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    Rocks

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    Mohd Hafiez Hamid
    Metamorphic rocks undergo changes from their original forms due to heat, pressure, and fluid activity in their environment. Heat can come from intrusive magma or deep burial, while pressure results from the weight of overlying rocks. The changes produce new minerals and/or altered textures. Metamorphic rocks show either foliated textures where minerals are arranged in parallel formations, or nonfoliated textures with roughly equidimensional mineral grains. Different metamorphic grades are defined by specific mineral assemblages that form under increasing temperatures and pressures.

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    Rocks

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Hafiez Hamid
    52 views29 pages
    Metamorphic rocks undergo changes from their original forms due to heat, pressure, and fluid activity in their environment. Heat can come from intrusive magma or deep burial, while pressure results from the weight of overlying rocks. The changes produce new minerals and/or altered textures. Metamorphic rocks show either foliated textures where minerals are arranged in parallel formations, or nonfoliated textures with roughly equidimensional mineral grains. Different metamorphic grades are defined by specific mineral assemblages that form under increasing temperatures and pressures.

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    Metamorphic rocks undergo changes from their original forms due to heat, pressure, and fluid activity in their environment. Heat can come from intrusive magma or deep burial, while pressure results from the weight of overlying rocks. The changes produce new minerals and/or altered textures. Metamorphic rocks show either foliated textures where minerals are arranged in parallel formations, or nonfoliated textures with roughly equidimensional mineral grains. Different metamorphic grades are defined by specific mineral assemblages that form under increasing temperatures and pressures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    52 views29 pages

    Rocks

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Hafiez Hamid
    Metamorphic rocks undergo changes from their original forms due to heat, pressure, and fluid activity in their environment. Heat can come from intrusive magma or deep burial, while pressure results from the weight of overlying rocks. The changes produce new minerals and/or altered textures. Metamorphic rocks show either foliated textures where minerals are arranged in parallel formations, or nonfoliated textures with roughly equidimensional mineral grains. Different metamorphic grades are defined by specific mineral assemblages that form under increasing temperatures and pressures.

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    Metamorphic rocks.

    ❑ Metamorphism – transformation of pre-existing


    rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
    rock).

    ❑ Undergoes change to reach equilibrium in new
    environment – deform material must remain
    solid.

    ❑ Changes result – formation of new minerals


    and/or change in texture.
    Agent

    ❑  Heat:
    - ↑ rate of chemical reactions → produce minerals
    different from original rock.
    - from intrusive magma / result of deep burial.

    ❑  Pressure:
    - from weight of overlying rocks.

    ❑  Fluid activity:
    - may contain ions in solution, ↑ rate of chemical
    reactions → enhance metamorphism.
    Confining stress
    Differential stress
    CHAP 3.3 – Types of metamorphic rocks.

    ❑ Contact metamorphism: magma alters the


    surrounding country rock - heat.
    Types of metamorphic rocks.

    ❑ Dynamic metamorphism: associated with fault


    zones & mountain building – pressure & heat.
    Subducting sediments are
    metamorphosed by increase
    in pressure & temperature.
    Types of metamorphic rocks.

    ❑ Regional metamorphism: associated with


    overburden stress – heat & pressure.

    Earth surface

    Overburden pressure
    P = ρ gh .

    Parent rock
    Grade metamorphism.

    ❑ Gradation of metamorphic: ↑/↓ pressure or


    temperature – recognize by minerals.

    ❑ High grade metamorphic (heat) - changes in


    texture & new mineral.

    ❑ Certain minerals are form with specific


    temperature & pressure – index minerals (low /
    intermediate / high grade metamorphic zone).

    ❑ Different rock composition develop different index


    minerals. E.g shale (clay-rich rock).
    Texture

    ❑ Foliated texture:
    - minerals arranged in parallel fashion.
    - rock subjected to heat & differential pressure.
    - size & shape mineral grains → fine / coarse
    foliation.
    - schistosity : Type of foliation with scaly
    appearance, under extreme-pressure regimes
    gives very fine mica crystal → rock name schist.
    - e.g.: slate, phyllite,schist,gneiss.
    Foliated metamorphic rocks
    Rock cleavage in schist
    Texture.

    ❑ Nonfoliated texture:
    - minerals do not show a discernible preferred
    orientation.
    - under microscopic: reveal some flattening &
    parallelism of grains.
    - result of recrystallization.
    - mosaic of roughly equidimensional minerals.
    - existing minerals & available ions in water will
    recombine to form minerals that stable in new
    environment.
    Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks
    Engineering properties.

    ❑ Compression &
    shear strength differ
    –orientation.

    ❑ Critical for slope


    stabilization &
    reservoir –
    **permeability in
    cleavage.

    Rock Cycle

    ❑ Rock cycle provides way of viewing the


    interrelationship between earth’s external
    (weathering, transportation, deposition) &
    internal (magma generation, melting)process.

    ❑ 3 major groups of rock; characterized by


    mode of formation, i.e:
    - Igneous.
    - Metamorphic.
    - Sedimentary.
    Figure 6: Hand specimen of rocks

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