 100 million website milestone. Apache was the first viable
alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently named Oracle
iPlanet Web Server), and since has evolved to dominate other web servers in terms of
functionality and performance. Typically Apache is run on a Unix-like operating system, and
was developed for use on Linux. Apache is an open-source software.

1.5 Overview of the Components: Back End

 MySql :

MySQL (Pronounced as "My Sequel") is the world's most used open source relational database
management system (RDBMS) as of 2008 that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a
number of databases.

It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius' daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for
Structured Query Language.

The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the
GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was
owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned
by Oracle Corporation.

MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component
of the widely used LAMP open source web application software stack (and other 'AMP' stacks) .
LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python." Free-software-open
source projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL.

 Hypertext PreProcessor:

PHP is an open source general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for
Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed server-side
scripting languages to be embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an

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external file to process data. The code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor
module which generates the resulting Web page. It also has evolved to include a command-line
interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP can be deployed
on most Web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and
platform free of charge.

While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, it is now said to stand for PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor, a recursive acronym.

Syntax

The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside its
delimiters is not processed by PHP (although non-PHP text is still subject to control
structures described in PHP code). The most common delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to
close PHP sections. <script language="php"> and </script> delimiters are also available,
as are the shortened forms <? or<?= (which is used to echo back a string or variable) and ?> as
well as ASP-style short forms <% or <%= and %>. While short delimiters are used, they make
script files less portable as support for them can be disabled in the PHP configuration, and so
they are discouraged. The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP
code, including HTML.

Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in
advance. Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. PHP
treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language (except when inside string
quotes), and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of comment
syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // as well as # are used for one-line
comments. The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text.

Datatype

PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-

bit signed integer equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to
signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming
languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal,

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and hexadecimal notations. Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific
range. PHP has a native Boolean type. The null data type represents a variable that has no value.
The only value in the null data type is NULL. Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP
can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of
values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also
supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes.

Function

PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more via extensions. These functions are
well documented on the PHP site; however, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming
conventions and inconsistencies.

Advantages

 Simple and very easy to learn.

 Open source.
 PHP can be used on all major OS.
 It can plug-in with most of the databases.
 Powerful built in functions.
 Extremely useful for text processing features.

Disadvantages

 Security flaws due to unknown vulnerabilities.

 Not good to create desktop applications.

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1.6 Introduction to Hotel Room Booking

Purpose
Hotel Room Booking is a DBMS/web application which will provide an interface to each and
every user to manage their reservations for booking of room. Every user who wishes to book
hotel room must register on the site. After the credentials have been verified by the database
administrator, he/she will proceed to book rooms. The main objective of the Hotel Room
Booking is to help user to book rooms before they can arrive and book rooms in hotel itself. The
hotel named Hotel Coorg International where the user books the room. The user gets to know
the type of rooms the hotel management can afford to user, and charges mentioned there.

The various users of the system are:

 Database Administrator: The Administrator will be provided with rights to view

and edit every detail about the database.
 User: Every user will be provided username can login into his/her account using
the corresponding password. He/she can view list of rooms showing and apply for
booking room.

Scope and Perspective

 Booking rooms has two basic users: The Database Administrator and Various Users.
 Administrator is responsible for monitoring the working/functioning of Hotel Room
booking, and can modify any information in the database.
 Every User has to register to book rooms online. He can view the room details before
signing in.
 The booking details of every user can be maintained easily and services like statistics
will be benefited.

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