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45week3 Phase

The document discusses the evolution of magmas through fractional crystallization and phase equilibria. Fractional crystallization occurs as minerals crystallize out of magma, causing the remaining liquid to evolve to more evolved compositions over time along a liquid line of descent. Phase equilibria concepts such as the phase rule, unary and binary phase diagrams are introduced to explain how mineral assemblages and liquid compositions change during crystallization processes. Peritectic systems are also discussed as more complex examples.

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Soumya Mahapatra
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50 views7 pages

45week3 Phase

The document discusses the evolution of magmas through fractional crystallization and phase equilibria. Fractional crystallization occurs as minerals crystallize out of magma, causing the remaining liquid to evolve to more evolved compositions over time along a liquid line of descent. Phase equilibria concepts such as the phase rule, unary and binary phase diagrams are introduced to explain how mineral assemblages and liquid compositions change during crystallization processes. Peritectic systems are also discussed as more complex examples.

Uploaded by

Soumya Mahapatra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

EVOLUTION OF MAGMAS

FRACTIONATION & FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION

¥ Systematic Variations in Chemical Composition


¥ Result from Crystalliztion of Observed Minerals
¥ ÒFractional CrystallizationÓ

Trend of Liquid in composition space called liquid line of descent.

Example: MgO content in the parent basalt (< 10% MgO)

Removal of Olivine (50% MgO) and Augite (14% MgO) lowers MgO in resulting
magma.

Parent Basalt - 5% olivine - 8% augite = DaughterBasalt


10% MgO - 0.05*50% MgO - 0.08*14% MgO = (10-2.5-1.1)/.87
= 2.5% = 1.1% = 7.33% MgO

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PHASE RULE and BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS

DEFINITIONS

System = isolated part of Universe.

>> Open to energy exchange


>> Closed to matter exchange (usually)

Components = Minimum number of chemically district species needed to describe


system.

Phase = Chemically and physically distinct part of system.

Liquidus = In T-X space, represents maximum solubility of solid in liquid. Liquid


only above, solid + liquid below.

Solidus = Solid-only below, liquid + solid above.

Eutectic = Mixture of phases with lowest possible melting point for those
components. Refers both to the Eutectic Composition and to the Eutectic
Temperature.

PHASE RULE of J. WILLARD GIBBS

F = c - p + 2 Closed system at equilibrium

F = Variance or degrees of freedom, equals number of intensive variables needed to


constrain system (T, P, or composition X).

c = Components p = Phases 2 = Temperature and Pressure

Condensed phase rule = isobaric or isothermal

F=c-p+1 (P or T fixed)

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3

Unary Systems = 1 Component (e.g., SiO2)

Liquid

Cristobalite
Beta-Q

Tridymite

Coesite
Alpha Stishovite
Qtz

c=1 p=1 F = 1-1+2 = 2 T and P both can vary, Divariant

c=1 p=2 F = 1-2+2 = 1 T or P can vary, Univariant

c=1 p=3 F = 1-3+2 = 0 T and P both Fixed, Invariant

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4

BINARY SOLID SOLUTIONS

Olivine (Forsterite-Fayalite) and Plagioclase (Anorthite-Albite)

b
a c

COMPOSITIONS read DIRECTLY off the BOTTOM scale on Diagram (%An).

>> ISOPLETH = Constant Composition

PROPORTIONS Calculated from LEVER RULE

%xtls = (100 * ab)/ac

% liq = (100 * bc)/ac

Equilibrium Crystallization: Final Plagioclase = Bulk Composition

Fractional Crystallization: Liquid and Plagioclase both evolve to compositions


more sodic (Na-rich) than bulk composition of system.

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5

SIMPLE BINARY EUTECTIC WITH NO Solid Solution

1553
1390

1274
eutectic

Diopside Anorthite

Example: Diopside-Anorthite system (A = Diopside, B = Anorthite).

Compositions from bottom of diagram %A or %B (Both Crystals and Liquid)

PROPORTIONS FROM LEVER RULE:


%xtls = (100 * a)/(a+b)
% liquid = (100 * b)/(a+b)

Equilibrium crystallization = Fractional crystallization


>> Liquid Follows Continuous Path
>> Crystal Compositions ÒJumpÓ

But Equilibrium melting NOT = Fractional melting

Equilibrium melting:
>> Liquid, Crystals Follows Continuous Path

Fractional melting:
>> Crystals Follows Continuous Path
>> Liquid Compositions ÒJumpÓ

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PERITECTIC SYSTEMS

Mg2Si04-SiO2

Forsterite Enstatite Cristobalite

Example: System Forsterite-SiO2 (A=Forsterite, B=SiO2, AB=Enstatite)

R = Reaction Point or ÒPeritecticÓ

Phase Rule at Peritectic: F= 2-3+1= 0 Invariant

EQUILIBRIUM CRYSTALLIZATION:

BC X : Ol+L, Ol+En+L (at Peritectic), Stop at Peritectic (Final= Ol+En)

BC Y : Ol+L, Ol+En+L (at Peritectic), En+L, En+SiO2 (at Eutectic)

How do we know which final assemblage?

>> If Bulk Comp to Left of AB, Final Assemblage Must = A + AB.


>> If Bulk Comp to Right of AB, Final Assemblage Must = AB + B.

FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION:

BOTH BC X & BC Y: OL+L --> EN+L (at Peritectic) --> En+SiO2+L (Eutectic)

WHY ?? NO olivine to react with liquid during fractional crystallization.

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TERNARY PHASE DIAGRAMS

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