EX.

NO:
DATE:

1. STUDY OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLER

AIM:

To design and analyses the performance of PID controller with the second order closed loop
system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MAT LAB
THEORY:

1) integral controller
It reduces the steady state error without need of manual reset. Hence the
I- controller is called automatic reset. But it may lead to oscillatory response of increasing
or decreasing amplitude which is undesirable & the system may become unstable.

Transfer Function of I- controller

U(S) = Ki E(S) / S

 U(S) / E(S) = Ki / S

2) PI- Controller
The proportional action increases the loop gain & makes the system less sensitive to
variations of system parameters. The integral action eliminates or reduces the steady state error.

1
 Transfer Function of PI – Controller
U(S) = KP (1+ 1/Ti s) E(S)
U(S) / E(S) = KP (1+ 1/Ti s)

3) PID – Controller
The combination of P-control action, I-control action & D-control is called PID
control action. P-controller stabilizes the gain but produces a steady state error. The I-
controller reduces steady state error. The D- controller reduces the rate of change of error.

Transfer Function of PID controller

U(S) / E(S) = KP (1+ (1/Ti S)+ Td S)
PROCEDURE:
1) Invoke the MAT LAB tool.
2) Open the simulink library browser.
3) Include the second order continuous system.
4) Make the closed loop unity feedback system.
5) Assign step input & step output.
6) Include the I-controller, PI-controller & PID – controller & assign constant.
7) Run the system with I-controller, PI-controller & PID – controller
8) Analyze the output response by using scope.
SIMULINK MODEL

2
P-CONTROLLER:

PROGRAM:

clear all;

num=1;

den=[1 10 20];

plant=tf(num,den);

step(plant);

kp=300;

contr=kp;

sys.cl=feedback(contr*plant,1);

t=0:0.01:2;

step(sys.cl,t);

PI CONTROL:

clear all;

num=1;

den=[1 10 20];

plant=tf(num,den);

step(plant);

kp=300;

kd=10;
3
 contr=tf([kd,kp],1);

sys.cl=feedback(contr*plant,1);

t=0:0.01:2;

step(sys.cl,t);

PID-CONTROL:

clear all;
num=1;
den=[1 10 20];
plant=tf(num,den);
step(plant);
kp=350;
ki=300;
kd=50;
contr=tf([kd,kp,ki],[10]);
sys.cl=feedback(contr*plant,1);
t=0:0.01:2;
step(sys.cl,t);

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

4
EX.NO:
DATE:
2. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM

AIM:

To write a program to obtain the frequency response of the given system.

PROCEDURE:

 Write a program to obtain the frequency response of the given system.

 Access the stability of the given system using the plots obtained.
 Compare the usage of various plots in assessing stability.

1. Linear system simulator BODE PLOT

G(S) = 25 / (S2 + 4S + 25)

SOURCE CODE:

% Bode Plot
% Enter the Numerator and Denominator
num = [0 25]
den = [1 4 25]
ω = logspace(-2,3,100)
sys = tf(num,den)
[mag,phase,ω] = bode(sys, ω)
bode(sys, ω)
margin(mag,phase,ω)
xlabel(‘frequency’)
ylabel(‘phase(deg);magnitude(db)’)
title(‘bode plot’)

5
 2. Linear system simulator ROOT LOCUS

G(S) H(S) = k(S + 1) / S(S + 2)(S + 3)

This transfer function can be rewritten as

G(S) H(S) = kS + k / (S3 + 5S2 + 6S + 10)

Assuming k = 1

SOURCE CODE:

% Root locus
num = [0 0 1 1]
den = [1 5 6 0]
subplot(2,1,1)
title(‘Root locus’)
rlocus(num,den)
xlabel(‘Real axis’)
ylabel(‘Imaginary axis’)
subplot(2,1,2)
title(‘Root locus’)
r = rlocus(num,den)
plot(r,’o’)
v = [-6 6 -6 6]
axis (v)
xlabel(‘Real axis’)
ylabel(‘Imaginary axis’)

6
 3. Linear system simulator NYQUIST PLOT

G(S) = 25 / (S2 + 4S + 25)

SOURCE CODE:

% Nyquist plot
% Enter the transfer function
num = [0 0 25]
den = [1 4 25]
sys= tf(num,den)
nyquist(sys)

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

7
MEASUREMENT OF FIELD RESISTANCE

MODEL GRAPH

8
Ex.No :
Date :
3. MODELING OF SYSTEMS – MACHINES
3.A)TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATER
AIM:
To determine the transfer functions of separately excited dc generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

PROCEDURE:
Determination of KG:
The connections are made as shown.
The DPST, Switch is closed.
The motor is started by moving the starter handle from OFF to ON position smoothly.
The motor is brought to the rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat Rfm. The motor
drives the generator at rated speed.
The field current Ifg and the induced emf Eg are noted.
By adjusting Rfg, the field current Ifg is increased in convenient step up to the rated field current.
In each step the readings of Eg and Ifg are noted. Throughout the experiment the speed is
maintained constant.
A plot of Eg versus Ifg is drawn by taking Ifg on X-axis & Eg on Y axis.
A tangent to the linear portion of the curve is drawn through the origin. The slope of this line
Eg/Ifg gives Kg.
The value of Vf/If gives Rf.

9
Determination of Rf:
The connections are made as shown.
The rheostat should be kept in maximum resistance position.
The DPST switch is closed.
The readings of ammeter (If), Voltmeter (Vf) are noted.
The field resistance (Rf) is calculated as shown in model calculation.
Determination of Lf:
The connections are made as shown.
The DPST switch is closed.
The variac is adjusted up to the rated voltage.
The readings of ammeter (If), Voltmeter (Vf) are noted.
The field impedance (Zf) is calculated as Zf = Vf/If.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. If (A) Eg (V)

CALCULATIONS:
The open circuit characteristic is drawn to scale as shown in model graph.
A tangent is drawn to the linear portion of this OCC.
The slope of tangent is found using the relation K = Ea / If
The inductance of the field winding Lf = Xf / 2Пf
The inductance of the armature winding La = Xa / 2Пf

10
 The transfer function of the given separately excited D.C. shunt generator is then evaluated by
substituting the values Kf, Rf, Lf, Ra & La in the standard equations.
G(s)L=V1(s)/Vf(s)={(KfRL/Lf La) / (s+Rf/Lf) (s+(Ra+RL)/La)}
G(s)NL = {Kf / Lf) / (s + Rf /Lf)} (for no load)

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

11
 3.B) TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE CONTROLLED DC SHUNT
MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the transfer function of the given armature controlled DC Shunt
Motor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

PROCEDURE
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA (J) AND VISCOUS FRICTION
CO-EFFICIENT (B)
A. (without braking or without load resistance)
The field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position and the armature rheostat is kept
at maximum resistance position.
DC supply is given by closing the DPST switch. The DPDT is closed in position 11’. The
motor starts rotating slowly.
Adjusting first the armature rheostat completely and then field rheostat, the speed of the
motor is brought to the value of 150 rpm above its rated speed.
The DPDT switch is now opened (with field remaining energized) and the stop watch is
started simultaneously. The time taken (t1 in second) for the speed of the motor to drop
from rated speed (N1) to 500 rpm below rated speed (N2) is noted.
A. (with braking or with load resistance)
Now the initial speed of the motor is brought to a value of 150 rpm above the rated speed.
2.The DPDT switch is thrown to position 33’.

12
3.Now the speed decreases, when the speed reaches N1, the stop watch is started. When
the speed drops to N2, the stop watch is stopped and time taken is noted (t2).
Also, the two sets of voltmeter and ammeter readings corresponding to N1 & N2 are
noted. Readings V1 and I1 correspond to speed N1 while readings V2 and I2 correspond
to speed N2. The Average power delivered to the load is
Pelec=0.5(V1* I1 + I12 *Ra +V2* I2 + I22* Ra)

TABULATION

S.No N1 N2 T1 T2 I1(A) I2(A) V1(A) V2(V) J

13
The Moment of Inertia:
Pelec * 3600
J 
2 2 1 1
2 *  2 * ( N1  N 2 ) * (  )
t 2 t1 (kg-m2)

Stray losses and rated speed:

2 2
2 *  2 * ( N1  N 2 ) * J
Pstray  , watts
t1 * 3600
The coefficient of viscous friction:
Pstray * 3600
B , N  m /( rad / sec)
 ( N1  N 2 ) *   2
DETERMINATION OF TORQUE CONSTANT KTF

 The connections are made as shown in figure. The armature rheostat is kept at maximum
position.
 Supply is given to the armature terminal by closing the DPDT switch.
 The rheostat Ra is adjusted, so that the ammeter reads some small value Ia.
 The field rheostat Rf is kept at maximum position.
 The rheostat Rf is adjusted to any field current If within the working range. Now the
motor rotates slowly.
 The loading on the brake drum is increased so that the motor just fails to rotate.
 The value of the armature current maintained constant at Ia1. Under this condition the
readings of field ammeter If and spring balances are noted and the torque developed by
the motor Tm is calculated.
:

DETERMINATION OF TORQUE CONSTANT KTF

14
DETERMINATION OF KTF AND RF:
Rf=Vf/If
Ia (A) If (A) Vf (V) S1 (kg) S2(kg) Tm(N-m)
( )

DETERMINATION Kb
S.No Eb(V) N(rpm)

The procedure is repeated for different values of field current over the working range. In each
case, with the armature current Ia1 constant, the spring balance readings S1 and S2 are noted and
the torque developed is calculated.
A graph of Tm versus If is drawn. A straight line approximation of the graph, passing through the
origin is made. The slope of this line (Tm/ If) gives the value of the torque constant KTF.
DETERMINATION OF Ra:

15
PROCEDURE:
The connections are made as shown in figure. The armature rheostat is kept at maximum
position.
Supply is given to the armature terminal by closing the DPDT switch.
The rheostat is adjusted, to get the desired value.
The value of Ia and the corresponding voltmeter reading Va are noted.
The armature resistance Ra = Va /Ia.
DETERMINATION OF Ra
Va (A) Ia (A) Ra = Va / Ia ( )

DETERMINATION OF FIELD IMPEDANCE Zf:

16
PROCEDURE
The connections are made as shown in figure. The variac is kept at zero output voltage position
initially.armature rheostat is kept at maximum position.
Supply is given by closing the DPDT switch.
The variac is adjusted, to get the rated voltage (Vf) of the motor.
For the value of Vf, the corresponding If is noted
The field inductance Lf is calculated as shown in model calculation.
The field impedance Zf = vf /If.
DETERMINATION OF Zf
Vf (A) If (A) Zf = Vf / If ( )

MODEL CALCULATION:
The spring balance readings S1 and S2 in kg.
The torque developed by the motor Tm =9.81 (S1~S2)*R, N-m
Where R is the effective radius of the brake drum in meter.
R= r +t/2 and r=C/2
Where C is the circumference of the brake drum on meter.

17
 t is the thickness of belt in meter.
r is the radius of brake drum in meter.
A graph of Tm versus If is drawn and from the graph the grapf the torque constant
under field control is KTF= Tm/If
DC armature resistance Ra =Va/Ia
DC field resistance Rf =Vf/If
AC field resistance Rf =1.3 Rf
Field impedance Zf=Vf/ If

  
1
2 2
 Z f  Rf 2

 
Field inductance Lf= 2 f

Where f is the supply frequency in hertz.

Therefore T.F. of field controlled D.C. Motor =
(s)/Vf(s) = (Km/(s*(1+sf)(1+sm))
Where motor Gain Constant, Km = KTf/(Rf*B)
Motor Field Time Constant, Ґf = Lf/Rf a.c.
Motor Mechanical Time Constant, Ґm = J/B

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT

EX.NO:
DATE:

18
 4. DESIGN OF LAG, LEAD AND LAG – LEAD COMPENSATOR
AIM:

To plot phase angle Vs frequency and gain Vs Frequency for lag, lead and lag – lead
networks

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

i) Lead – lag network kit 1

ii) CRO 1

iii) Resistor,Capacitor&Patch cords

THEORY:

The nature of compensation depends upon the given plant, the compensator may be an
electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or other type of devices are network usually an
electric network serves as compensator in many control systems. The compensator transfer
function may be placed in cascade with the plant transfer function (cascade or series
compensation) or in the feedback path (feed back or parallel compensation).

The compensators are of three types

a) LEAD COMPENSATOR
The compensator having transfer function of the form given below is known as lead
compensator.

GC (s)= (s+zc)/(s+pc) = (s+ 1/)/(s+1/);  = zc/pc<1, >0

 < 1 ensures that the pole is located to the left of the zero.

Lead compensator speeds up the transient response and increases the margin of stability of a
system. It also helps to increase the system error constant though to limited extent.

b) LAG COMPENSATOR
The Compensator having transfer function of the form given below is known as lag
compensator.

GC (s)= (s+zc)/(s+pc) = (s+ 1/)/(s+1/);  = zc/pc>1, >0

19
  ensures that pole is to the right of Zero, that is nearer the origin than Zero.

Lag compensator improves the steady state behaving a system, while nearly preserving its
transient response.

c) LAG – LEAD COMPENSATOR

When both the transient and steady state response require improvement a Lag –Lead
compensator is required. This is basically a Lag and Lead compensator connected in series.

Block Diagram

Error
Detector

R C
+ Gain Plant
- Compensation

10K

R
0.1 C
V in 0.1 C 10K V out V out
V in R
10K

LAG COMPENSATION R1
LEAD COMPENSATION
0.1 C 10k
R2
V in V out

0.2 C

PROCEDURE:
STUDY OF LIMITED LAG - LEAD COMPENSATION
Lag Network Design:

1. From the bode plot, find a frequency where PM actual=PM specified+a safety margin.
This is the new gain cross-over frequency wg.new

20
2. Measure gain at wg.new. This must equal the high frequency attenuation of the lag
network.20 log β.Compute β
3. Choose Zc=1/T,at approx.0.1 wg.new and Pc=1/ βT
4. Write the transfer function Gc(s) and calculate R1,R2 and C.
5. Implement Gc(s) with the help of a few passive components and the amplifier provided
for this purpose.The gain of the amplifier must be unity.
6. Insert the compensator and determain experimentally the phase margin of the plant.
Lead network:

1. From the bode plot find the PM.

2. Calculate α for the lead network
α =1-Sin θm/1+ Sin θm

3. Calculate new gain cross over frequency

|G|wg.new=10 log α

3. Insert the conpensator and deter mine experimentally the PM of the plant with
compensator.
Gain=B/A=yo/xo;or 20 log(B/A)db

Phase θ=-sin(xo/A)=-sin(yo/B)

21
 With Compensator:

Phase in
pF,Hz A B X Y Gain dB
0 0 degree

Without compensator:

pF,Hz A B X Y Gain dB Phase in

0 0 degree

FREQUENCY DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LAG- LEAD PROCESS:

S.no Frequency(Hz) X1 X2 QIN(deg) VOUT(V) GAIN(db)

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

22
Ex. No :
Date :
5. POSITION CONTROL SYSTEMS

AIM
1. To study the DC servomotor position controller with P controller.
2. To study the DC servomotor position controller with PI controller.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. PEC-01.
2. Patch Chards.
3. Motor setup.
CONNECTION PROCEDURE
With P controller
1. Connect the terminal P1 to P6 using patch chord.
2. Connect the motor actual position terminal P2 to P7 using patch chord.
3. Connect the terminal P8 to P10 and P12 to P17 using patch chords.
4. DC output of P24 & P25 is connected to the input of permanent magnet DC motor.
With PI Controller
1. Connect the terminal P1 to P6 using patch chord.
2. Connect the motor actual position terminal P2 to P7 using patch chord.
3. Connect the terminal P8 to P10 and P9 to P11 using patch chords.
4. Connect the terminal P12 to P14 and P13 to P15 using patch chords.
5. DC output of P24 & P25 is connected to the input of permanent magnet DC motor.
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Verify the connection as per the connection diagram and connection procedure.
2. Set the pulse release switch is in OFF position.
3. Switch ON the power supply and switch ON the power ON/OFF switch.
4. Vary the set position knob and set the motor at any position.
5. Select the SPDT switch in upward direction and note the input position in digital display.
6. Slightly vary the P control knob.

23
 7. Switch ON the pulse release switch S2. Note the maximum overshoot or maximum position
achieved by the motor.
8. Select the SPDT switch in downward direction and note the output position in digital display.
9. Tabulate the input and output position and maximum overshoot in the tabular column.
KIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION
Motor Position Output(V) Input Output
S.NO Error
Position Position

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT

24
Ex. No :
Date :
6. SYNCHRO TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER AND CHARACTERISTICS

AIM

To measure the Stator output voltage with respect to rotor position and plot the graph.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Synchro Transmitter / Receiver Trainer kit.
 Patch chords

PROCEDURE
 Connect Digital Voltmeter across the any two Stator output of Synchro transmitter.
 Connect Synchro transmitter stator outputs to corresponding Stator terminals of Synchro
receiver.
 Power ‘ON’ the all ON/OFF Switches
 Verify the Stator output voltage of 0V at 0 degree, if it is not make 0V at 0 degree
toadjust the pointer of both transmitter and Receiver.
 Adjust the transmitter rotor position Step by Step.
 Now note down the output voltage for various rotor position in the table 1.
 Repeat the Same procedure for other pair of Synchro transmitter coils.

TABULATION

25
 Transmitter Receiver Error
VOLTAGE(V)
DEGREE RY YB BR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

ATTENDANCE (5) PROCEDURE CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

26
 & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT

27
Ex No :
Date :
7. BRIDGE NETWORKS – AC AND DC BRIDGES
a). MEASUREMENT OF LOW RESISTANCE USING KELVIN BRIDGE
AIM :
To find the unknown value of low resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.
APPARATUS REQURIED:
1. Kelvin’s Double Bridge Trainer Kit
2. Patch Chords.
3. Multimeter.
4. Unknown resistance.1Ω
CIRCUIT DIGRAM:

FRONT PANEL DIGRAM:

28
FORMULA :

Rx = Unknown Value Of Resistance

P,Q&P1= Known Value Of Resistance

THEORY:
Kelvin’s double bridge is a modification of Kelvin’s bridge and provides more accuracy
in measurement of low resistances It incorporates two sets of ratio arms and the use of four
terminal resistors for the low resistance arms, as shown in fig . Rx is the resistance under test and
S is the resistor of the same higher current rating than one under test.

Two resistances Rx and S are connected in series with a short link of as low value of
resistance r as possible. P, Q, p, q are four known no inductive resistances, one pair of each (P
and p, Q and q) are variable. A sensitive galvanometer G is connected across dividing points PQ
and pq . The ratio P/Q is kept the same as p/q , these ratios have been varied until the
galvanometer reads zero.

TABULATION:

S.NO P(Ω) Q(Ω) P1(Ω) RX(Ω)

29
 BALANCE EQUATION:
P
Eab  Eac and Eac  I �
�
RS 
 p  q  r �            (1)
�
P Q � pqr�

and Eamd  I �
�
R
p �  p  q r �� � pr �
� �� I �R �       (2)
� p  q � p  q  r � � p  q  r �
For zero galvanometer deflection, Eab  Eamd

or
P �
I�RS 
 p  q  r � I �
R
pr �
� �
PQ � pqr� � pqr� �
P qr � P p�
or R  .S   �                     (3)
Q pqr � � Q q �
P
Now, if P  p Equation (3) becomes, R  .S            4
Q q Q

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Connect the unknown resistance at Rx terminals.
3. Switch on the unit.
4. Select the range selection switch at the point where the meter reads least possible value of
voltage.
5. Vary the potentiometer (P1) to obtain null balance.
6. Switch off the unit and find the resistance using multimeter at P1.
7. Tabulation the reading and find the values of the unknown resistance using the
above formula.

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

7.b) MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE USING MAXWELLS BRIDGE

30
AIM:
To find the unknown inductance and Q factor of a given coil.

OBJECTIVE:
To find the unknown inductance of the given coil using bridge circuit and to study that
Maxwell inductance- capacitance bridge is suitable for the measurement of low Q coils.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS

Maxwell’s inductance
Capacitance Bridge kit

Unknown Inductance

Multimeter

Connecting Wires

CRO

Bridge oscillator
1 kHZ

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORMULAE USED:
1. Unknown resistance, R1=R2R3 / R4 (Ω)
2. Unknown Inductance, L1=R2R3C4 Henry
31
 3. Thus we have two variables R4 and C4 which appears in one of the two balance
equation and hence the two equations are independent, and balance is obtained by
varying R4 and C4 alternately.
4. Quality factor, Q = ωL1 / R1 = ωC4R4

PROCEDURE:
1. The inductance to be measured is connected between L1 terminal of the kit.
2. The bridge oscillator is set for 10Vpp, 1 kHz and connected to the OSC terminal of the
kit.
3. The detector CRO or headphone is connected to the headphone terminal of the kit.
4. The R4 and C4 are adjusted from the highest range (among the 3 range knobs) to obtain
the null point in the detector. [ Null point – For increase in R4 and C4 values the point at
which the amplitude reduces to a minimum and then increases is null point).
5. At the null point the values of R4 and C4 are noted.
6. The value of unknown resistance, inductance and quality factor are calculated.
7. The experiment is repeated with other samples provided.
TABULAR COLUMN:
UNKNOWN
S.NO SAMPLE R4(Ω) C4 (F)
INDUCTANCE (H)

CALCULATION:

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

32
Ex No:
Date :
8. DYNAMICS OF SENSORS / TRANSDUCERS
(8a). CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMISTOR
AIM:
To study thetemperature - resistance characteristics of the Thermistor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Thermistor Trainer kit
2. Thermistor
3. PC Power Chord
4. Water bath
5. Thermometer
THEORY:
Thermistor is a contraction of a term "thermal resistors". Thermistor are generally
composed of semi-conductor materials. Although positive temperature co-efficient of units
(which exhibit an increase in the value of resistance with increase in temperature) are available,
most Thermistor have anegativecoefficient of temperatureresistance, i.e., the resistancedecreases
withincrease of temperature. The negative temperature coefficient of resistance can be as large as
several percent per degree Celsius. This allows the Thermistor circuit to detect very small
change in temperature which could not be observed with a RTD or a thermocouple. In some
cases the resistance of Thermistor at room temperature may decrease as much as 5 percent for
each 1°C rise in temperature. This high sensitivity of temperature change makes Thermistor
extremely useful for precision temperature measurements control and compensation.
Thermistors are widely used in applications which involve measurements in the range of
-60°C to 150°C. The resistance of thermistors ranges from 0.5 S to 0.75MS. Thermistor is a
highly sensitive device. The price to be paid for the high sensitivity is in terms of linearity. The
thermistor exhibits as highly non linear characteristic of resistance versus temperature.
There are four types of sensors based on the following physical properties, which are
temperature dependent:
1. Expansion of a substance with temperature, which produces a change in length,
volume or pressure. In it's simplest form this is the common mercury-in-glass or
alcohol-in-glass thermometer.
2. Changes in contact potential between dissimilar metals with temperature;
thermocouple.
3. Changes in radiated energy with temperature; optical and radiation pyrometers.
4. Changes in electrical resistance with temperature, used in resistance thermometers
and thermistor.
The fourth property is used in our design to create a sensor. Resistance thermometry requires a
resistor properly mounted to create a sensor and a means of measuring the resistance of the
Sensor.

33
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

TABULATION:

Thermometer
reading (Actual Displayed Temperature
0 Resistance Ω O/P Voltage
Temperature) c
(0c )

THERMISTER

RTD

34
 PROCEDURE

a) Interface the thermistor across T1 and T2& switch ON the ITB-06A unit.

b) For resistance measurement ,SW1 should be in resistance mode.

c) Connect the multimeter (in resistance mode) across T3& T4

d) Connect the multimeter (in DC -Volt mode) across T5&T6 .

e) During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXT mode.

f) The OFFSET POT is adjusted to 5V because thermistor is NTC. type

g) Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode.

h) Insert the thermometer and thermistor into the water bath.

i) Switch ON the water bath.

j) Note down the temperature in thermometer and corresponding resistance output of the
thermistor.

k) Plot the graph between temperature and resistance along X and Y axis respectively.

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

35
Ex No : (8b). CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
Date :

AIM
To study the operation of a pressure transducer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Pressure measurement module

2 Multimeter

FORMULAE USED:

% Error = [(Gauge pressure – displayed pressure) / displayed pressure] * 100

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the pressure cell setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with the pressure
measurement module. Switch ON the module.
2. Calibrate the pressure measurement module by the following procedure. Open the air
release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the output voltage by using zero
adjustment pot, then close the air release valve and apply 20 Psi pressure to the cylinder
and adjust the display to 20 Psi by using gain adjustment POT.
3. After calibration open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air.
4. Close the air release valve and press the pump piston and note down the bridge voltage in
mV across T2 and T3, output voltage in V across T5 and GND and the displayed
pressure in Psi in the indicator. Repeat the procedure for increasing values of pressure
and tabulate the readings.(Pressure should not exceed 20 Psi)
5. Plot the error calibration curve.
MODEL GRAPH:

36
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No. Gauge Displayed Bridge Output %Error

Pressure (Psi) Pressure (Psi) Voltage (mV) Voltage
(V)

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

37
Ex No: (8c). CHARACTERISTIC OF LVDT
Date :

AIM:
To study the operation and characteristics of LVDT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. LVDT Trainer Kit
2. Multimeter.

FORMULA:

THEORY:
LVDT is the most commonly and extensively used transducer, for linear displacement
measurement. The LVDT consists of three symmetrical spaced coils wound onto an insulated
bobbin. A magnetic core, which moves through the bobbin without contact, provides a path for
the magnetic flux linkage between the coils. The position of the magnetic core controls the
mutual inductance between the primary coil and with the two outside or secondary coils. When
an AC excitation is applied to the primary coil, the voltage is induced in secondary coils that are
wired in a series opposing circuit. When the core is centered between two secondary coils, the
voltage induced in the secondary coils are equal, but out of phase by 180 degrees. The voltage in
the two coils cancels and the output voltage will be zero.

CIRCUIT OPERATION:
The primary is supplied with an alternating voltage of amplitude between 5V to 25V with a
frequency of 50 cycles per sec to 20 K cycles per sec. The two secondary coils are identical &
for a centrally placed core the induced voltage in the secondary’s e s1& es2 are equal. The
secondary’s are connected in phase opposition. Initially the net o/p is zero. When the
displacement is zero the core is centrally located. The output is linear with displacement over a
wide range but undergoes a phase shift of 180°. It occurs when the core passes through the zero
displacement position.

NULL POSITION:
S1&S2 flux linking equal emf induced equal. Hence outputvoltage is given by E0=Es1-
Es2=Zero.
WHEN CORE IS MOVE TO LEFT OF NULL POSITION:
Move flux link with the coil s1 then s2. Hence emf induced in S1< S2. Hence output
voltage is given by E0= Es1- Es2 = Positive.
WHEN CORE IS MOVE TO RIGHT OF NULL POSITION:
Move flux link with the coil s1 then s2. Hence emf induced in S1> S2. Hence output
voltage is given by E0= Es1- Es2 = Negative.
38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:
Displayed Core Secondary
Displacement output
Practical value(mm) voltage(mv)

39
 MODEL GRAPH: core displacement (mm) along x axis and secondary output voltage (mV)
across y axis.

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D type cable.
2. Switch ON the unit.
3. Set the micrometer position at 10mm and calibrate the display at ‘0'mm using ‘zero’
Potentiometer
4. Set the micrometer position at 20mm and calibrate the display at ‘10'mm using ‘span’
Potentiometer.
5. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm
displacement in micrometer and core displacement is 10.00mm for 20mm displacement in
the micrometer.
6. After completion of the calibration, place the core of the LVDT to 10mm by adjusting the
micrometer.
7. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10 mm to 20 mm and note down the
forward core displacement from zero mm to 10 mm on the display.
8. Similarly, decrease the Micrometer displacement from 10 mm to zero mm and note down
the reverse core displacement of 0 mm to -10 mm on the display.
9. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement.
10. Plot the graph between the core displacement theo. (mm) along x axis and secondary output
Voltage (mV) across y axis, core displacement (mm) along x-axis and the signal conditioned
output voltage (V) along y-axis &Core displacement (mm) along x-axis and Error (%) along
y-axis.

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

40
 (8d). CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN GAUGES
AIM:

To study the characteristic of strain gauges.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Strain trainer kit

2. millimeters (mV)
3. Cantilever beam strain sensor setup
4. Weights (100 g ram x 10 No’s)

FORMULA:
6 PL 6  1  21.58
Theoretical strain    300 strain
2.80.25  210
2 2 6
Bt Y

Theoretical strain - Actual strain

% Error 
Theoretical strain

Where,
Applied load to the beam (P) :1kg
Thickness of the beam (t) : 0.25 cm
Breadth of the beam (B) : 3.8 cm
Length of the beam (L) : 18.7 cm
Young’s modulus of the beam (Y) :2 x 106 kg/cm

MODEL GRAPH
Actual Load (Kg) Vs Output Voltage (mv) Actual Load (Kg) Vs % Error

41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

S.no Load in gram Theoretical strain Signal conditional Actual Error %

(strain) µs sensor o/p voltage strain(µs)
(v)

THEORY:
If a metal conductor is stretched or compressed, its
resistance changes on account of the fact that both length and diameter of conductor change.
42
 Also there is a change in the value of resistivity of the conductor when it is strained and this
property is called piezo resistive effect. Therefore resistance strain gauge is also known as piezo
resistive gauges. The strain gauges are used for measurement of strain and associated stress in
experimental stress analysis.

The change in the value of resistance by straining the gauge may be partly explained by
the normal dimensional behavior of elastic material. If a strip of elastic material is subjected to
tension or in other words positively strained its longitudinal dimension will increase while there
will be reduction in the lateral dimension. So, when a gauge is stretched to a positive strain, its
length increases while its area of cross section decreases. Since the resistance of the conductor is
proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its area of cross section the resistance of
the gauge increases with positive strain. The change in the value of resistance of a strained
conductor is more than that can be accounted for an increase in resistance due to dimensional
changes. The extra change in the value of resistance is attributed to a change in the value of
resistivity of a conductor when strained.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer with the load applying column.
2. Connect the multimeter at the output terminal
3. Initially at no load zero adjustment has to be done.
4. Gradually increase the load and note down the corresponding output voltage.

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

43
 Ex No : (8e). CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW METER
Date :

AIM
To study the characteristics of Flow Meter

APPARATUS REQUIRED

VFMT – 01
Multimeter

PROCEDURE
 Switch ON the unit
 Connect multimeter in DC-Volt across F1 to F2
 Partially open the hand valve to allow the water through the wheel flow meter and
rotameter.
 Vary the speed of the motor using variable speed knob.
 Note down the reading of flow rate from rotameter and corresponding voltage output from
wheel flow meter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

Flow in LPH Voltage output

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT

44
EX.NO:
DATE:

9.A)MEASURMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND POWER

FACTOR USING RLC LOAD

AIM:

To measure power in a single phase AC circuit using wattmeter by RLC load.

APPARTUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE / TYPE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1 no
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1 no
3 Wattmeter 300V,10A,UPF 1 no
4 RLC Load 5KW 1 no
5 Connecting Wires 1/18 SWG As per requirements

THEORY:

Power in an electric circuit can be measured using a wattmeter. A wattmeter consists

of two coils, namely current coil and pressure coil or potential coil. The current coil is marked as
ML and pressure coil is marked as CV. The current coil measure the quantity that is proportional
to the current in the circuit the pressure coil measures quantity that is proportional to the voltage
in the circuit. The given wattmeter is loaded by direct loading. The ammeter is connected in
series to the wattmeter. Since the same current flows in both the coils, the current and voltage
across the circuit are constant. The power consumed by the load is measured using the wattmeter
and calculated using the formula.

FORMULA:

Actual power = W x Multiplication factor

Multiplication factor = VI cos ø / Full Scale Depletion
Where W – Observed wattmeter reading
Apparent power = VI watts
Where V – Voltmeter reading, I – Ammeter reading
Power Factor cos ø = Actual Power / Apparent Power

PROCEDURE:

1. Connection is given as per circuit diagram.

45
2. Initially no load is applied.
3. Autotransformer is set to minimum voltage position before switching of the power supply.
4. Set the rated voltage by using the autotransformer. Measure and record the values of
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter on no load condition. Also carefully note the multiplication
factor of the wattmeter that is mentioned in the wattmeter itself.
5. Apply the load by adjusting RLC load.
6. Measure and record the values of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
7. Repeat the steps 5 and 6 until the ammeter reading reaches 10A.
8. After taking all the readings, reduce the load slowly to the minimum and bring the voltage to
minimum in the autotransformer. Switch off the power supply.
9. Calculate the power factor and power by the given formula.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:
Observed
Power
Wattmeter Actual Apparent
S.No Voltage(V) Current(A) Factor
Reading Power Power
cos ø
(W)

46
 MODEL GRAPH:

Voltage vs Current Voltage vs Power Voltage vs Power Factor

MODEL CALCULATION:

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

EX.NO:

47
DATE:

9.B) MEASURMENT OF ENERGY USING ENERGYMETER

AIM:

To measure the energy in a single in a phase circuit using direct Loading.

APPARTUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE / TYPE QUANTITY

1 Single Phase Energy meter 600rev/Kwh 1 no

2 Voltmeter . (0-300V) MI 1 no
3 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1 no
4 Wattmeter 300V,10A,UPF 1 no
5 RLC Load 5KW 1 no
6 Connecting Wires 1/18 SWG As per requirements

THEORY:

Energy meters are integrating instruments and are used for measurement of energy in a circuit
over a given time. Since the working principle of such instrument is based on electro-magnetic
induction, these are known as induction type energy meter. There are two coils in an induction
type energy meter, namely current coil and voltage coil. The current coil is connected in series
with the load while the voltage coil is connected across the load. The aluminium disc experiences
deflecting torque due to eddy currents induced in it and its rotations are counted by a gear train
mechanism. S1 and S2 are the main supply terminals and L1 and L2 are the load terminals. The
ratings associated with the energy meter are.
Voltage rating
Current rating
Frequency rating
Meter Constant

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
48
TABULAR COLUMN:
Multiplication Factor=

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Time taken True Measured %

S.No reading Reading reading for 5 Energy energy in Error
(V) (A) (W) revolutions in KWh KWh
Obs Act

49
MODEL GRAPH:

FORMULA:

True energy = Power (P) x time (s)

= P x t (ws)
= (P x t) / (3600 x 1000) KWhr
Measured energy = No. of Revolution / Energy meter constant kWh
% Error = [ (Measured energy- True energy) / True energy] x100

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given to the switch by closing the DPST switch.
3. By adjusting the voltage is brought to the rated voltage.
4. Load is switched on.
5. Time taken for five revolutions in the energy meter is noted and the Corresponding ammeter
and voltmeter reading are noted.
6. The above procedure is repeated for different load current and for fixed number of revolutions.
7. Then the load is gradually released and supply is switched OFF.
8. The error is calculated and the graph is plotted between true energy and Percentage of error.

50
 MODEL CALCULATION:

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

Ex No : 10) SIGNAL CONDITIONING

51
Date : 10.A) . INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM:

To study the working of instrumentation amplifier.

OBJECTIVE:

1. To study the characteristic of operational amplifier.

2. To study the use of operational amplifier as instrumentation amplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 Instrumentation Amplifier Kit

2 Dual RPS

3 Multi meter

4 Connecting Wires

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect a dual RPS to the input terminals V1 and V2 of either channel 1 or channel 2 of
instrumentation amplifier module.
2. Adjust the RPS for different voltages for V1 and V2 (not more than 10 V).
3. Measure the output voltage using a multi meter for every set of V1 and V2.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

52
 TABULATION

Gain Setting Vin 1 (mV) Vin 2(mV) Vin 2- Vin Vout G= Vout/ (Vin 2- Vin
1(mV) 1)

MODEL GRAPH

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT

53
 10.B)(i). A/D CONVERTER

AIM

To study the working of successive approximation type Analog to Digital converter.

OBJECTIVE

1. To study the conversion of analog i/p voltage to digital o/p voltage.

2. To study the operation and characteristics of operational amplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 A/D Converter kit

2 RPS

3 Multimeter

4 Connecting Wires

FORMULAE USED:

Input voltage, Vin = Vref [D7 2-1 + D6 2-2 + D5 2-3 + ………. + D0 2-8]

Where,

Vref = Reference voltage

D7, D6,D5,……D0 = 8 bit digital output

D7 - MSB of digital data

D0 – LSB of digital data

54
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Reference Voltage – SW1 =0 SW2 = 1 SW3=1

Analog input voltage Digital output

Theoretical Practical D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

PROCEDURE:

55
 1. The channel 3 is selected by using switches SW1, SW2, SW3 by keeping them in 011
position.
2. Vref is measured using multi meter across pin 6 and 1 by keeping the pot at maximum
position.
3. The analog voltage to be converted is set by using the pot and the voltage set is measured
by using multi meter.
4. The ALE switch SW5 is pressed once to send the data to SAR.
5. The SOC switch SW4 is pressed once to obtain the digital data for the given input
voltage. The digital output obtained is noted.
6. The procedure is repeated from step 2 for various values of analog input voltage.

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

1 0.B)(ii)D/A CONVERTER

56
 a)BINARY WEIGHTED RESISTOR

AIM

To study the working of an 8 bit weighted resistor type Digital to Analog converter.

OBJECTIVE

1. To study the conversion of binary voltage to analog o/p voltage

2. To study the operation and characteristics of operational amplifier

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 D/A Converter kit

2 RPS

3 Multimeter

4 Connecting Wires

FORMULAE USED:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

57
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vref is measured across P2 terminal by keeping the pot knob in maximum position.
3. The binary input is applied by closing the appropriate switches.
4. The analog output across P2 terminal by using multi meter.
5. The procedure is repeated for various binary input values.

58
 TABULAR COLUMN:

Digital Input Analog output

S.No.
Binary Decimal equivalent Theoretical Practical

MODEL GRAPH

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

b)R-2R LADDER RESISTOR METHOD

59
AIM

To study the Digital to Analog converter operation using R-2R ladder Resistor Method

APPARATUS REQUIRED

 DAC Trainer
 Digital Multi meter

PROCEDURE

1. Interconnect the R-2R ladder circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the digital data input switches in zero position
3. Connect the DAC output to Digital panel meter
4. Switch on the trainer and give the digital input to the DAC through logic switches.
5. Verify the corresponding analog output voltages which is displayed in the digital panel
meter and tabulate it.
6. Also verify the DAC output through the theoretical formula.

MODEL GRAPH

TABULATION

Binary Form Analog Output

60
 CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL
PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT

61
EX.NO:
DATE:

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SINGLE INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM [SISO]

AIM:

To create and study the response of the linear single input and single output [SISO]
system using simulink and m-file program.

SOFTWARE USED:

MAT lab

1) Simulink

2) m-file

Block Diagram

Open Loop System

Input System Output

(Source) (Sink)
st nd
Step i/p 1 /2 Order System

Closed Loop System

Error
Detector

Input + System Output

(Source) - (Sink)
st nd
Step i/p 1 /2 Order System

Feedback

SINGLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT SYSTEM

62
 OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

63
 SOURCE CODE:

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM:

N=[0 1];

D=[1 0];

sys=tf(N,D);

step(sys);

CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:

N=[0 1];

D=[1 0];

sys1=tf[N,D];

sys2=1;

sys=feedback(sys1,sys2);

step(sys)

OUTPUT:

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

64
EX.NO:
DATE:

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF MULTI INPUT AND MULTI OUTPUT SYSTEM [MIMO]

AIM:

To create and study the response of the linear multi input and multi output [MIMO] system
using simulink and m-file program.

SOFTWARE USED:

MAT lab

*Simulink

*m-file

Block Diagram Of General Control System of MIMO

y1
u1
Input Output
y2
Variables u2 Controlled Variables
y3 (p)
(m) u3 System .
..
... .
. yp
um

.....
x1 x2 x3 xn
State Variables ( n)

65
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT SYSTEM

STATE SPACE EQUATION:

X=AX+BU

Y=CX+DU

X=States , U=Input, Y=Output

A=n*n System matrix

B=n*m Input matrix

C=p*n Output matrix

D=p*m Transmission matrix

66
 SOURCE CODE:

a=[-1 -1;6.5 0];

b=[1 1;10];

c=[1 0;01];

d=[0 0;00];

step[a,b,c,d,1];

step[a,b,c,d,2];

[Num,Den]=systf(a,b,c,d,1);

[Num,Den]=systf(a,b,c,d,2);

OUTPUT:

CONNECTION CALCULATION EXPERIMENT MANUAL TOTAL

PROCEDURE & & KNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE (5)
(2) EXECUTION GRAPH TEST (VIVA) ON TIME
(3) (5) (5) (5) (25)

RESULT:

67