Uncanny: History
Uncanny: History
The uncanny is the psychological experience of something as strangely familiar, rather than
simply mysterious.[1] It may describe incidents where a familiar thing or event is encountered in an
unsettling, eerie, or taboo context.[2][3]
The concept of the uncanny was perhaps first fixed by Sigmund Freud in his 1919 essay Das
Unheimliche, which explores the eeriness of dolls and waxworks.[4] For Freud, the uncanny locates
the strangeness in the ordinary.[3][5] Expanding on the idea, psychoanalytic theorist Jacques Lacan
wrote that the uncanny places us "in the field where we do not know how to distinguish bad and
good, pleasure from displeasure", resulting in an irreducible anxiety that gestures to the Real. The
concept has since been taken up by a variety of subsequent thinkers and theorists such as
Roboticist Masahiro Mori's "uncanny valley"[6] and Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection.
History
German idealism
Philosopher F. W. J. Schelling raised the question of the uncanny in his late Philosophie der
Mythologie of 1835, postulating that the Homeric clarity was built upon a prior repression of the
uncanny.[7]
In The Will to Power manuscript, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche refers to nihilism as
"the uncanniest of all guests" and, earlier, in On the Genealogy of Morals he argues it is the "will to
truth" that has destroyed the metaphysics that underpins the values of Western culture. Hence, he
coins the phrase "European nihilism" to describe the condition that afflicts those Enlightenment
ideals that seemingly hold strong values yet undermine themselves.
Ernst Jentsch
Uncanniness was first explored psychologically by Ernst Jentsch in a 1906 essay, On the Psychology
of the Uncanny. Jentsch defines the Uncanny as: being a product of "...intellectual uncertainty; so
that the uncanny would always, as it were, be something one does not know one’s way about in.
The better oriented in his environment a person is, the less readily will he get the impression of
something uncanny in regard to the objects and events in it."[5] He expands upon its use in fiction:
In telling a story one of the most successful devices for easily creating uncanny effects is to
leave the reader in uncertainty whether a particular figure in the story is a human being or
an automaton and to do it in such a way that his attention is not focused directly upon his
uncertainty, so that he may not be led to go into the matter and clear it up immediately.[5]
Jentsch identifies German writer E. T. A. Hoffmann as a writer who uses uncanny effects in his
work, focusing specifically on Hoffmann's story "The Sandman" ("Der Sandmann"), which
features a lifelike doll, Olympia.
1
Sigmund Freud
The concept of the Uncanny was later elaborated on and developed by Sigmund Freud in his 1919
essay "The Uncanny", which also draws on the work of Hoffmann (whom Freud refers to as the
"unrivalled master of the uncanny in literature"). However, he criticizes Jentsch's belief that
Olympia is the central uncanny element in the story ("The Sandman"):
I cannot think – and I hope most readers of the story will agree with me – that the theme
of the doll Olympia, who is to all appearances a living being, is by any means the only, or
indeed the most important, element that must be held responsible for the quite
unparalleled atmosphere of uncanniness evoked by the story.[5]
Instead, Freud draws on a wholly different element of the story, namely, "the idea of being robbed
of one's eyes", as the "more striking instance of uncanniness" in the tale.
Freud goes on, for the remainder of the essay, to identify uncanny effects that result from instances
of "repetition of the same thing," linking the concept to that of the repetition compulsion.[8] He
includes incidents wherein one becomes lost and accidentally retraces one's steps, and instances
wherein random numbers recur, seemingly meaningfully (here Freud may be said to be prefiguring
the concept that Jung would later refer to as synchronicity). He also discusses the uncanny nature
of Otto Rank's concept of the "double".
Freud specifically relates an aspect of the Uncanny derived from German etymology. By
contrasting the German adjective unheimlich with its base word heimlich ("concealed, hidden, in
secret"), he proposes that social taboo often yields an aura not only of pious reverence but even
more so of horror and even disgust, as the taboo state of an item gives rise to the commonplace
assumption that that which is hidden from public eye (cf. the eye or sight metaphor) must be a
dangerous threat and even an abomination – especially if the concealed item is obviously or
presumingly sexual in nature. Basically, the Uncanny is what unconsciously reminds us of our own
Id, our forbidden and thus repressed impulses – especially when placed in a context of uncertainty
that can remind one of infantile beliefs in the omnipotence of thought.[3] Such uncanny elements
are perceived as threatening by our super-ego ridden with oedipal guilt as it fears symbolic castration
by punishment for deviating from societal norms. Thus, the items and individuals that we project
our own repressed impulses upon become a most uncanny threat to us, uncanny monsters and
freaks akin to fairy-tale folk-devils, and subsequently often become scapegoats we blame for all
sorts of perceived miseries, calamities, and maladies.
What interests us most in this long extract is to find that among its different shades of
meaning the word heimlich exhibits one which is identical with its opposite, unheimlich.
What is heimlich thus comes to be unheimlich. [...] In general we are reminded that the
word heimlich is not unambiguous, but belongs to two sets of ideas, which, without being
contradictory, are yet very different: on the one hand it means what is familiar and
agreeable, and on the other, what is concealed and kept out of sight. Unheimlich is
2
customarily used, we are told, as the contrary only of the first signification of heimlich, and
not of the second. [...] On the other hand, we notice that Schelling says something which
throws quite a new light on the concept of the Unheimlich, for which we were certainly
not prepared. According to him, everything is unheimlich that ought to have remained
secret and hidden but has come to light.
[...]
A study of dreams, phantasies and myths has taught us that anxiety about one's eyes, the
fear of going blind [as used as a central theme in "The Sandman"], is often enough a
substitute for the dread of being castrated. The self-blinding of the mythical criminal,
Oedipus, was simply a mitigated form of the punishment of castration – the only
punishment that was adequate for him by the lex talionis. [...] All further doubts are
removed when we learn the details of their 'castration complex' from the analysis of
neurotic patients, and realize its immense importance in their mental life.[5]
After Freud, Jacques Lacan, in his 1962–1963 seminar "L'angoisse" ("Anxiety"), used the
Unheimlich "via regia" to enter into the territory of Angst.[9] Lacan showed how the same image
that seduces the subject, trapping him in the narcissistic impasse, may suddenly, by a contingency,
show that it is dependent on something, some hidden object, and so the subject may grasp at the
same time that he is not autonomous (5 December 1962). For example, and as a paradigm, Guy de
Maupassant, in his story "Le Horla", describes a man who suddenly may see his own back in the
mirror. His back is there, but it is deprived of the gaze of the subject. It appears as a strange object,
until he feels it is his own. There is no cognitive dissonance here, we rather cross all possible
cognition, to find ourselves in the field where we do not know how to distinguish bad and good,
pleasure from displeasure. And this is the signal of anxiety: the signal of the real, as irreducible to
any signifier.
Hitchcock was the master in the art of conducing art into the world of Unheimlich.[10] He used
simple, everyday objects who may suddenly lose their familiar side, and become the messenger of
beyond narcissism.[11]
Related theories
This concept is closely related to Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection, where one reacts adversely to
something forcefully cast out of the symbolic order. Abjection can be uncanny in that the observer
can recognize something within the abject, possibly of what it was before it was 'cast out', yet be
repulsed by what it is that caused it to be cast out to begin with. Kristeva lays special emphasis on
the uncanny return of the past abject with relation to the 'uncanny stranger'.[12]
Sadeq Rahimi has noted a common relationship between the uncanny and direct or metaphorical
visual references, which he explains in terms of basic processes of ego development, specifically as
developed by Lacan's theory of the mirror stage. Rahimi presents a wide range of evidence from
various contexts to demonstrate how uncanny experiences are typically associated with themes and
3
metaphors of vision, blindness, mirrors and other optical tropes. He also presents historical
evidence showing strong presence of ocular and specular themes and associations in the literary and
psychological tradition out of which the notion of 'the uncanny' emerged. According to Rahimi,
instances of the uncanny like doppelgängers, ghosts, déjà vu, alter egos, self-alienations and split
personhoods, phantoms, twins, living dolls, etc. share two important features: that they are closely
tied with visual tropes, and that they are variations on the theme of doubling of the ego.[13]
Roboticist Masahiro Mori's essay on human reactions to humanlike entities, Bukimi no Tani
Genshō (Valley of Eeriness Phenomenon), describes the gap between familiar living people and
their also familiar inanimate representations, such as dolls, puppets, mannequins, prosthetic hands,
and android robots. The entities in the valley are between these two poles of common phenomena.
Mori has stated that he made the observation independently of Jentsch and Freud,[14] though a link
was forged by Reichardt and translators who rendered bukimi as uncanny.[15][16][17]
Hypothesized emotional response of human subjects is plotted against anthropomorphism of a
robot, following roboticist Masahiro Mori's theory of the uncanny. The uncanny valley is the
region of negative emotional response towards robots that seem "almost human". Movement
amplifies the emotional response.
Etymology
Canny is from the Anglo-Saxon root ken: "knowledge, understanding, or cognizance; mental
perception: an idea beyond one's ken."[18] Thus the uncanny is something outside one's familiar
knowledge or perceptions.
4
See also
● Animism, Archaic mother, C
reepiness, Déjà vu, Evil eye, Gothic fiction, Simulacrum
References
Inline citations
1. Royle, p. 1
2. Royle, p. vii
3. D. Bate, P
hotography and Surrealism (2004) p. 39-40
4. Freud, Sigmund (1919). "Das Unheimliche". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14.
5. Lim, Dennis (2016). ""David Lynch should be shot": Looking back on the madness and
chaos of "Blue Velvet" and Ronald Reagan's '80s".
6. Mori, M. (2012). Translated by MacDorman, K. F.; Kageki, Norri. "The uncanny valley".
IEEE Robotics and Automation. 19(2): 98–100. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811.
7. A. Vidler, T he Architectural Uncanny (1994) p. 26
8. N. Royle, The Uncanny (2003) p. 90
9. A. Vidler, T he Architectural Uncanny (1994) p. 224
10. N. Royle, The Uncanny (2003) p. 103
11. S. Zizek, Looking Awry (1992) p. 117
12. S. Beardsworth, Julia Kristeva (2012) pp. 189–92
13. Rahimi, S. (June 2013). "The ego, the ocular, and the uncanny: Why are metaphors of
vision central in accounts of the uncanny?". T he International Journal of Psychoanalysis.
Wiley-Blackwell. 9 4(3): 453–476. doi:1 0.1111/j.1745-8315.2012.00660.x. PMID
23781831.
14. Jochum, E.; Goldberg, K.: Cultivating the uncanny: The Telegarden and other oddities.
In: Herath, D.; Kroos, C.; Stelarc (Hrsg.): Robots and art: Exploring an unlikely symbiosis.
S. 149–175. Singapore 2015
15. MacDorman, K. F. (2019). Masahiro Mori und das unheimliche Tal: Eine Retrospektive.
In K. D. Haensch, L. Nelke, & M. Planitzer (Eds.), Uncanny interfaces (pp. 220–234).
Hamburg, Germany: Textem. ISBN 978-3864852176 doi:10.5281/zenodo.3226274
16. Mori, M. (2019). Das unheimliche Tal (K. F. MacDorman & V. Schwind, trans.). In K. D.
Haensch, L. Nelke, & M. Planitzer (Eds.), Uncanny interfaces (pp. 212–219). Hamburg,
Germany: Textem. ISBN 9 78-3864852176 doi:1 0.5281/zenodo.3226987
17. Reichardt, J. (1978). Human reactions to imitation humans, or Masahiro Mori’s Uncanny
Valley. In R obots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction. New York: Penguin.
18. "Definition of ken". D ictionary.com.
Sources
● Royle, Nicholas (2003). The Uncanny. Manchester University Press. ISBN
978-0-7190-5561-4.