SPM 2019 Tips V1

FREE SPM 2019 TIPS
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SUBJECTS COVERED
1 English Page 1 - 3
2 Bahasa Melayu Page 4 - 6
3 Bahasa Cina Page 7 - 9
4 Sejarah Page 10 - 11
5 Mathematics Page 12 - 14
6 Additional Mathematics Page 15
7 Physics Page 16 - 17
8 Biology Page 18 - 19
9 Chemistry Page 20 - 21
10 Science Page 22 - 23
11 Pendidikan Moral Page 24 - 25
12 Prinsip Perakaunan Page 26 - 29
13 Perniagaan (Perdagangan) Page 30 - 38
14 Ekonomi Page 39 - 44
DISCLAIMER
Information presented herein are gathered from various sources, including internet & SPM revisions books. UniDigest.com has done all
reasonable efforts to ensure that we provide reliable and accurate content. These tips and topic summaries are meant to be
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or any information contained herein.
18/12/1/VX
SPM ENGLISH
EXAMINATION FORMAT
Section A:
1 hr ● Directed Writing (1 question) 35 marks
Paper 1
45 min Section B:
● Continuous Writing (choose 1 topic from 5 given choices) 50 marks
Section A:
● Graphic Materials, Short Texts, Signs and Notices/Phrases (8 8 marks
questions)
● Rational Cloze (7 questions) 7 marks
Section B:
2 hr ● Structured Responses (10 questions) 10 marks
Paper 2
15 min
Section C: 10 marks +
● Comprehension Summary (5 + 1 questions) 15 marks
Section D:
● Poem (1 question) 5 marks
● Novel (1 question) 15 marks
PAPER 1
Section A: Directed Writing
Guidelines
● Read the question properly and jot down some points before begin writing.
● Allocate only 45 minutes on this section. You may want to time yourself by dividing your time based
on the paragraph. There’s no point dwelling on this section more than 45 minutes because the
maximum score is just 35 marks.
● Ensure that your essay format is correct as the format gives you 15 marks.
● Use all the points that are given and cross out the points that have have already been used. You may
elaborate in 1 or 2 sentences.
● Try using a variety of sentences when you write this essay.
● Each points can be elaborated in the form of examples, facts, figures and other information.
● Do avoid grammatical, spelling and punctuation error. Reread your essay after you finish.
Common Mistakes
● Poor time management. If you spend too much time on this section, you will not have enough time for
the following question
● Long-winded essay. This section requires you to write a short and straight to the point writing. The
more you write, the more mistakes you will make. You are not required to allocate 1 paragraph for 1
point. It can be too lengthy.
● Informal languages. Avoid the usage of slang words such as guys, dudes, contractions such as can’t,
don’t.
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● Flowery words. You do not need to use too flowery or idiomatic words in this section. Leave it to the
following section of continuous writing.
Types of Essays
● Formal Letter, Informal Letter, Speech/ Talk, Speech
● You may want to learn up the common phrases or the sentence structure for each type of essay.
Example: (Informal Letter: I hope this letter finds you in the pink (of health).
Section B: Continuous Writing
Guidelines
● 5 questions will be given. Usually 2 questions are argumentative/ factual essay, 2 are
narrative/descriptive essay and 1 word-topic essay.
● Choose the one that you are confident with.
● To score in this section, your essay needs to be free from grammar error, variety of sentence
structure, wide vocabulary, relevant points, coherent in paragraphing, well organise and the essay
shows originality as well as interesting.
● Examples:
○ Excellent Grammar: know your past tense, past-participle, spelling and punctuation
○ Variety of sentence structure: You can play around with active/passive voice. You can structure a
simple, complex, compound sentences depends on your preference
○ Wide Vocabulary: Use synonyms for the common words such as happy, you can replace this
word with delighted, joyful or hungry to famished.
○ Relevant points: Do ensure that you don’t run out of topic when answering the essay.
○ Therefore, it is important that you jot down the points beforehand.
○ Coherent in Paragraphing: The flow of your paragraphs need to be in smooth. Try not to hop on to
different points between the paragraphs. The marker will be confused
○ Interesting, Originality: Your story needs to be plotted well. It needs to have a climax that can
keep the reader’s attention. In other words, do not bore the marker.
PAPER 2
Section A: Objective Questions
Guidelines for Stimuli & Graphic Materials

● Basically this part of the paper is the easiest to score. If possible, try to nail all the questions right.
● Do more practices from the revision books.
● When answering, narrow down your answers by eliminating wrong options that are given.
● Convey one point at a time, elaborate on each point given and if asked, do include your own points.
Guidelines for Rational Cloze

● This part of the paper is also one of the easiest to score. Therefore, read carefully.
● Again, remove the wrong answers in narrowing down the correct answer.
Section B: Information Transfer
Guidelines
● Carefully analyse the material given in the paper.
● When answering, try not to use your own words but you can copy exactly the same from the material
shown.
● Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and writing extra answers.
● Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.
Section C: Reading Comprehension
Guidelines for Long Text and Open Ended Question

● Read the questions and the passage carefully.
● As you read the passage, you can underline which are the important facts.
● If questions do not require you to write down your own opinion, you may copy directly from the
passage.
● If questions want your personal opinion, structure your answers carefully. Only write down relevant
and logic answers.
● Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and writing extra answers.
● Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.
Guidelines for Summary Writing

● Firstly, read the questions before you read the passage.
● This will help you identify the important points that is needed from the questions. Do underline when
the points are identified.
● Opening and Closing is not needed. This is a continuous writing format; you should not answer this
section in point form.
● Try identifying 10 points and omit the examples and elaborations
● Calculate your word count and ensure it doesn exceeds 130 words. Convert long phrases to short
sentences. This will reduce your word count. Do write your word count below your answer.
Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)
Guidelines for Structure Response

● For this part of the paper, try imagining yourself in the poet perspective.
● You should translate the poem and simplified it to your own words.
● Your answers can be short and precise.
● Avoid spelling error.
Guidelines for Novel

● Before exams, you should be very familiar on the novel and covered all the questions from the
revision books.
● Usually the questions revolve around (Themes / Settings / Plot / Characters / Moral values / Lessons).
Therefore, you have to understand beforehand the ins and outs of the novel.
● When you write down the points, your answer should be related back to the novel. Perhaps, you can
relate it to the character. This will show the marker you are able to apply what you’ve understood from
the novel.
● It is advisable that you write 3 points of elaboration and 1 personal view. You may write more than
that but be careful not to write wrong points. Though marks will not be deducted but it affects the
marker’s impression on you understanding towards the novel.
● Your answers must be in full sentences. Structure your sentences in proper grammar and avoid
spelling mistakes
SPM BAHASA MELAYU
EXAMINATION FORMAT
Section A:
● Karangan Berpadukan Ransangan (write an essay based on 30 marks
2 hr the attached reference)
Paper 1
15 min Section B:
● Karangan Umum (write an essay, choose 1 topic from 5 given 100 marks
choices)
Question 1:
● Rumusan (summarise the passage) 30 marks
Question 2:
● Pemahaman (answer ALL comprehension-based questions) 35 marks
2 hr
Paper 2 Question 3:
30 min
● Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa (answer ALL 30 marks
grammatical and vocabulary-based questions)
Question 4:
● Novel (answer ALL questions regarding Novels) 15 marks
GENERAL TIPS
● Speak in Bahasa Melayu as this will help strengthen the command of the language.
● Read more Bahasa Melayu novels and newspapers. You can also improve your proficiency by
reading Karangan books.
● Learn a new peribahasa and simpulan bahasa every day from now till SPM. This will help you score
extra marks during essay writing.
PAPER 1
Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan

● Based on an analysis from Year 2007 - 2015, Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan has always been
either on Gambar Foto/Ilustrasi or Gambar Rajah. Familiarize yourself with such formats.
● Read the question carefully; focus your essay content on the bolded words to avoid being terpesong.
● Be careful to not write anything below 200 words as this might put you at a disadvantage.
● Anything around 220 to 500 words will be good. Spend more time on the next question instead.
● Write one (1) Pendahuluan, three (3) Isi and (1) Penutup. There should be 3 points given in the
diagram. If there is lesser, you will need to come up with the remainder point. If there is more points,
you will need to combine certain points as one point.
Section B: Karangan Umum

● Read the Questions carefully and underline the keywords of the Questions.
● Pick the Question that you can come out with the most points for.
● If the Essay requires you to write in a specific format, only pick that question if you are familiar with
the format.
● Write between 600-1000 words.
● More often than not, your format should always have one (1) Pendahuluan, four (4) Isi and one
● (1) Penutup.
● The best way to way to write an Isi is by elaborating the main points by giving further examples.
PAPER 2
Question 1: Rumusan
● Start by reading the question and focus on the bolded parts. There are 2 parts to the bolded words
which are the Isi Tersurat and Isi Tersirat.
● From the passage, underline all points that fulfill the Isi Tersurat stated in the Question.
● Come up with at least two (2) points that answers the Isi Tersirat stated in the Question. These points
are not in the passage and it requires you to think critically to get the points.
● You should answer in 4 paragraphs; Pendahuluan, Isi Tersurat, Isi Tersirat, and Penutup.
● Start the first paragraph (Pendahuluan by “Petikan membincangkan….”. The Isi Tersurat stated in the
Question must be replaced with a synonym in the Pendahuluan. Eg: “Kesan-kesan merokok” must be
changed to “Akibat merokok”.
● For the second paragraph (Isi Tersurat), paraphrase the points underlined in the passage. Do not
include the elaborations, only the main points are needed. Reminder to not write the exact words, but
to use as many synonyms as possible.
● For the third paragraph (Isi Tersirat), write your own points. Do not overthink the points, as long as the
points make sense, they are good.
● For the last paragraph (Penutup), just write a one-line general statement that looks towards the future.
e.g.: “Semua pihak perlu bekerjasama membanteras gejala sosial ini supaya masyarakat akan
sejahtera.”
Question 2: Pemahaman
● There are 4 sub-questions to this Question. The first sub-question is based on the passage in
Question 1. The other three sub-questions are based on KOMSAS.
● To answer these questions, good understanding of KOMSAS is needed. There is not much
memorization needed as the KOMSAS excerpt will be given.
● There will also be questions that requires you to give your own opinions and ideas.
● Answer all questions in complete form and not point forms.
Question 3: Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

● There are 4 sub-questions to this Question.Sub-question 1 is on making sentences. You are not
allowed to add any imbuhan unless stated so.
● Sub-question 2 to 4 is one correcting mistakes to the sentences. By practicing more, you will get
sharper in spotting the errors.
● Sub-question 5 is related to peribahasa. There are a few main peribahasa that can v be used in this
sub-question or in the essays:
○ Air beriak tanda tak dalam: Empty vessels make the most noise
○ Alang-alang menyeluk pekasam, biar sampai ke pangkal lengan: If you are doing something, do it
to your best efforts and get some rewards from it.
○ Bagai cendawan tumbuh selepas hujan: Too much of something at a time period.
○ Bagai cincin dengan permata: A pair that matches
○ agai layang-layang putus tali: Someone that has lost faith and hope.
○ Bagai menatang minyak yang penuh: Nurturing someone and bringing them up with lots of love.
○ Bagai minyak dengan air: Two people that cannot “mix” or see eye-to-eye.
○ Bagai murai dicabut ekor: Someone who loves to talk.
○ Bagaimana acuan begitulah kuihnya: A child takes after whoever who brings him up.
○ Baik membawa resmi padi daripada resmi lalang: It’s good to be humble.
○ Berat mata memandang berat lagi bahu memikul: The biggest suffer is on the person who is
experiencing it.
Question 4: Novels
● The novels asked in this question are novels from Form 4 and Form 5.
● Read up on the tema, persoalan, sinopsis, nilai murni and read the full novels at least twice.
SPM BAHASA CINA
EXAMINATION FORMAT
Section A:
1 hr ● Practical Writing 30 marks
Paper 1
45 min Section B:
● Continuous Writing 70 marks
Section A:
● Modern Text Comprehension 65 marks
2 hr Section B:
Paper 2
15 min ● Classical Text Comprehension 25 marks
Section C:
● Idioms 10 marks
PAPER 1
Section A: Practical Writing (应用文)

● Remember formats of Formal Letters, Reports & Notice.
● Memorise on the sentences that are commonly used (refer to revision books & model answers). Apply
in your essay.
● Always apply the important details: time, date, venue, objective, invitation (included in the essay).
● Only answer the the question that you’re more confident at.
● If 2 were answered, examiner will only mark the first essay.
● Avoid informal languages, Hanyu Pinyin.
● Do refer back to the question when you’re writing to avoid out of topic.
● Recheck your essay to detect any errors.
● Take note on the work count. Max word count: 120 words. If it exceeds word count, remove
unnecessary sentences.
Section B: Continuous Writing (作文)
General Guidelines
● 5 types of questions will be given but choose only 1 that you’re most confident at.
● The main types of essay that is most popular in the exam are:
○ Factual (说明文),
○ Argumentative (议论文)
○ Narrative (记叙文)
○ Descriptive (描写文)
○ Sentimental (抒情文)
● Be familiar with the types of essays and do memorise good sentences, opening and closings. This will
give your more points and impress the marker.
● Read the questions carefully. List down the important points beside the questions. Gather your
thoughts on what to write in the opening and body.
● Avoid grammatical error, wrong word. Do replace a new word if you’re unsure on a word. Do not write
any hanyu pinyin. Always diversify your sentence structure.
● Check your word count. You essay word count is advisable to be between 600-1000 words.
Factual / Argumentative Essay:

● 6 paragraphs will be efficient (1 opening, 4 Body, 1 Closing)
● void 5 arguments as you will run out of time in your exam. Give you focus on the 4 main bodies and
elaborate clearly on the topics. Give examples and only formal language should be used.
Descriptive / Sentimental / Narrative Essay

● 5 Important Points to be taken not
● Interesting Story, Clear, Detail on the story, 5 or more paragraph depending on the structure of your
story, include some idioms or flowery sentences if you can (gives you plus points)
General Topics:
● It can be written as factual or descriptive essay as long as it is relevant to the question.
● Do address the topic of the question in every paragraph.
PAPER 2
Section A: Modern Text Comprehension (现代文理解)
Summary (概述文章)
● Read the passages carefully. Underline the important and relevant points. Identify the points but not
the elaboration and examples.
● The points given are between 16-18 points. If you are lacked of points to write in, re-read the
paragraph to get more points.
● Convert the dialogues to text. Long sentences changed to shorter sentences and phrases to lessen
the word count. identify the similar words and combine it to the same word. Do use sequence
connector linking 2 or 3 points together. However, do not overuse the connector as it becomes
repetitive.
● Lastly, do a word count check. If your word count is above 120, reduce unnecessary sentences or
words.
● On the marking system, no points will be deducted if wrong points were writen. Although no marks will
not be given for your correct grammar but marks will be deducted from grammatical error. Therefore,
double check on your grammar and the words use.
Comprehension (理解)
● When tackling this part of the paper, read the questions first then only read the passage/ poem. You
need to understand in depth of the poem/passage.
● Questions related to the passage, you may copy and paste directly from the passage. For poem, you
need to use your own words in deciphering the meaning of the poem.
● Questions that requires your opinion, communicate your points clearly. The number of points that you
should write down is depending on the marking scheme. 1 point might be given 1 or 2 marks.
● Do take note that though you can pen down all the points but be careful to only write acceptable
answers as marks might be deducted if it is irrelevant.
● If the questions require the exact number of answers. Only write down the required number of
answers. If you give extra, points may be deducted.
Grammar (语法):
● Type of word (词类), phrase (短语), components of sentences (句子成分), compound sentences (复
句), language & style (修辞) and idioms (熟语) will only be tested. Familiarise yourself with the types of
grammar stated.
● Do refer on revision books and past year questions. Learn from the examples given by these sources.
Section B: Classical Text Comprehension (文言文理解)

● Questions will be based on 1 is Prose (散文) and 1 is Poem (韵文). You’ll be tested in a form of
Comprehension (理解) and Translation (翻译).
Comprehension (理解)
● When you revise, get yourself familiarized with the common used traditional words.
● Go through the glossary that will be given in the exam. translate the classical text-word-by-word to
modern text. To avoid wasting time, do skip sentences that aren’t familiar to you. As you go through
the passage/poem, you will understand the sentences that isn’t familiar to you.
● For questions that can be found from the poem, do not copy directly. Instead, structure you answer in
your own words. You may have to change the dialogues to your own text.
● Most questions require full understanding of the poem/ passage. Therefore, try to understand by
putting yourself in the passage.
● For your own opinion question, ensure your answer is relevant and logical. Answer the questions
based on the marks allocated. For example, 1 point is for 1 mark and elaboration. Write only answers
that are relevant, otherwise marks will be deducted.
Translation (翻译))
● For preparation, ensure that you are familiar with all traditional words and the meaning of it.
● When translating, replace every traditional word in the sentence or phrase with modern words but it
has to be the same the same meaning.
● For traditional words that is similar as modern words, convert the word into a sentence.
● Do not make a mistake by not translating all the words.
● If you translate the words wrongly, marks will not be deducted.
Section C: Idioms (名句精华)

● Important! Memorise all 230 Idioms that you learn from high school since remove class to Form 5.
Ensure that you know all meaning (含义), Author (作者) and Source (出处) of all idiom.
● A tip in memorising these idioms is by using your imagination and creativity to remember the author
and source.
● When answering, do not explain every word. Try writing the actual meaning. It is okay that the
meaning runs a bit off from the meanings in the textbook. Marks will not be penalised.
● Avoid making long sentences with the idioms but you have to use the idiom correctly. Even a brief
sentence with the usage of the idiom is sufficient.
● For question that requires you to write an idiom based on the situation, be sure that you understand
the situation clearly before giving it an idiom.
SPM SEJARAH
EXAMINATION FORMAT
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Paper 1 1 hr 30%
● 40 Questions (answer ALL)
Section A:
2 hr ● 4 Questions (answer ALL)
Paper 2 50%
30 min Section B:
● 7 Questions (answer 3)
Paper 3 3 hr Open-Book Test 20%
GENERAL TIPS
● Questions for SPM Sejarah will consist of information from your Form 4 and Form 5 textbooks.
However, studying using only the official textbooks will not be the most effective way as they contain
too much text which will take longer time to understand the topic at hand. With that, a reference book
will come in helpful as they have helped you to break down vital information into a simple and
concise format.
● As history requires a lot of understanding of the facts, you should always understand the facts that
are being presented whenever you study a topic for the first time. Studying in a timeline format,
story or even making it like a game or competition will help make what can be a dry and boring
subject; interesting to study. You should always understand what you have read so that you will not
need to “memorize” the whole book.
● By understanding what you have read, you will be able to get an idea of what happened or formed the
relation between one fact to the other. This will help you explain things in your own words with the
correct facts without needing to remember everything in the book. (Pay extra attention to identify and
understand important names / words)
● Pay extra attention to identify and understand important names and events. They are usually
related to one another whereby an event is caused by a previous event which leads leads to another
event. Understanding the relationship between the names and events, will help you remember them
better. If there are too many facts for a particular subtopic; grouping them together and remembering
the groups (and giving meaning to the group) will help you remember and/or recall them better.
● Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you understand how
scores are given for each question. This is important so that you can formulate your strategy in
answering those questions which help you tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks
for your answers.
● Revision before the SPM Sejarah exam requires you to employ a different strategy. Start with going
through the subtopics that you feel you are the weakest at before going to the subtopics that are
are good at.
● Every single year, there will be so called predictions on the questions that will be asked in the SPM
Sejarah Paper 2. The predictions are just that: predictions. Never ever rely on predictions but
instead, religiously read, understand and do exercises.
● Finally, 1 month before the SPM Sejarah exam, a general topic will be released for Paper 3. Look
for materials from various sources such as the books, newspapers, magazines and the internet.
PAPER 1
● There are 4 questions for you to choose from. Read the questions properly because they might try to
confuse you with questions such as “the following are the right answer except…” or “which of this is
not the right answer…”.
● Whether you are certain or not certain of the answer for the question, go through the choices provided
and cross out the wrong answers. This will help you to have a safety net in place in case you read the
question wrongly or better yet, if you are not sure of the answer, by crossing out the wrong answers,
you will get closer to the right answer.
PAPER 2
● Part A: Answering in complete sentences are not required; they are not testing your grammar but you
will still need to make sure that the spelling is correct and the answers are structured properly.
● Part A: Write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer because no marks are
given for wrong answer; but marks are given for the right answer. And every mark can make a
difference for your grade.
● Part B: Unlike in Part A, you will need to answer in complete sentences; essay form. If you do not do
so, you will have half of your marks deducted even though you answered the question correctly. This
part is to help an individual to understand the answer that you have written.
● Part B: Once again, write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer as no marks
are given for the wrong answer; but marks are given for the right answer. Remember that your
answers need to be in complete sentences. If the question asked you to list down the facts, you will
only need to list down the facts without elaboration. However, if the question requires you to explain or
elaborate, you should provide both your facts and explanations. A lot of people did not get full marks
because they did not understand the question properly.
● Part A and B: Specific answer is the key here; instead of a general idea. Minor spelling errors will be
forgiven but major spelling answer will have your marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms
which you might encounter in reference books.
PAPER 3
● Bring in any material that is relevant to you for this paper from textbooks, reference books and any
other relevant materials.
● For this part, usually the scoring for the answer is separated into a 50:50 format. 50% will be for the
facts that you provided while the other 50% is for your opinion. This is where the discussion with your
teachers and friends will help a lot. Your opinions have to be logical and relevant; and this goes back
to how your express your opinion and the reasoning behind it.
● Similar to SPM Sejarah Paper 2 Part B, you will need to answer in continuous writing form and in
complete sentences. Minor spelling errors will be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your
marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms which you might encounter in reference books.
● The challenge that most people face for this paper is the difficulty in organizing too much information
to be presented in a short and concise format, in the allocated time. Never focus on putting as many
possible answers on the paper as possible but focus on getting as many “highly probable” answer in
the format required by the question as possible. Another suggestion would be to limit the “reference
material” that you bring into the examination hall; this way you will be forced to rely on the reference
material which will allow focus instead of trying to get reference from all sources.
SPM MATHEMATICS
EXAMINATION FORMAT
1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Paper 1
15 min ● 40 Questions (answer ALL) 40 marks
Section A:
● 11 Questions (answer ALL) 52 marks
2 hr ● 3 - 6 marks per question
Paper 2
30 min Section B:
● 5 Questions (answer 4) 48 marks
● 12 marks per question
GENERAL TIPS
● Mathematics is a compulsory subject that you must pass in order for you to get SPM certificate
● SPM Mathematics has a much stricter marking scheme and a higher minimum mark to get A+ as
compared to SPM Additional Mathematics. Hence, do study for it!
PAPER 1
● Questions can be from Form 1 until Form 5.
● You are not required to show any workings.
PAPER 2
● Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of the questions. The pattern
is similar from year to year.
● If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.
○ The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with the highest marks.
● Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every questions!
○ One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
○ If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps and final answer will not be
given.
○ Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
○ However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you will get some marks
for the correct workings.
● Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.
○ Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite decimal places.
○ Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.
● For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value (22/7 or 3.142).
● For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the diagram.
● You are NOT allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be NOT given for the correct
solutions / answers, and marks will be deducted for wrong solutions / answers.
Section A: 10 Definitely Tested Topics

● Solid Geometry
○ Combined solid is the total volumes of the solids
○ Remaining solid is the subtraction of bigger solid and smaller solid
● Circles
○ Perimeter = 2πr
○ Area = πr2
● Linear Equations
○ Equalise the same unknown (e.g. x) and take it out.
○ Solve the other unknown (e.g. y) and back to solving the first unknown (e.g. x).
● Quadratic Expressions and Equations
○ ‘Solve the equation’ means find the unknown x.
○ Must state x = ?, x = ?. There will be 2 answers.
● Mathematical Reasoning
○ Determine whether a given sentence is a statement.
○ Determine whether a statement is true or false.
○ Constructing statements using numbers and symbols.
○ Quantifiers ‘All’ and ‘Some’.
○ Implications of the form ‘x if and of if y’.
● The Straight Line
○ y = mx + c
○ c is the point where the line touches the y-axis (y-intercept)
● Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions
○ Use Trigonometry Rule
○ sin (θ) = opposite side / longest side
○ cos (θ) = adjacent side / longest side
○ tan (θ) = opposite side / adjacent side
● Matrices
○ Part a) usually asks to solve problems involving inverse matrix.
○ Part b) usually asks to solve linear equations with matrices
● Gradient and Area under a Graph
○ The gradient of the distance-time graph of a particle is the speed of the particle.
○ The gradient of the speed-time graph of a particle is the r ate of change of speed of the particle.
○ The area under a speed-time graph is the distance travelled.
○ Rate of change of speed = (Final speed - Initial Speed) / Time
● Probability
○ Probability = Number of outcomes / Total number of possible outcomes
○ Final answer is always more than 0 and less than 1.
Section A: 2 Alternately Tested Topics

● Sets (Year 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013)
○ Shading based on the questions (intersection or union)
○ ∪ denotes union, which is the combined area of the sets (‘or’)
○ ∩ denotes intersection, which is the overlapping area of the sets (‘and’)
● Graphs of Functions (Year 2005, 2007 and 2009)
○ The inequalities (upper line is >, lower line is <).
○ If slanted line, you can imagine it into horizontal straight line.
Section B: 5 Definitely Tested Topics

● Statistics
○ Histogram (Year 2004 and 2005)
■ x-axis the upper boundary with an additional lower boundary at the front of the graph
■ y-axis is frequency
○ Frequency Polygon (Year 2006)
■ x-axis is midpoint
■ y-axis is frequency
○ Ogive (Year 2007)
■ x-axis is upper boundary
■ y-axis is cumulative frequency
■ additional upper boundary should be added to the table
■ x-axis and y-axis should be stated in the graph
● Graphs of Functions
○ Linear Functions (less likely to come out as it’s a straight line after plotted)
■ y = ax + c
○ Quadratic Functions (Year 2004 and 2005)
■ y = ax2 + c
■ y = ax2 + bx + c
○ Cubic Functions (Year 2007)
■ y = ax3
■ y = ax3 + c
○ Reciprocal Functions (Year 2006)
■ y=a/x
● Transformations
○ Translation
○ Reflection
○ Rotation
○ Enlargement (be careful with the word ‘to’ and ‘from’ because it determines the image would be
smaller or bigger)
○ A combined transformation AB means transformation B followed by transformation A.
● Earth as a Sphere
○ Longitude is the vertical line that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.
○ Latitude is the horizontal line that specifies the north-south position of a point on the
○ Earth’s surface.
○ Nautical mile is the unit used to describe the distance between two points along the common
longitude.
○ Nautical mile = Distance between latitudes x 60
● Plans and Elevations
○ Orthogonal Projections
■ The edge which can be seen from view direction is drawn as a full line.
■ The edge which is hidden from view direction is drawn as a dashed line ( ------ ).
○ Plans and Elevations
■ Plan is looked from above.
■ Elevation is looked from the side of the solid.
■ The length and the edge (ABCD) should be stated correctly.
SPM ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
EXAMINATION FORMAT
Short Questions
Paper 1 2 hr
Section A:
2 hr Section B:
Paper 2
30 min ● 5 Questions (answer 4) 40 marks
Section C:
GENERAL TIPS
● Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.
○ Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite decimal places.
○ Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.
● For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value (22/7 or 3.142).
● For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the diagram.
● You are allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be given for the correct solutions /
answers, and no marks will be deducted for wrong solutions / answers.
● For a part of the question that require to use answer from the previous part of the question, if your
answer for the previous part is wrong and you use it for this part, you will still get marks for correct
workings although you will not get marks for the final answer.
PAPER 1
● It is not compulsory to write full workings. You will be given full marks if your final answer is correct.
● However, you are strongly advised to write full workings as they might earn you some marks if your
final answer is wrong.
PAPER 2
● If you have the time, answer an extra question in Section C.
○ The examiner will mark all 3 answers and choose the 2 answers with the highest marks. A
common strategy to tackle Section C would be to master both Form 4 topics (Solution of Triangles
and Index Number) and study one of the Form 5 topics (Motion along a Straight Line and Linear
Programming) as your back-up plan if you have extra time.
○ If you miss an important step, mark for that step will not be given. However, you will still be given
marks for the correct subsequent steps and final answer.
○ Correct answer without workings will get 1 mark.
SPM PHYSICS
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
2 hr Section B:
Paper 2
Section C:
GENERAL TIPS
● Physics is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone looking to pursue
sciences in their higher education.
● The total marks for all paper is 190 marks. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and
paper 3.
● Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1 to push your grade to an
A.
● Physics requires an understanding of concepts and applications of formulas.
● You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school because these practicals
are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate them step-by-step in the form of an essay.
● Use Youtube videos to visualize models for better understanding. Use some of the institutes below to
help you.
○ Tutorvista
○ GuideTuition
○ Khan Academy
● You must use correct terms for definitions (e.g mass, not weight).
PAPER 1
● Always remove the answers you know aren’t possible and narrow down possible answers to increase
probability of correct answers.
● Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’ ‘which of the following is not’ and other keywords that
can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
● Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall understanding.
PAPER 2
given.
● You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a concern but
misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked. You can also use diagrams,
equations or graphs where suitable
● Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form, but some
inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do so.
● Make sure you know the difference between the following:
○ State: Usually 1-mark question. Just answer the question directly. No further information
necessary.
○ Define: Give the standard definition using biological words and keywords.
○ Describe: Simply write what you see.
○ Explain: Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and what it means.
○ Suggest: Based on your knowledge of the topic, you must apply it to solve the problem in the
question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to the question, you should gain marks
for this.
● Must-study topics:
○ Form 4: Chapter 2 & 3
○ Form 5: Chapter 4 & 5
SPM BIOLOGY
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
● Structured Questions (5 questions, answer ALL) 60 marks
2 hr ● 12 marks per question
Paper 2
30 min Section B:
● Essay Questions (4 questions, answer 2) 40 marks
● 20 marks per question
GENERAL TIPS
● Biology is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone looking to pursue
health/life sciences in their higher education.
● The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded is actually ½ a mark.
Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and paper 3.
● Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1 to push your grade to an
A.
● Biology requires memorisation through understanding - if you view your topics as a single story about
life, it is much easier to connect your learning.
● You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school because these practicals
are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate them step-by-step in the form of an essay.
● Use Youtube videos to visualize models for better understanding. Use some of the institutes below to
help you.
○ Tutorvista
○ GuideTuition
○ Khan Academy
● You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes - as the marking scheme is based
on keywords and not understanding of theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being
able to understand and explain processes.
PAPER 1
● Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’ ‘which of the following is not’ and other keywords that
● Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so make sure you know main
organs and processes like the lungs, reproductive system, mitosis, osmosis.
PAPER 2
○ If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps and final answer will not
be given.
○ However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you will get some
marks for the correct workings.
● You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a concern but
equations or graphs where suitable
● Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form, but some
○ State: Usually a 1-mark question. Just answer the question directly. No further information
necessary.
○ Describe: Simply write what you see.
question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to the question, you should gain
marks for this.
● See the example below:
○ State the organ where the alveoli is found.
■ Answer: Lungs
○ Define respiration.
■ Answer: A process of living organisms involving the production of energy, typically
with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of
complex organic substances.
○ Describe the function of alveoli.
■ Answer: The function of the alveoli is to assist in oxygen exchange by providing a
large surface area.
○ Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the alveoli.
■ Answer: The change in partial pressure from the alveoli (high concentration) to the
capillaries (low concentration) drives the oxygen into the tissue and the carbon
dioxide into the blood (high concentration) from the tissues (low concentration), which
is then returned to the lungs and exhaled.
○ Suggest how alveoli are similar to leaves in the photosynthesis process.
■ Answer: They both maximize the ratio of surface area to volume to try to facilitate
some type of exchange. In the case of a leaf, it has a large surface area to help
maximize the amount sunlight that it can capture to produce food via photosynthesis.
In the case of alveoli, the more surface area there is in the alveoli, the faster and
more efficiently the gas exchange happens.
SPM CHEMISTRY
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
2 hr Section B:
Paper 2
Section C:
GENERAL TIPS
● To score in this paper you it is important that you need to understand and apply the knowledge in the
exams.
● Do list all formulas & equations that are covered in Form 4 & Form 5.
● You need to be familiar with all the experiment carried out in the reference book. Ensure that you
understand Aim, Problem Statement, Hypothesis, Variables, List of Materials & Apparatus, Diagram of
set-up apparatus, Procedure, Tabulation of Data and Conclusion for all experiments. This is useful for
Paper 3 & Paper 2 Section C (PEKA).
● Facts that doesn’t have explanation, do memorise it. This is particularly useful for Paper 1 (MCQ).
● For calculation questions, go through sample questions and you need to know how do you apply the
calculations.
● Practice using model questions and past year questions. This is useful for you to prepare yourself
before the actual exam.
PAPER 1
● Due to a short time given for this paper, organise your time properly. Do not dwell on a question for a
long time if you’re unable to decide on your answer. Narrow down your answer and that way you’ll be
won’t swayed from the correct answer.
PAPER 2
● When you answer this paper, try using similar words or sentences from your revision answers.
● It’ll be good if you can apply the chemistry terms in your answer.
● Read the question carefully to avoid answering out of topic. Also, your answers need to be specific
and not too general to the extend its up to the marker to decipher the meaning.
● Be careful in writing down the units and quantities. The marker is very particular on this area. Also, for
your working calculation, write down your workings clearly as it will give you marks for the working
steps. Even if your answer at the end of the calculation is wrong, you’ll still be awarded marks for the
working.
● It is advisable that you answer in complete sentences as it’ll be ease the marker understandability.
● You will not be penalised if extra points are written as long as it is understandable. However, if wrong
facts were given, the marker may deduct your marks.
● When you tackle questions on experiment, do enhance your explanation and don’t forget to include
the List of Materials, Apparatus, Procedure, Tabulation of Data and other important information. It’s
important you include the amount and concentration of the substances that are used.
● For graph, ensure that you label both axis and units correctly. Plot it accurately. If the graph line is
needs to be linked to the points in the graph, plot it clearly. If the line doesn’t connect the points,
ensure the points above and below of the line have an equal spacing. The graph should cover at least
half of the paper.
SPM SCIENCE
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
Section B:
2 hr
Paper 2 ● 5 Questions (answer ALL) 30 marks
30 min
Section C:
● 1 Compulsory Question 10 marks
● 2 Optional Questions (answer 1) 10 marks
GENERAL TIPS
● Science is a compulsory subject taken by all non-pure science students.
● Science requires memorization through understanding – you must know key concepts.
● You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes, correct chemistry notations for
substances, and correct units for calculations and measurements – as the marking scheme is based
on keywords and not understanding of theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being
able to understand and explain the processes.
PAPER 1
● Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’, ‘which of the following is not’ and other keywords that
PAPER 2
● Go through past year questions and familiarize yourself with the pattern of the questions. The pattern
● You must answer ALL questions in Section A and B, and Question 10 and either Question 11 or 12 in
Section C.
● Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every question!
given.
● You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentence – grammar is not a concern but
equations or graphs where suitable.
● Do not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form, but some
○ State: Usually 1-mark question. Just answer the question directly.
○ Describe: Simply write what you see
question.
SPM PENDIDIKAN MORAL
EXAMINATION FORMAT
Section A:
2 hr ● 8 Questions (answer ALL) 80 marks
Paper 1
30 min Section B:
GENERAL TIPS
● Questions for SPM Pendidikan Moral will come from the list of 36 “Nilai” in the syllabus together with
the “Definisi” and “Kata Kunci”. Everything about these 36 “Nilai” will help you in scoring for your
paper so make sure to memorize the exact thing as per the syllabus, from the spelling up to the
“imbuhan”. On top of that, take time to understand about each “Nilai”. If you cannot understand the
meaning of each “Nilai” by yourself, ask your teachers and friends. Listening to different people’s
perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding
● Constant and consistent revision of every “Nilai” will help you to understand and remember what you
have read better. As the saying goes, “practice makes perfect”. Revise as many times as you need
until you can confidently answer the practice questions given to you. Always go through the “Nilai”,
“Definisi” and “Kata Kunci” because you never know what you might have forgotten; and sometimes it
even helps you to understand better, hence remember better.
● Remember that besides reading, you will also need to do exercises and practice questions. Start by
doing the questions topic by topic, “Nilai” by “Nilai” so that you know where you need to improve
yourself further on. When you think you have sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed
with doing SPM model test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year actual SPM
questions.
● Do refer to the marking scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you understand how scores are
given for each question. This is important so that you can formulate your strategy in answering those
questions which help you tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers
● Revision before the SPM Pendidikan Moral exam requires you to employ a different strategy. Start
with going through the subtopics that you feel you are the weakest at before going to the subtopics
that are are good at.
PAPER 1
Section A
● Questions on “Nilai” require you to use only the “Nilai” in the syllabus and this is where understanding
what each “Nilai” meant plays a very important role. By choosing the most suitable and relevant
“Nilai”, you will be able to answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the
marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: “Nilai”,
“Penerangan” and “Contoh”.
○ 1 “Nilai” = 1 Mark: You only need to list the “Nilai”.
○ 1 “Nilai” = 2 Marks: You will need to list the “Nilai” and “Penerangan”.
○ 1 “Nilai” = 3 Marks: You will need to list the “Nilai”, “Penerangan” and “Contoh”.
● Ways to answer following elements:
○ Nilai: You should include the word “Nilai” in front of the “Nilai” that you wrote.
○ Penerangan: Include the situation and one “Kata Kunci” of the “Nilai”.
○ Contoh: Include an example that can allow the individual to relate to the “Penerangan”.
● The spelling, “imbuhan” and “susunan” must be the same for all “Nilai”, “Kata Kunci” and “Situasi”.
The “Definisi Nilai” must also be the exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical
and spelling errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in Pendidikan Moral),
hence you want to be as careful as you can be.
● Opinionated questions, require you to give your own ideas. That is how by listening to different
people’s perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding;
which will allow you to provide a very relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your
“Nilai” might not be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation may give them a newer
perspective and understanding. Being specific is the key here; instead of giving a general idea.
● Questions regarding Akta, Tokoh and Pertubuhan (and any other similar nature questions), will
require your general knowledge and relevant facts from your reference material such as textbooks or
revision books. Try to avoid short forms here because you might be penalized on your marks.
Section B
● Questions in Section B usually requires you to give your ideas and/or opinions. The purpose of this
part is to test a student’s ability to use moral knowledge critically to analyse, evaluate, make decisions
and solve moral issue.
● Similar to opinionated questions in Section A, opinionated questions in Section B require you to give
your own ideas. That is how by listening to different people’s perspective on how they understand
certain things will give you a very broad understanding; which will allow you to provide a very relevant
explanation. This is where sometimes even if your “Nilai” might not be particularly accurate on first
glance, your explanation may give them a newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the
key here; instead of giving a general idea.
● Similar to Section A, depending on the question and the marks allocated for the question, the answers
are usually separated into these 3 elements: “Fakta”, “Huraian” and “Huraian Lanjut”.
○ 5 answers: You will need to give 5 “Fakta” and 5 “Huraian”
○ 3 answers: You will need to give 3 “Fakta”, 3 “Huraian” and 3 “Huraian Lanjut”
● Similar to Section A, questions on “Nilai” require you to use only the “Nilai” in the syllabus and this is
where understanding what each “Nilai” meant plays a very important role. By choosing the most
suitable and relevant “Nilai”, you will be able to answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the
question and the marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3
elements: “Nilai”, “Penerangan” and “Contoh”.
IMPORTANT REMINDER: The spelling, “imbuhan” and “susunan” must be the same for all “Nilai”, “Kata
Kunci” and “Situasi”. The “Definisi Nilai” must also be the exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any
grammatical and spelling errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in Pendidikan
Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.
SPM PRINSIP PERAKAUNAN
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
60 marks
Paper 2
30 min Section B:
40 marks
GENERAL TIPS
Dokumen Perniagaan
● Soalan ini seolah-olah menjadi soalan utama dan wajib dikuasi oleh setiap calon kerana ia
menghasilkan jumlah markah yang terbanyak iaitu 29 markah. Biasanya soalan ini memberikan
dokumen-dokumen perniagaan antara 13 hinggs 15 jumlahnya. Antaranya ialah Invois (Jualan dan
Belian), resit rasmi, penyata akaun, keratan cek, slip bank, bil tunai, baucer, nota kredit, nota debit,
memo, dan lain-lain.
● Calon dikehendaki merekod semua urusniaga berdasarkan dokumen-dokumen tersebut ke dalam
buku-buku catatan pertama (jurnal) dan seterusnya membuat posting ke akaun-akaun lejar yang
berkenaan. Akhirnya calon dikehendaki menyediakan Imbangan Duga berdasatkan baki-baki akhir
dalam akaun-akaun lejar.
● Jika calon-calon benar-benar meneliti semua kertas soalan yang lepas, adalah didapati bahawa
semua dokumen yang diberi disusun mengikut tarikh menaik. Oleh itu sebagai panduan umum, bagi
memudahkan calon menjawab, calon-calon hendaklah menyelesaikan soalan ini satu demi satu
berdasarkan dokumen yang diberi mengikut susunan seperti dalam soalan. Dengan cara ini dapat
mengelakkan calon daripada tertinggal mencatatkan mana-mana urusniaga.
● Buku-buku catatan pertama yang dimaksudkan ialah:
○ Jurnal AmJurnal
○ Belian Jurnal
○ Jualan Jurnal
○ Pulangan Belian
○ Jurnal Pulangan Jualan
○ Buku Tunai (dua atau tiga ruangan)
○ Buku Tunai Runcit
● Oleh hal yang demikian, calon hendaklah mengetahui di dalam buku catatan pertama manakah setiap
urusniaga yang diberikan itu perlu direkodkan. Merekod urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal yang salah
akan mengakibatkan calon kehilangan markah. Juga kesilapan merekod sesuatu urusniaga ke dalam
jernal lebih daripada satu kali akan mengakibatkan calon tidak mendapat markah (kecuali modal
permulaan perniagaan dan catatan pembukaan) boleh direkod dua kali (dalam jurnal am dan buku
tunai). Calon dianggap meneka jika mereka merekod sesuatu urusniaga dua kali atau lebih, yang
mengakibatkan kedua-dua catatan yang dibuat itu dianggap salah dan tidak diberi sebarang markah.
Panduan-panduan berikut perlu diberi perhatian olah calon apabila merekod urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal:
Jurnal Am
● Tajuk Jurnal Am mesti ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan segala kandungan Jurnal Am
tidak mendapat markah yang sewajarnya.
● Mesti tulis ruangan tarikh, butir, debit dan kredit. Jangan tulis butiran dalam bentuk esei. Apa yang
perlu ditulis ialah nama-nama akaun.
● Tarikh hendaklah ditulis bagi setiap urusniaga yang direkodkan. Jika terdapat beberapa urusniaga
yang berlainan berlaku pada tarikh yang sama memadai ditulis sekali sahaja pada urusniaga yang
pertama.
● Peraturan merekod Jurnal Am ialah mesti dahului catatan Debit dan diikuti catatan Kredit. Jangan
sekali-kali dahului catatan kredit dan diikuti dengan catatan debit. Biasanya catatan debit
sahaja/kredit sahaja tidak diterima.
● Setiap catatan dalam jurnal am mesti diikuti oleh satu keterangan yang mesti ditulis di dalam
kurungan bagi menjelaskan urusniaga yang berlaku.
● Hanya satu Jurnal Am biasanya dikehendaki. Oleh itu jangan buat Jurnal Am lebih daripada satu atau
secara berasingan bagi setiap urusniaga.
Buku Tunai
● Tajuk Buku Tunai hendaklah ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan segala kandungan buku
tunai tidak diterima.
● Tarikh dan butir mesti betul untuk mendapat markah pada sesuatu angka yang direkodkan.
● Jangan tulis butiran dalam entuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah nama-nama akaun.
● Tajuk bagi ruangan Diskaun, Tunai dan Bank hendaklah ditulis dengan jelas di kedua-dua bahagian
debit dan kredit Buku Tunai. Biasanya Buku Tunai yang dibuat satu ruangan sahaja, tidak diterima.
● Sebaik-baiknya semua catatan dalam Buku Tunai hendaklah direkodkan mengikut urutan tarikh
urusniaga berlaku.
● Baki akhir (baki h/b) ruangan tunai dan bank hendaklah ditunjukkan.
Jurnal Belian
● Jangan sekali-kali buat jurnal belian dalam bentuk jurnal am.
● Tajuk Jurnal Belian mesti ditulis dengan jelas.
● Tarikh, butir dan angka mesti betul untuk memperolehi markah.
● Biasanya ruang no invois, detil invois tidak perlu direkodkan untuk menjimatkan masa. Apa yang
penting calon hendaklah turus sahaja merekod di ruangan jumlah dengan angka bersih (angka bersih
diperolehi di akhir sesuatu invois).
● Catatan dalam jurnal mestilah dibuat mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku
● Di akhir bulan / di hujung sesuatu tempoh perakaunan, sesuatu jurnal itu hendaklah ditutup dan
dihitung jumlahnya. Tarikh penutupan jurnal hendaklah ditulis. Berhati-hati menulis butiran bagi
menutup sesuatu jurnal. Tidak menulis tarikh dan butiran yang betul mengakibatkan calon kehilangan
markah.
● Butiran yang boleh diterima pakai ialah: Akaun Belian (Dt) atau Jumlah Belian Kredit. Butiran-butiran
lain tidak diterima
Jurnal Jualan / Jurnal Pulangan Belian / Jurnal Pulangan Jualan

● Panduan yang sama seperti di atas dipakai.
Akaun-Akaun Lejar
● Tajuk setiap akaun mestilah ditulis dengan betul dan jelas.
● Untuk mendapat markah setiap catatan mesti ditulis butir dan angka yang betul.
● Calon biasanya kehilangan markah kerana mereka membuat akaun yang sama dua kali atau lebih.
Dengan kata lain akaun yang sama tidak boleh diulang dua kali atau lebih.
● Tarikh bagi setiap catatan perlu direkod dengan betul. Walau bagaimanapun tarikh tidak begitu
penting dan boleh di abaikan.
● Bila membuat posting dari Jurnal-jurnal Khas ke akaun-akaun berkenaan, butiran dalam akaun tidak
boleh ditulis nama secara individu menggantikan "pelbagai penghutang/pelbagai pemiutang".
Imbangan Duga
● Tajuk dan tarikh Ibangan Duga hendaklah ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis
dengan betul dan lengkap anda akan kehilangan markah. Tajuk yang betul hendaklah ditulis sebagai
contoh berikut: Imbangan Duga Pada 31 Disember 20xx
● Butiran dan angka mestilah betul untuk mendapatkan markah. Debit dan kredit butiran berkenaan
juga mesti betul.
● Angka-angka dalam Imbangan Duga mesti sama dengan angka baki-baki dalam akaun lejar
berkenaan dan baki tunai dan bank dalam Buku Tunai sahaja.
● Angka jumlah keseimbangan Debit dan Kredit tidak penting (biasanya tidak diberi markah). Oleh itu
jika calon mendapati jumlahnya tidak seimbang jangan membuang masa menjadikannya seimbang.
Pelarasan Akaun
● Pelarasan dilakukan ke atas butiran akaun kerana mematuhi:
○ Tempoh Perakaunan
○ Konvensyen Perakaunan
● Di antara butiran akaun yang perlu dilaraskan:
○ Belanja
○ Hasil
○ Hutang Lapuk
○ Peruntukan Hutang Ragu
○ Susut nilai
○ Butiran akaun yang belum direkod
● Persembahan perakaunan, ditunjukkan dalam akaun penamat dalam bentuk:
○ T akaun
○ Penyata
○ Lembaran Kerja
● Dalam penyediaan pelajar MESTI menjaga:
○ Komponan
○ Struktur akaun
Pelarasan Dalam Bentuk Penyata

Jawapan anda perlu ada dalam format Kertas Jawapan – Guna kertas Jurnal/Kajang
● Langkah 1: Tulis Tajuk
● Langkah 2: Catat komponan akaun:
○ Penyata Pendapatan:
■ Jualan
■ Tolak Kos Jualan
■ (+) Lain – Lain Hasil
■ (-) Belanja
● Langkah 3: Kunci Kira-Kira:
○ Aset Tetap
○ Aset Semasa
○ (-) Liabiliti Semasa
○ Dibiayai oleh:
○ Liabiliti Jangka Panjang
● Langkah 4: Selesai Maklumat Tambahan melalui Pendekatan CB / ID
● Langkah 5: Ambil butiran akaun dalan ID terselaras dan catat dalam komponan / format disediakan
● Pengiraan tidak perlu ditunjukkan dalam kertas jawapan anda.
Kecuaian yang pelajar selalu buat dalam peperiksaan

Beberapa kelemahan atau kesalahan umum calon di dalam peperiksaan kertas Prinsip Akaun yang telah
dikenal pasti. Antaranya ialah:
● Menjawab soalan dengan terlalu gopoh.
● Tidak memahami kehendak / tugasan soalan terutamanya bagi pelarasan.
● Cuai dalam membuat pengiraan.
● Tidak dapat menguasai format akaun yang betul.
● Tidak mempunyai kaedah penyelesaian yang sistematik dan teratur.
● Lemah dalam kemahiran mengira dengan cepat.
● Tidak menjawab mengikut kehendak soalan.
● Kurang membuat latihan/latih tubi yang mencukupi.
● Membuang masa atau tidak pandai merancang dan mengagihkan masa mengikut kehendak soalan
dan peruntukan markah.
● Tidak berkebolehan menggunakan maklumat dan butir-butir yang disediakan di dalam soalan dengan
teliti.
● Tulisan tidak kemas dan sukar dibaca. Angka-angka tidak ditulis dengan jelas.
● Catatan-catatan dalam jurnal dan lejar tidak dibuat dengan teratur.
SPM PERNIAGAAN (PERDAGANGAN)
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
50 marks
2 hr Section B:
Paper 2 30 marks
15 min ● 3 Questions (answer 2)
Section C:
20 marks
● 1 Question (answer ALL)
PERBANKAN DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN LAIN

● Sistem Perbankan Konvensional
○ Sistem perbankan British yang diubahsuai mengikut peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Bank
Negara Malaysia (BNM)
○ Berlandaskan prinsip komersial iaitu keuntungan dan kecekapan
● Sistem Perbankan Islam
○ Berdasarkan prinsip Islam
○ Tiada mengamalkan riba dan faedah
● Perbezaan Sistem Pembankan
Konvensional Islam
Mengandungi unsur riba Mangharamkan unsur riba
Mengikuti peraturan BNM Mengikuti peraturan BNM dan hukum syariah
Bebas melabur dalam semua sektor Hanya melabur di sektor halal
Pakar perbankan konvensional sebagai Ulama, ahli akademik, pakar perbankan Islam
penasihat sebagai penasihat
● Jenis Bank
○ Bank Pusat
○ Bank Perdagangan dan Bank Islam
○ Bank Saudagar
○ Bank Badan Berkanun
○ Bank Koperasi
● Fungsi Bank Negara Malaysia
○ Mengeluarkan dan mengawal mata wang Negara
○ Menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan
○ Laksanakan dasar kewangan kerajaan
○ Menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan
● Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
○ Terima simpanan (akaun simpanan / tetap/ semasa)
○ Beri kemudahan pembiayaan (pinjaman / overdraf)
○ Beri kemudahan pembayaran (pindahan kredit / arahan tetap)
○ Beri perkhidmatan lain (kad kredit / peti simpanan selamat)
● Fungsi Bank Saudagar
○ Terima simpanan dari syarikat besar
○ Beri pinjaman
○ Beri khidmat nasihat korporat
○ Urus pelaburan syarikat berhad
○ Tangung jamin terbitan syer
● Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun Bank Simpanan Nasional
○ Terima simpanan
○ Beri pinjaman
○ Tawar kad kredit
○ Sedia perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
● Bank Pembangunan dan Infrastruktur Malaysia Berhad
○ Biaya aset tetap
○ Biaya modal kerja
○ Sedia skim kilang bimbingan
○ Sedia tabung usahawan baru
○ Sedia modal asas untuk Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS)
● Bank Pertanian Malaysia
○ Beri pinjaman
○ Terima simpanan
○ Beri kemudahan sewa jentera
○ Anjur kursus / latihan kepada usahawan bumiputera
● Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun
○ Terima simpanan
○ Beri pinjaman
○ Tawar perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
● Ciri-Ciri Bank Islam
○ Berdasarkan hukum Islam dan peraturan syariah.
○ Tertakluk kepada Akta Bank Islam 1983.
○ Riba (bunga atau faedah) tidak dibenarkan
○ Mudharabah dan musyarakah (amalkan konsep perkongsian untung rugi)
○ Maisir iaitu perjudian tidak dibenarkan
○ 3 konsep (Wadiah, Mudharabah, Musyarakah)
● Cek
○ Dokumen perintah bertulis oleh penyimpan akaun semasa kepada pihak bank. Cek ini
bertujuan mengarahkan bank untuk membuat sejumlah bayaran pada tarikh tertentu kepada
menerima pembawa cek apabila dituntut.
● Pihak-pihak dalam sekeping Cek
○ Pesuruh bayar - bank yang mengeluarkan cek
○ Penyuruh bayar - orang / pihak yang menandatangani cek
○ Penerima - orang / pihak yang menerima bayaran
● Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Cek
Kelebihan Kekurangan
Selamat Bukan wang sah
Boleh tangguh pembayaran Melambatkan process penerimaan wang
Boleh batalkan pembayaran Penerima cek berisiko menerima cek tak sah
Murah Kos dikenakan di atas penggunaan cek
Tidak perlu mengira duit
Boleh dihantar melalui pos
INSURANS
● Istilah
○ Insurer - Syarikat insurans yang memberi perlindungan
○ Insured - Orang yang membeli polisi insurans
○ Premium - Bayaran yang dijelaskan oleh insured untuk mendapatkan perlindungan
○ Polisi - Perjanjian antara insurer dan insured
○ Pampasan - gantirugi yang dibayar jika berlaku risiko
● Peranan Insurans
Kepada Peniaga Kepada Individu Kepada Negara
Melindungi daripada risiko Melindungi individu dan Membangunkan ekonomi

keluarga dari risiko negara
Dapat pampasan jika risiko Dapat pampasan jika risiko Memberi peluang pekerjaan
berlaku berlaku
Lebih yakin untuk memajukan Jaminan masa depan Taraf hidup rakyat meningkat
perniagaan
Satu cara menabung
● Risiko Boleh Insurans

○ Risiko boleh dikira secara statistik. Ada rekod kejadian lalu
○ Kadar premium boleh ditetapkan
○ Cth: Kebakaran, kecurian
● Risiko Tidak Boleh Diinsuranskan
○ Tidak doleh dikira. Tiada rekod kejadian
○ Kadar premium sukar ditetapkan
○ Cth: Perubahan fesyen, hutang lapuk
● Prinsip Insurans
○ Penuh Percaya Mutlak
○ Indemniti
■ Sumbangan
■ Subrograsi
■ Doktrin punya hampiran
● Jenis Insurans
○ Insurans Am
■ Insurans Kemalangan
● Insurans Kenderaan Bermotor
○ Insurans motor pihak ketiga
○ Insurans Motor Komprehensif
● Insurans Kemalangan Peribadi
● Insurans Liabiliti Am
● Insurans Liabiliti Majikan
■ Insurans Kebakaran
■ Insurans Marin/Penerbangan/Perkapalan
■ Insurans lain
○ Insurans Hayat
■ Insurans Hayat Seumur Hidup
■ Insurans Hayat Sementara
■ Insurans Endowmen
○ Insurans Islam
■ Konsep Takaful
● Diuruskan berdasarkan hukum syariah
● Guna 3 prinsip insurans biasa, ditambah:
○ Mudharabah - Perkongsian untung
○ Tabaruk - Derma dengan ikhlas/wujud dana bersama
● Dijalankan dengan asas:
○ Tiada Gharar - ketidakpastian
○ Tidak Maisir - perjudian
○ Tiada Riba - faedah
● Produk Skim Takaful
○ Takaful keluarga
○ Takaful Am
PENGANGKUTAN
● Definisi: Proses pemindahan barang dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain dengan menggunakan
kenderaan
● Jenis Pengangkutan
○ Pengangkutan Darat
■ Jalan raya
■ Rel
○ Pengangkutan Laut
■ Kapal Kargo
■ Kapal Kerentan
■ Feri
■ Kapal Pesisir Pantai
○ Pengangkutan Udara
■ Kapal terbang
■ Helikopter
○ Saluran Paip
● Kelebihan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya
○ Boleh serah barang dari pintu ke pintu
○ Menjimatkan masa
○ Mengurangkan kerja pemunggahan
○ Risiko barang rosak lebih kurang
○ Murah dan cepat untuk jarak dekat
○ Sesuai bawa barang diperlukan segera
○ Tiada jadual perjalanan
○ Kemudahan kenderaan mudah didapati dan banyak
○ Mudah hubungi kawasan pendalaman
● Kekurangan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya
○ Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak jauh
○ Ruang muatan terhad
○ Tidak sesuai mengangkut barang mudah pecah (contoh: kaca, seramik)
○ Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi
○ Pembaziran tenaga buruh
● Kelebihan Pengangkutan Rel
○ Murah dan cepat bagi jarak jauh
○ Ruang muatan lebih luas
○ Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal / berat / kuatiti banyak / bernilai rendah seperti kayu balak,
simen, pasir
○ Lebih selamat / kurang kemalangan dan selesa
○ Masa bertolak dan tiba diketahui mudahkan peniaga hantar / tunggu barang
● Kekurangan Pengangkutan Rel
○ Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak dekat
○ Tiada perkhidmatan pintu ke pintu
○ Banyak kerja pemunggahan
○ Risiko barang rosak / hilang tinggi
○ Tidak fleksibel kerana arah dan masa perjalanan ditetapkan
○ Rangkaian perkhidmatan keretapi terhad – tidak semua bandar dihubungkan dengan
perkhidmatan kereta api
● Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Darat
○ Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)
○ Lembaga Pelesenan Kenderaan Perdagangan (LPKP)
○ Pusat Pemeriksaan Kenderaan Berkomputer (PUSPAKOM)
○ Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)
● Kelebihan Pengangkutan Laut
○ Boleh bawa muatan banyak
○ Tambang lebih murah
○ Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal seperti kayu balak dan bijih timah
○ Lebih selamat sebab kadar kemalangan rendah
○ Tiada kesesakan lalu lintas
○ Kos penyelenggaraan sedikit
○ Banyak pilihan kapal seperti kapal kontena, kapal kargo
○ Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - cepatkan urusan kastam
● Kekurangan Pengangkutan Laut
○ Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu dan memerlukan pengangkutan lain seperti lori untuk bawa barang
dari atau ke pelabuhan
○ Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak meningkatkan risiko kecurian dan kerosakan
○ Perjalanan lambat sampai
○ Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan pelabuhan / jeti sahaja
● Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Laut
○ Perbadanan Perkapalan Antarabangsa Malaysia (MISC)
○ Jabatan Laut
○ Lembaga Pelabuhan
● Kelebihan Pengangkutan Udara
○ Sesuai bawa barang mahal dan ringan kerana kadar tambang tidak dipengaruhi oleh nilai barang
○ Sesuai bawa barang yang diperlukan segera yang memerlukan pengangkutan yang cepat /
pantas
○ Sesuai bawa barang yang tidak tahan lama untuk menjamin agar barang segar dan baik
○ Sesuai hubungi kawasan pendalaman – gunakan helikopter
○ Barang lebih selamat sebab kawalan keselamatan ketat risiko kecurian kurang oleh itu kos
insurans lebih rendah
○ Kos pergudangan rendah sebab barang segera dihantar
○ Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - mencepatkan urusan kastam
● Kekurangan Pengangkutan Udara
○ Tambang mahal
○ Saiz dan berat kargo dihadkan
○ Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu perlukan pengangkutan lain
○ Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak tingkatkan risiko kecurian dan kerosakan
○ Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan lapangan terbang sahaja
○ Penerbangan mudah tergendala jika cuaca buruk
● Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Udara
○ Penerbangan Malaysia (MAS)
○ Jabatan Penerbangan Awam (DCA)
● Kelebihan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip
○ Barang selamat daripada risiko kecurian
○ Barang segera sampai
○ Jimat kos pengangkutan kerana tidak guna bahan api
○ Kos penyelenggaraan rendah sebab kurang berlaku kerosakan
● Kekurangan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip
○ Kos pemasangan saluran paip tinggi
○ Penggunaannya terhad kepada barang cecair dan gas seperti petrolium, gas dan air
○ Kebocoran mengganggu penggunaan dan sukar dibaiki
● Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip
○ Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)
● Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Pengangkutan
○ Kos pengangkutan
○ Jenis barang yang dibawa
○ Jarak perjalanan
○ Kesegeraan
○ Risiko kerosakan
○ Nilai barang yang dibawa
KOMUNIKASI
● Fungsi Komunikasi
○ Memudah dan mempercepatkan proses penyebaran maklumat.
○ Memudahkan peniaga menjalankan aktiviti perniagaan.
○ Memudahkan kegiatan promosi.
○ Meluaskan pasaran barangan.
○ Memudahkan pentadbiran dan pengurusan.
○ Mengelakkan kerugian dan kerosakan.
● Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi
○ Televisyen dan radio.
○ Perkhidmatan Pos
■ Perkhidmatan Mel.
■ Perkhidmatan kaunter.
■ Perkhidmatan Lain.
○ Perkhidmatan Telekomunikasi
■ Perkhidmatan lisan
■ Perkhidmatan bercetak
■ Perkhidmatan Audiovisual
○ Perkhidmatan Kurier.
■ EMS
■ Poslaju Malaysia
● Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi
○ Kesegaran
○ Jenis Maklumat
○ Kos
○ Mudah didapati dan berhampiran
○ Jarak
KONSUMERISME
● Maksud konsumerisme
○ Satu perjuangan bagi melindungi hak dan kepentingan pengguna
○ Satu usaha bagi menyedarkan pengguna tentang hak mereka supaya taraf hidup meningkat
● Matlamat konsumerisme
○ Melindungi hak pengguna
○ Mewujudkan iklim perniagaan yang harmoni
○ Membina kualiti kehidupan yang lebih baik
● Pengguna
○ Orang yang menggunakan barang untuk penuhi keperluan dan kehendak
● Amalan perniagaan yang tidak sihat
○ Letak harga tidak berpatutan
○ Buat iklan mengelirukan
○ Tawar barang berkualiti rendah
○ Jual barang yang tidak selamat
● Hak pengguna
○ Hak mendapat keperluan asas
○ Hak mendapat keselamatan
○ Hak mendapat maklumat
○ Hak membuat pilihan
○ Hak mendapat ganti rugi
○ Hak bersuara
○ Hak mendapat pendidikan pengguna
○ Hak mendapat alam sekitar yang sihat
● Lima tanggungjawab pengguna
○ Kesedaran mengkritik
○ Penglibatan dan tindakan
○ Tanggungjawab sosial
○ Tanggungjawab alam semulajadi
○ Bersatu padu
● Enam tanggungjawab pengeluar
○ Praktikkan amalan perniagaan yang baik
○ Amal pengiklanan yang beretika
○ Sedia terima rungutan
○ Membantu menyebarkan pendidikan konsumerisme
○ Memelihara alam sekitar
○ Menjalankan tanggungjawab sosial
● Lima prinsip asas membeli dengan bijak
○ Menentukan jenis barang
○ Menentukan sebab membeli
○ Menentukan masa membeli
○ Memilih tempat membeli
○ Mengetahui teknik membeli
● Peranan kerajaan dalam melindungi pengguna
○ Tubuh kementerian yang menjaga hal-ehwal pengguna
○ Beri kesedaran tentang konsumerisme
○ Wujudkan akta/peraturan
○ Tubuh kementerian / jabatan untuk kuatkuasa undang-undang
● Agensi lain dan peranannya dalam melindungi pengguna
○ Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK) @ Majlis Pengguna
○ Tribunal Tuntutan Pengguna
○ Persatuan Pengguna
○ Persatuan Pengeluar
○ Persatuan Profesional
○ Persatuan Peniaga
● Etika Amalan Perniagaan
○ Diperkenalkan tahun 1982
○ Digubal oleh Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK)
○ Bertujuan mewujudkan perpaduan di kalangan peniaga, pengeluar, pengguna dan kerajaan
○ mengandungi Etika Penjual dan Etika Pembeli
○ Mempunyai 5 prinsip:
■ Kenalpasti dan akui hak-hak pengguna
■ Tidak menyampaikan maklumat yang mengelirukan
■ Patuhi prinsip perniagaan secara adil
■ Tidak burukkan pesaing
■ Amal perniagaan yang jujur
● Etika Pembeli (mengandungi dua tanggungjawab pembeli)
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap penjual
■ patuhi syarat kontrak
■ jelaskan hutang mengikut tempoh
■ tidak boleh paksa penjual sediakan perkhidmatan yang melebihi bayaran
■ tidak menawarkan harga terlalu rendah sehingga peniaga rugi
■ tidak kembalikan barang tanpa alasan yang kukuh/ tanpa tunjuk kad jaminan
■ amalkan sifat sopan santun
■ beri pandangan untuk tingkatkan kualiti barang
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat
■ libatkan diri dalam persatuan pengguna
■ jaga persekitaran tempat tinggal / pelihara alam sekitar
■ elak aktiviti pembakaran secara terbuka/ yang cemarkan alam sekitar
■ tidak sebarkan khabar angin seperti kenaikan harga barang/ kekurangan bekalan
● Etika Penjual (Mengandungi enam tanggungjawab penjual)
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap pekerja
■ jaga kebajikan pekerja dengan kemudahan tempat tinggal/pengangkutan
■ beri bimbingan /latihan untuk meningkatkan produktiviti
■ memberi ganjaran setimpal seperti gaji/bonus
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap pelanggan
■ sediakan barang berkualiti
■ sentiasa berusaha tingkatkan kualiti barang
■ tepati keperluan dan kehendak pengguna
■ jual barang pada harga berpatutan
■ beri maklumat yang lengkap
■ adakan kempen promosi yang jujur
■ sediakan khidmat lepas jualan / khidmat nasihat
■ beri layanan sama rata
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap pemodal
■ maklumkan kedudukan pelaburan / perniagaan
■ beri kadar pulangan yang memuaskan
■ jalankan pengurusan yang cekaP
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap pembekal
■ layanan adil kepada semua pembekal
■ patuhi segala syarat kontrak
■ berusaha jual barang dengan segera
■ amalkan ‘sistem payung’
■ pastikan syarat kontrak jelas
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat
■ pelihara alam sekitar
■ guna sumber yang manfaatkan masyarakat
■ beri sumbangan kepada pembangunan / penyelidikan melalui biasiswa / subsidi
○ Tanggungjawab terhadap kerajaan
■ bayar cukai
■ sedia peluang pekerjaan
■ guna sumber bahan mentah tempatan dengan cekap
■ adakan rundingan dengan kerajaan mengenai penggubalan / perlaksanaan dasar
SPM EKONOMI
EXAMINATION FORMAT

Paper 1
Section A:
60 marks
Paper 2
15 min Section B:
40 marks
PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI

● Ekonomi
○ Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad untuk memenuhi
kehendak yang tidak terhak.
● Sumber ekonomi terhad terdiri daripada:
○ Buruh
○ Tanah
○ Modal
○ Usahawan
● Unit ekonomi terdiri daripada:
○ Isi rumah
○ Firma
○ Kerajaan
● Masalah ekonomi:
○ Kekurangan
○ Pilihan
○ Kos Lepas
● Jenis-jenis barang:
○ Barang Percuma
○ Barang Awam
○ Barang Ekonomi
● Masalah asas ekonomi terdiri daripada:
○ Apa yang hendak dikeluarkan
○ Berapa yang hendak dikeluarkan
○ Bagaimana hendak dikeluarkan
○ Untuk siapa dikeluarkan
● Empat sistem ekonomi:
○ Kapitalis
○ Perancangan Pusat
○ Ekonomi Campuran
○ Islam
PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU DAN PENGGUNAAN PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU

● Ekonomi
○ Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad untuk memenuhi
kehendak yang tidak terhak.
● Tiga sektor ekonomi:
○ Sektor Utama/ Sektor Primer
■ Melibatkan pengeluaran secara langsung daripada alam semula jadi sama ada dari darat
atau laut
■ Contoh: Pertanian, penternakan, perhutanan dan lain-lain
○ Sektor Kedua
■ Melibatkan pemprosesan bahan mentah dari sektor utama untuk menghasilkan barang
■ Contoh: Arkitek, Kontraktor, Juruteknik Kilang dan lain-lain
○ Sektor Ketiga
■ Penyediaan perkhidmatan secara langsung kepada pengguna
■ Contoh: Doktor, peguam, guru, jururawat
● Faktor Pemilihan Pekerjaan
○ Upah Wang
○ Faedah Sampingan
○ Faktor Lain (minat, jarak, prospek pekerjaan, suasana tempat kerja, kelayakan akademik,
keadaan ekonomi semasa)
● Jenis Pendapatan Individu
○ Upah/Gaji (Upah Benar = Upah Wang / Harga Purata Barang
○ Faedah (Pokok x Kadar Faedah x Tempoh)
○ Dividen
○ Untung (Hasil - Kos)
○ Sewa
○ Bayaran Pindahan
● Pendapatan Boleh Guna = Jumlah pendapatan - Potongan wajib
● Potongan Wajib terdiri daripada:
○ Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja (KWSP)
○ Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO)
○ Zakat
○ Cukai Pendapatan
● Perbelanjaan penggunaan terdiri daripada:
○ Keperluan
■ Keperluan asas
■ Keperluan lain
○ Kehendak
● Tabungan
○ Tabungan = Pendapatan Boleh Guna - Perbelanjaan Penggunaan
ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI PENGGUNA

● Isi Rumah
○ Isi Rumah = Individu atau keluarga yang tinggal dalam satu rumah dan akan membuat keputusan
ekonomi untuk kepentingan bersama
● Peranan Isi Rumah:
○ Sebagai pembekal faktor-faktor pengeluaran
○ Sebagai pengguna barang dan perkhidmatan
● Konsep Utiliti:
○ Tingkat atau ukuran kepuasan yang diperoleh oleh isi rumah daripada penggunaan barang dan
perkhidmatan
● Hukum Permintaan
○ Dengan andaian ceteris paribus, semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang, semakin kurang kuantiti
yang diminta. Semakin rendah harga barang, semakin banyak kuantiti yang diminta.
● Penentu Pemintaan
○ Harga Barang Itu
○ Harga Barang Lain
○ Pendapatan Individu
○ Cita Rasa Pengguna
○ Jangkaan Harga Pada Masa Depan
○ Musim
○ Dasar Kerajaan
● Keanjalan harga
○ Keanjalan harga = Peratus perubahan dalam kuantiti yang diminta terhadap sesuatu barang atau
perkhidmatan kesan daripada peratus perubahan harga barang itu
● Strategi Perubahan Harga:
○ Anjal
■ Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat
■ Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
○ Tidak Anjal
■ Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
■ Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat
○ Anjal Satu
■ Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil tidak berubah
■ Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Tidak berubah
FIRMA SEBAGAI PENGELUAR

● Firm ialah satu unit ekonomi atau sebuah organisasi yang merancang bagaimana menggunakan input
(faktor-faktor pengeluaran) untuk, menghasilkan output (barang dan perkhidmatan).
● Objektif Firma adalah untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan.
● Konsep Pengeluaran ialah aktiviti menggabungkan faktor-faktor pengeluaran (input) untuk
menghasilkan keluaran (output).
● Dua jenis input:
○ Input tetap
○ Input berubah
● Jangka masa pengeluaran
○ Jangka masa pengeluaran ialah jangka masa apabila firma mampu mengubah input tetap
menjadi input berubah.
● Jumlah keluaran
○ Jumlah unit barang yang mampu dikeluarkan daripada gabungan input tetap dan input berubah.
● Keluaran Purata
○ Jumlah keluaran yang boleh dihasilkan oleh setiap unit input berubah
○ Keluaran Purata = Jumlah keluaran/Input berubah
● Keluaran Sut
○ Pertambahan jumlah keluaran akibat pertambahan satu unit lagi input berubah
○ Keluaran Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran/ Perubahan Jumlah Input Berubah
● Jumlah Kos
○ Jumlah perbelanjaan yang terpaksa ditanggung untuk menghasilkan output
○ Jumlah Kos = Kos tetap + Kos berubah
● Kos Purata
○ Perbelanjaan (kos) bagi setiap unit keluaran yang dihasilkan
○ Kos Purata = Jumlah Kos / Jumlah Keluaran
● Kos Sut
○ Pertambahan kos akibat daripada pertambahan satu unit keluaran
○ Kos Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Kos / Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
● Hukum penawaran menyatakan bahawa semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang, semakin banyak
kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh firma.
● Faktor penawaran:
○ Harga barang itu
○ Harga barang lain
○ Harga faktor pengeluaran
○ Tingkat teknologi
○ Jangkaan harga pada masa depan
○ Cuaca
○ Matlamat pengeluar
○ Dasar kerajaan
PASARAN
● Pasaran merupakan suatu situasi yang membolehkan para pembeli dan penjual berinteraksi antara
satu sama lain dengan tujuan berjual beli barang atau perkhidmatan.
● Dua jenis pasaran:
○ Pasaran langsung
○ Pasaran tidak langsung
● Pasaran barangan merupakan institusi yang membolehkan penjual dan pembeli berinteraksi dengan
tujuan untuk berjual beli barang dan perkhidmatan.
● Permintaan pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar semua kuantiti barang yang
diminta oleh semua individu di pasaran pada setiap tingkat harga bagi suatu jangka masa tertentu.
● Penawaran pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh
setiap firma pada tingkat harga tertentu dan dalam jangka masa tertentu.
● Keseimbangan pasaran dicapai apabila jumlah kuantiti yang diminta sama dengan jumlah kuantiti
yang ditawarkan pada suatu tingkat harga tertentu.
● Pasaran faktor merupakan tempat faktor-faktor pengeluaran diuruskan.
● Pasaran faktor terdiri daripada:
○ Pasaran Buruh
○ Pasaran Modal
○ Pasaran Tanah
● Aliran pusingan pendapatan dalam ekonomi dua sektor ditakrifkan sebagai aliran pendapatan faktor
daripada sektor firma kepada sektor isi rumah dan aliran perbelanjaan penggunaan daripada sektor
isi rumah kepada sektor firma.
● Aliran fizikal melibatkan pergerakan barang dan perkhidmatan serta faktor-faktor pengeluaran antara
sektor isi rumah dan sektor firma.
● Aliran wang melibatkan aliran pendapatan faktor-faktor pengeluaran dan aliran perbelanjaan isi
rumah.
WANG DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN
● Wang merupakan sebarang benda yang diterima umum sebagai alat perantaraan pertukaran.
● Sistem barter ialah sistem pertukaran barang secara langsung antara seorang individu dan individu
lain.
● Kelemahan Sistem Barter:
○ memerlukan dua kehendak serentak
○ barang sukar dibahagikan kepada unit kecil
○ barang tidak mempunyai simpanan nilai yang bail
○ barang tidak mempunyai ukuran nilai
● Ciri-Ciri Wang
○ Diterima umum
○ Penawaran yang terhad
○ Kestabilan nilai
○ Tahan lama
○ Mudah dibawa
○ Boleh dibahagikan kepada unit-unit yang kecil
● Jenis Wang
○ Duit Syiling
○ Wang Kertas
○ Deposit Semasa
● Fungsi Wang
○ Alat perantaraan pertukaran
○ Alat simpanan nilai
○ Alat bayaran tertunda
○ Alat ukuran nilai
● Bank ialah institusi kewangan yang menawarkan perkhidmatan kewangan kepada orang ramai.
● Jenis Bank:
○ Bank perdagangan
○ Bank pusat
○ Bank saudagar
○ Syarikat kewangan
● Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
○ Menerima simpanan
○ Mengurus pertukaran asing
○ Memberikan pinjaman
○ Membuat dan menerima bayaran
● Skim Perbankan Islam bertujuan memenuhi keperluan kewangan masyarakat Islam.
● Prinsip Skim Perbankan Islam
○ Wadiah
○ Mudharabah
○ Murabahah
○ Musyarakah
○ Bai Bithaman Ajil
● Bank Pusat merupakan bank induk yang ditubuhkan untuk mengawasi dan mengawal pelaksanaan
segala dasar serta peraturan kewangan yang telah ditetapkan.
● Fungsi Bank Pusat
○ mengeluarkan mata wang
○ mengawal kestabilan nilai mata wang
○ menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan
○ menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan
● Cara Bank Pusat mengawal inflasi dan kemelesetan ekonomi:
○ rizab berkanun
○ rizab tunai
○ kadar faedah
○ jual beli surat jaminan kerajaan
○ kawalan syarat sewa beli
● Jenis Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank
○ Syarikat Insurans
○ Bank Simpanan Nasional
○ Lembaga Tabung Haji
○ Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja
● Fungsi Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank
○ Menerima deposit
○ Menggalakkan tabungan
○ Menggalakkan pelaburan
○ Sumber kewangan kepada pasaran modal negara
● Sumbangan Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank kepada Perkembangan Ekonomi Negara
○ Menggembleng dan menggerakkan dana
○ Menyediakan peluang pekerjaan
○ Mengurangkan pinjaman kerajaan dari luar negara
○ Menstabilkan ekonomi

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FREE SPM 2019 TIPS

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2 Bahasa Melayu Page 4 - 6

3 Bahasa Cina Page 7 - 9

6 Additional Mathematics Page 15

11 Pendidikan Moral Page 24 - 25

12 Prinsip Perakaunan Page 26 - 29

13 Perniagaan (Perdagangan) Page 30 - 38

Section A: Directed Writing

Section B: Continuous Writing

Section A: Objective Questions

Guidelines for Stimuli & Graphic Materials

Guidelines for Rational Cloze

Section B: Information Transfer

Section C: Reading Comprehension

Guidelines for Long Text and Open Ended Question

Guidelines for Summary Writing

Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)

Guidelines for Structure Response

Guidelines for Novel

Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan

Section B: Karangan Umum

Question 3: Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

Section A: Practical Writing (应用文)

Section B: Continuous Writing (作文)

Factual / Argumentative Essay:

Descriptive / Sentimental / Narrative Essay

Section A: Modern Text Comprehension (现代文理解)

Section B: Classical Text Comprehension (文言文理解)

Section C: Idioms (名句精华)

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Paper 3 3 hr Open-Book Test 20%

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Section A: 10 Definitely Tested Topics

Section A: 2 Alternately Tested Topics

Section B: 5 Definitely Tested Topics

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Jurnal Jualan / Jurnal Pulangan Belian / Jurnal Pulangan Jualan

Pelarasan Dalam Bentuk Penyata

Kecuaian yang pelajar selalu buat dalam peperiksaan

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

PERBANKAN DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN LAIN

Mengandungi unsur riba Mangharamkan unsur riba

Mengikuti peraturan BNM Mengikuti peraturan BNM dan hukum syariah

Bebas melabur dalam semua sektor Hanya melabur di sektor halal

Selamat Bukan wang sah

Murah Kos dikenakan di atas penggunaan cek

Tidak perlu mengira duit

Boleh dihantar melalui pos

Kepada Peniaga Kepada Individu Kepada Negara

Melindungi daripada risiko Melindungi individu dan Membangunkan ekonomi

Satu cara menabung

● Risiko Boleh Insurans

1 hr Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

WANG DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN