International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume: 3 | Issue: 4 | May-Jun 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470

Compatibility Design of Non-Salient

Pole Synchronous Generator
Thant Zaw Oo1, Aye Myo Thant2
1Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Technological University, Kalay, Sagaing, Myanmar
2Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Technological University, Mandalay, Mandalay Region, Myanmar

How to cite this paper: Thant Zaw Oo | ABSTRACT

Aye Myo Thant "Compatibility Design of This paper is focused design calculation of 30 MVA, 11 kV, 50 Hz, two pole (non-
Non-Salient Pole Synchronous salient poles) synchronous generator that use in gas turbine power plant. The
Generator" Published in International choices of specific loadings are magnetic loading and electric loading are
Journal of Trend in Scientific Research involved in that design calculation. The number of rotor slot selection main
and Development considered in order to avoid the undesirable effects of harmonics in the flux
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- density wave forms. The rotors are cylindrical in shape having parallel slots on it
6470, Volume-3 | to place rotor windings. The design system is compatibility based on where
Issue-4, June 2019, specific magnetic loading or specific electric loading with synchronous generator
pp.991-994, URL: generate more electrical power and to get better performance. The relation
https://www.ijtsrd.c between specific loading and volume of the generator, short circuit ratio and air
om/papers/ijtsrd24 IJTSRD24026 gap length, comparison design data and efficiency due to load changing are
026.pdf mainly emphasized studying in this paper.

Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and

International Journal of Trend in Keywords: synchronous generator, reactive power, air gap length, load changing,
Scientific Research and Development non-salient pole
Journal. This is an Open Access article
distributed under 1. INTRODUCTION
the terms of the The electromagnetic induction states that electromotive force induced in the
Creative Commons armature coil if it is rotating in the uniform magnetic field. The E.M.F will also be
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) generated if the field rotates and the conductor becomes stationary. The wave
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ shape of induces voltage always a sinusoidal curve.
by/4.0)
The rotor and stator are the rotating and the stationary part figure 2. The following parameters are advantages things
of the synchronous generator. They are the power generator that are forced to apply in gas turbine application.
components of the synchronous generator. The rotor has the A. smaller in diameter but having longer axial length.
field pole, and the stator consist the armature conductor. The B. cylindrical rotors are used in high speed electrical
relative motion between the rotor and the stator induces the machines, in this paper, 3000 rpm and number of pole
voltage between the conductors [1].the principle of are two pole are focused.
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction are conducted C. noise of winding loss is less construction is robust.
in that operation. D. damper windings are not needed in that rotors.
E. this rotor synchronous generator is used in gas power
plants.

Figure 2.Non- Salient Pole Rotor(Cylindrical rotor)

Figure1. Construction of Non-Salient Pole Synchronous
Generator 2. COMPATIBILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The non salient-pole synchronous machines are designed to
These rotors are cylindrical in shape having parallel slots on achieve the following information’s regarding its various
it to place rotor windings. It is made up of solid steel in parts to supply these data to the manufacture. The main

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD24026 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 191
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
consideration facts are dimensions of stator frame, complete Average loss factor,
details of the stator winding, details of the rotor and its 2
m
winding and performance of the designed parts, in order to = 1 + ( αh c )4 (4)
9
justify the design of the above parts in order to lower cost,
small size and lower weight. The load varies in lagging or copper width in the slot
leading effect with the stability of field excitation in constant α = (5)
voltage. The figure (1) shows the field current required slot width
maintaining rated terminal voltage as the constant power
factor load is varied. The maximum apparent power load at a where, hc = depth of the strand or conductor
specific voltage and rated power factor (lagging) which they m = number of conductors in the slot depth
can carry continuously without overheating. The terminal Eddy current losses
voltage which related to field current at constant level = (Kdav– 1) copper losses in stator winding
operation is within less or more five percent. In order to Stray load losses for the alternator may be taken
maintain real power and voltage, the reactive power is
approximately 15 of the total copper losses and eddy
controlled with field winding heating.
current losses[5].
(0.8 to 0.85) exciter voltage
Vc= (6)
number of field coils

Where, Vc= Voltage per coil

Length of the turn,
Lmt= (2L + 1.8 τ p + 0.25) m (7)

Sectional area of field conductor,

ρL mt (If Tf )
af = (8)
Vc

The effective generated voltage per phase is the sum of the

no load voltage and the armature reaction emf [5].
Eegp = Eo + Ear =Vt +Ra jXa (9)

where, Eegp = effective generated voltage per phase,

Figure3. Characteristic form of SynchronousGenerator VT = Terminal voltage per phase,
Compound Curve [5] Ra = Armature resistance per phase,
Xa = Armature reactance per phase,
2.1. Mathematical Review
The equivalent circuit of the stator and the cylindrical rotor The armature reaction induced voltage per phase is given by:
of the non-salient pole of the synchronous generator relation
are shown in figure (4). The volume of the machine (D2L) is Ear = −jIaXm (10)
reduced, if designed for higher speed, thus decreasing the
size and the cost of the machine that express in equation (1) Where, Ia is the armature current per phase
derivation. If machine is designed at higher specific magnetic The no-load induced electromotive force
and electric loadings, output coefficient is larger, which Eo= Vt +jIaZs (11)
ultimately results into the reduction of size and cost of the
machine. The generation driven is shown in capability The synchronous impedance
diagram in figure (4) in which apparent power in generator Zs= Ra+ jXs (5)
operation with constant excitation; the electromagnetic
voltage induced from terminal voltage and reactance with
the concern of loss for lagging condtion while load condition
is running in stability limit with the power angle, δ and ɸ,
etc.

A. Watts radiated from the field coil

= External surface in cm2 x watts/cm2 (1)
= External periphery of the field coil x Height of the field coil
x watts/cm2 (2)

B. Specific electric loading,

Q = (11×Bavqkw×10-3) D2Lns (3)
Where, Bav = Average flux density in the air gap, Tesla
Kw = Stator winding factor
Ns = Speed of the machine, rps
D= Internal diameter of stator, meter
Figure4. Capability Curve of Salient Pole Synchronous
L= Gross length of stator, meter
Generator

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD24026 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 992
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
3. RESULTS DATA OF CACULATION
The insulation system for low voltage machines presents no
particular difficulty, because insulation which is strong
enough mechanically is sufficient for electrical purposes.
However, the thickness of insulation required is quite large
for high voltage alternators, in order to prevent the
breakdown of insulation system [3].

Table 1.Thickness of Stator Winding Insulation

Voltage (kV) 5 10 11 12 14 16
(Bitumen mica
2.6 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.6 5.1
folium insulation)
(Epoxy Novalak
2.1 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.8 4.2 Figure6. Short Circuit Ratio and Air Gap Length
mica-paper)
3.3. Efficiency due to Load Changing
3.1. The Relation of Specific Electric Loading and
Efficiency refers to very different inputs and outputs in
Voltage
different fields and industries. Efficiency is very often
In the design of synchronous generator, specific loading are
confused with effectiveness. Figure 4. represent the
very important for output equation, which is basic tool in
efficiency due to load changing. In this thesis, the generator
designing. So, the specific loadings are attentively chosen.
has been designed to get the maximum efficiency in 30 MVA
The specific loading is the average of the magnitude of the
rating. The following are the comparison between previous
radial flux density over the entire cylindrical surface of the
design data of 25.25 MVA synchronous generator[2] and
rotor. In order to calculate the diameter and length of rotor,
calculated design data of 30MVA synchronous generator.
mean flux density to get the optimal design. The following
Due to the choosing of larger specific loading in the design,
curve is obtained by using the output rating and output
the diameter and length of the generator are reduced to
coefficient equations and assuming the constant 0.67 Tesla
86cm and 196cm from 250 cm and 620 cm respectively.
of specific magnetic loading (Bav) to get the desired design.
Although the number of stator slots is 30 slots [2], now, it is
The relation between specific electric loadings and volume of
chosen 48 slots to reduce the reactance in this design. The
the generator is shown in Figure 4.2 and Table 4.3.
more space between the conductors for circulation of air, the
lower internal temperature and the better cooling system.
Moreover, the conductors in windings are stranded into
strands. The eddy current loss in one strand cannot share to
the other strand. So, the eddy current losses can be reduced.
Because of the reduction of the losses of the generator, the
efficiency is better from 89.6% in 25.25 MVA to 97.28% in
30 MVA. Therefore, this generator design is satisfactory not
only to produce bulk power, but also efficiency and size of
generator.

Figure5. Relation of Specific Electric Loading and Voltage

3.2. The Relation between Short Circuit Ratio and Air

Gap Length
The air gap length in synchronous generator is an important
design parameter because its value greatly influences the
performance of the generator. However, it can be seen that
the value of air gap length is directly proportional to the
short circuit ratio. Short circuit ratio is an important factor of
the synchronous machine. It affects the operating
characteristics, physical size and cost of the machine. The
large variation in the terminal voltage with a change in load Figure7. Efficiency due to load changing
takes place for the lower value of the short circuit ration of a 4. CONCLUSIONS
synchronous generator. In this design, SCR is attentively To carry out the design for obtaining the above information,
chosen to get desired value of air gap length. The short the following factors are considerate and calculated. There
circuit ratio is directly proportional to the air gap reluctance are; detailed specifications, design equation based on which
or air gap length. Table 2 and Figure 3 show the relation the design is initiated, proper information for choosing
between short circuit ratio and air gap length. justified values of various design parameters, such as specific
magnetic loading, specific electric loading etc. and also
knowledge of available materials, magnetic, insulating,
conducting and their typical behavior, limiting values of
various performance parameters, such as iron losses,

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD24026 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 993
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
efficiency, short circuit current, etc are considered based [2] Caterpillar, “Generator System, Application and
load on 30MVA assume in gas turbine application in which Industrial Guide”, 2008
non salient pole type synchronous generator preferred for
[3] Smith, “Motors and Generators for Micro-hydropower,
large load.
Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1994
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [4] Yahaya Asizehi ENESI*, Adamu Murtala ZUNGERU, Isah
The author is deeply grateful to his teachers who are Agbogunde ADEMOH, “Analysis of Non-Salient Pole
working in Electrical Power Engineering Department, Synchronous Generator Using Phasor Diagrams”,
Technological University (Kalay) for their willingness to Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
share of ideas and helpful suggestions on this paper writing. Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna,
Niger state, Nigeria, 2014.
6. REFERENCES
[5] B.R. Gupta Bandana Singhal, “Fundamental of Electric
[1] Tze Fun Chan, “Synchronous Machine, Polytechnic
Machines” Reversed Third Edition, 2010
University, Hong Kong, 2003

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