Unit I Review

Source: M53 1st Sem AY 2015-2016

Mathematics 53

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 1 / 16

Review concepts and practice skills:
 Limit of a Function at a Point
 One-Sided Limits
 Infinite Limits
 Limits at Infinity
 Continuity of a Function at a Point
 Continuity of a Function in an Interval
 Intermediate Value Theorem
 Squeeze Theorem
 Limits and Continuity involving Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 2 / 16

 3x2 − x − 10
Evaluate lim
x →2− | x − 2|

Solution: Note that | x − 2| = x − 2 when x ≥ 2

and | x − 2| = −( x − 2) when x ≤ 2

 −
3x2 − x − 10 3x2 − x − 10 0
0+
lim = lim
x →2− | x − 2| x →2− −( x − 2)

(3x + 5)( x − 2)
= lim
x →2− −( x − 2)

= lim −(3x + 5) = −11

x →2−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 3 / 16

  
4 2x + 8
Evaluate lim −
x →−2+ x + 2 x2 + 5x + 6

Solution:
   
4 2x + 8 4 2( x + 4) (∞−∞)
lim − = lim −
x →−2+ x + 2 x2 + 5x + 6 x →−2+ x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3)

4( x + 3) − 2( x + 4)
 
= lim
x →−2+ ( x + 2)( x + 3)
 
2x + 4 ( 00 )
= lim
x →−2+ ( x + 2)( x + 3)
 
2
= lim
x →−2+ x+3

= 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 4 / 16

 √
3− 4x2 − 5x
Evaluate lim
x →−∞ 6x − 2

Solution:
√ 1 3 1
√
3− 4x2 − 5x x x − x 4x2 − 5x
lim · = lim
x →−∞ 6x − 2 1
x
x →−∞ 6 − 2x
 √
3
x − − √1 2 4x2 − 5x
x
= lim 2
x →−∞ 6− x
q
3 5
x + 4− x
= lim 2
x →−∞ 6− x
√
0+ 4−0 1
= =
6−0 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 5 / 16

 1 − cos(3x − 6)
Evaluate lim
x →2 3x2 − 5x − 2

Solution:
1 − cos(3x − 6) 1 − cos(3x − 6) 3
lim = lim ·
x →2 3x2 − 5x − 2 x →2 ( x − 2)(3x + 1) 3

1 − cos(3x − 6)
  
1
= 3 lim
x →2 (3x − 6) (3x + 1)

= 3 (0) (1/7) = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 6 / 16

Discuss the continuity of the following function at 3 possible points discontinuity.
Classify each discontinuity and redefine the function in case of a removal
discontinuity.
 2
x − 3x + 2
,x < 2


2−x







x

f (x) = [[5 − 2x ]] − ,2 ≤ x < 3


 2



 x2 − 4x + 1


,x ≥ 3

2

5
Possible points of discontinuity: x = 2, x= , x=3
2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 7 / 16

 At x = 2:
2
a) f (2) = [[5 − 2(2)]] − =0
 2
x − 3x + 2 2
,x < 2 x2 − 3x + 2


2−x

b) lim f ( x ) = lim


2−x

x →2− x →2−



x

f (x) = [[5 − 2x ]] − ,2 ≤ x < 3 ( x − 1)( x − 2)

 2 = lim = −1
2−x



 x →2−
 x2 − 4x + 1

x

,x ≥ 3

2 c) lim f ( x ) = lim [[5 − 2x ]] −
x →2+ x →2+ 2
= −1 ([[1− ]] = 0)

f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 8 / 16

 5
At x = :
2 

5 5
 2 a) f =−
x − 3x + 2 2 4
,x < 2

x

2−x

b) lim f ( x ) = lim [[5 − 2x ]] −





 x → 25
−
x → 52
− 2
x

f (x) = [[5 − 2x ]] − ,2 ≤ x < 3 5

 2 =− ([[0+ ]] = 0)



 4
 x2 − 4x + 1 x


,x ≥ 3 c) lim f ( x ) = lim [[5 − 2x ]] −

2 x → 25
+
x → 52
+ 2
9
=− ([[0− ]] = −1)
4

5
f has a jump essential discontinuity at x = .
2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 9 / 16

 At x = 3:
1 5
 2 a) f (3) = 32 − 4(3) + = −
x − 3x + 2 2 2
,x < 2 x


2−x b) lim f ( x ) = lim [[5 − 2x ]] −






 x →3− x →3− 2
x

f (x) = 5
[[5 − 2x ]] − ,2 ≤ x < 3 =− ([[−1+ ]] = −1)


 2 2

1


 x2 − 4x + 1 c) lim f ( x ) = lim x2 − 4x +


,x ≥ 3

x →3+ x →3+ 2
2
5
=−
2

f is continuous at x = 3.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 10 / 16

 Summary:
 2
x − 3x + 2
,x < 2

a) f has a removable discontinuity at

2−x




x=2



x

f (x) = [[5 − 2x ]] − ,2 ≤ x < 3


 2 b) f has a jump essential

discontinuity at x = 52


 x2 − 4x + 1


,x ≥ 3

2
c) f is continuous at x = 3

Redefining, (
f (x) , x 6= 2
F(x) =
−1 ,x = 2
This makes the function f continuous at x = 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 11 / 16

 x2 cos(2x2 + 1)
Use the Squeeze Theorem to evaluate lim
x →+∞ 2x4 + 1

Solution:
−1 ≤ cos(2x2 + 1) ≤ 1

− x2 ≤ x2 cos(2x2 + 1) ≤ x2

− x2 x2 cos(2x2 + 1) x2
≤ ≤
2x4 + 1 2x4 + 1 2x4 + 1

− x2 − x2
lim =0 and lim =0
x →+∞ 2x4 + 1 x →+∞ 2x4 + 1

x2 cos(2x2 + 1)
Thus, lim =0
x →+∞ 2x4 + 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 12 / 16

Using the Intermediate Value Theorem, show that the equation
x
x2 − cos( x2 − 3x ) + =0
x+2
has a solution between x = 0 and x = 3.

Solution:
x
a) Is the function f ( x ) = x2 − cos( x2 − 3x ) + continuous on [0, 3]?
x+2
Answer: YES, since f is defined over the interval [0, 3]; f will only be
undefined when x = −2 which is not in [0, 3].
b) Is f (0) 6= f (3)?
0
Answer: YES, since f (0) = 02 − cos 0 + = −1 while
0+2
3 43
f (3) = 32 − cos 0 + = .
5 5

43
Since 0 is between f (0) = −1 and f (3) = , then by the IVT, there exists a
5
c ∈ (0, 3) such that f ( x ) = 0.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 13 / 16
True or False?

1 If the functions f and g are continuous at x = a, then f ◦ g is continuous at

x = a.
1
Answer: FALSE . Suppose f ( x ) = and g( x ) = x − 2.
x
1
Then ( f ◦ g)( x ) = which is not continuous at x = 2.
x−2

sin x
2 If f ( x ) = , then lim f ( x ) does not exist.
|x| x →0

sin x
Answer: TRUE. lim f ( x ) = lim =1
x →0+ x →0+ x
sin x
lim f ( x ) = lim = −1
x →0 − x →0 − −x
Since lim f ( x ) 6= lim f ( x ), then lim f ( x ) dne.
x →0+ x →1− x →0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 14 / 16

2013 Sample Exam Questions

Evaluate the following limits.

 
x + [[2x ]] 3 1
1. lim 3. lim x cos √
x →−1− | x + 1| x →0+ x

x− π
3  
2. limπ
p
x→ 3 cos 5π
−x

4. lim 2x + x2 + 2x
6 x →−∞

Find and classify (as removable, jump essential or infinite essential) all points of
discontinuity of the function f if f is given by

2 + x − x2
x≤0


 ,
 x+1
f (x) = [[ x ]] + 1 , 0<x≤1


 9x2 − 18x + 9

, x>1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 15 / 16

 GOOD L U C K !!!!!

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Unit I Review Mathematics 53 16 / 16