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Chapter 5: Measures of Central Tendency Important Term and Concepts

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including average, mean, median, mode and quartiles. It defines these terms and explains how to calculate each measure. The mean is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of data points. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequent value. Quartiles divide the data into four equal parts. The relationship between the mean, median and mode depends on whether the data is symmetrically or asymmetrically distributed.

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69 views4 pages

Chapter 5: Measures of Central Tendency Important Term and Concepts

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including average, mean, median, mode and quartiles. It defines these terms and explains how to calculate each measure. The mean is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of data points. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequent value. Quartiles divide the data into four equal parts. The relationship between the mean, median and mode depends on whether the data is symmetrically or asymmetrically distributed.

Uploaded by

raghu8215
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12
Chapter 5: Measures of Central Tendency
Important Term and Concepts:
1. Average: It is a value which is typical or representative of a set of data.
Averages are also called Measures of Central Tendency.
2. Functions of Average:
i] Presents complex data in a simple form.
ii] Facilitates comparison.
iii] Helps government to form policies.
iv] Useful in Economic analysis.
3. Essentials of a good Average:
i. Simple to calculate.
ii. It should be easy to understand.
iii. Rigidly defined.
iv. Based on all items of observation.
v. Least affected by extreme values.
vi. Capable of further algebraic treatment.
vii. Least affected by sampling fluctuation.
viii. Graphic measurement possible.
4. Types of Averages:
i. Arithmetic Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Quartiles
5. Arithmetic Mean (X)
It is the most common type of measures of central tendency.
It is obtained by dividing the sum of all observation in a series by the total number of
observation.
6. Calculation of Arithmetic Mean:

Individual Series Continuous Series


Direct Method X = X X = fx
N f
Assumed Mean X = A + X X = A + fd
Method N f
Step Deviation X = A + d| x i X = A + fd| × i
Method N f

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CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12

7. Merits of Arithmetic Mean:

1] Easy to calculate
2] Simple to understand
3] Based on all observations
4] Capable of further mathematical calculations.
Demerits :
1] Affected by extreme values.
2] Cannot be calculated in open-end series.
3] Cannot be graphically ascertained.
4] Sometimes misleading or absurd result.
8. Weighted Arithmetic Mean:
Values to be arranged are given varying importance.
XW = WX
W
Where Xw = Weighted Arithmetic Mean
W = Weight
X = Values of the variables

9. Median (M)

It is defined as the middle value of the series, when the data is arranged in ascending or
descending order.
Calculation of Median
For Individual & Discrete Series
M = Size of (N+1)th item
2
Continuous series
Median Item = size of (N/2)th item.
M = L1 + N/2 – c.f × i
f
Merits
1. Easy to understand and easy to compute.
2. Not underly affected by extreme observation.
3. It can be located graphically.
4. Appropriate average in case of open end classes.
Demerits:
1. Not based on all observations.
2. It requires arrangement of data.
3. Not capable o further algebraic treatment.
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Visit www.ncerthelp.com For All NCERT solutions,
CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12

10. Quartiles:
It divides the data into four equal parts.
There are three Quartiles – Q1, Q2, Q3
Q2 is called Median.
Calculation of Quartiles:
Individual and Discrete Series
Q1 = size of (n+1)th item
4
Q3 = size of 3 (n+1)th item
4
Continuous Series:
Q1, item = size of (N/4)th item
Q1 = L1 + N/4 – c.f. × i
f
Q3 item = size of 3(n/4)th item

Q3 = L1 + 3(N/4) – c.f × i
f

11. Mode (Z)


It is the value which occurs the most frequently in a series.
Calculation of Mode
i. Individual Series :
ii. By observation identify the value that occurs most frequently in a series.
iii. By conversion into discrete series and then identify the value corresponding to which
there is highest frequency.
Discrete Series:
i. By Inspection Method.
ii. Grouping Method: By preparing Grouping Table and then preparing Analysis table.
Continuous Series:
i. Determination of Modal class by Inspection Method or Grouping table and Analysis
table.
ii. Applying the formula
Z = L1 + f1 – f0 × i
2f1–f0–f2
OR
Z = L1 + D1 × i
D1 + D2
Merits of Mode

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i. It is easy to understand and simple to calculate.


ii. Not affected by extreme values.
iii. Can be located graphically.
iv. Easily calculated in case of open-end classes.
Demerits of Mode

i. Not rigidly defined.


ii. If mode is ill defined, mathematical calculation is complicated.
iii. Not based on all items.
iv. Not suited to algebraic treatment.

12. Relationship between Mean Median and Mode


i. In case of symmetrical distribution

Mean = Median = Mode


ii. In case of asymmetrical distribution
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

1 mark questions:
1. Define an average.
2. Define mode.
3. Age of 5 students is 22, 24, 26, 21, 20. Find the modal age.
4. What is the relationship of Mean, Median and Mode in an asymmetrical distribution?
3 marks questions:
1. Calculate the Mean & Median from the following data :

Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70


No. of Students 5 5 5 20 10 5
2. Calculate Mode from the following data.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70


No. of Students 2 5 8 10 8 5 2

4 mark questions:
1. Mention any 2 Merits and Demerits each of Arithmetic Mean.
2. What are the requisites of a good average?

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