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Strength of
Material
(Formula & Short Notes)

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Stress and strain

Stress = Force / Area

L Change in length
Tension strain(e ) = =
L Initial length

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Brinell Hardness Number

(BHN)

Elastic constants:

where, P = Standard load, D = Diameter of steel ball, and d = Diameter of the indent.

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Axial Elongation of Bar Prismatic Bar Due to External Load

𝑷𝑳
∆=
𝑨𝑬

Elongation of Prismatic Bar Due to Self Weight

𝑷𝑳 𝜸𝑳𝟐
∆= =
𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝑬
Where 𝛾 is specific weight
Elongation of Tapered Bar
• Circular Tapered
𝟒𝑷𝑳
∆=
𝝅𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑬

• Rectangular Tapered
𝐵
𝑃𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝐵2 )
1
∆=
𝐸. 𝑡(𝐵2 − 𝐵1 )

Stress Induced by Axial Stress and Simple Shear

• Normal stress

• Tangential stress

Principal Stresses and Principal Planes

• Major principal stress

• Major principal stress

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Principal Strain

Mohr’s Circle-

STRAIN ENERGY
Energy Methods:

(i) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to axial loads (tension):

U = ∫ P ² / ( 2AE)dx limit 0 toL

Where, P = Applied tensile load, L = Length of the member , A = Area of the member, and
E = Young’smodulus.

(ii) Formula to calculate the strain energy due tobending:

U = ∫ M ² / ( 2EI) dx limit 0 toL

Where, M = Bending moment due to applied loads, E = Young’s modulus, and I = Moment of
inertia.

(iii) Formula to calculate the strain energy due totorsion:

U = ∫ T ² / ( 2GJ) dx limit 0 toL

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Where, T = Applied Torsion , G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity, and J = Polar

moment ofinertia

(iv) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pureshear:

U =K ∫ V ² / ( 2GA) dx limit 0 to L

Where, V= Shearload

G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity

A = Area of cross section.

K = Constant depends upon shape of cross section.

(v) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stress isgiven:

U = τ ² V / ( 2G )

Where, τ = ShearStress

G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity

V = Volume of the material.

(vi) Formula to calculate the strain energy , if the moment value isgiven:

U = M ² L / (2EI)

Where, M = Bending moment

L = Length of the beam

E = Young’smodulus

I = Moment ofinertia

(vii) Formula to calculate the strain energy , if the torsion moment value isgiven:

U= T ²L / ( 2GJ)

Where, T = AppliedTorsion

L = Length of the beam

G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity

J = Polar moment of inertia

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(viii) Formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load isgiven:

U = P²L / ( 2AE )

Where,

P = Applied tensile load.

L = Length of the member

A = Area of the member

E = Young’s modulus.

(ix) Castigliano’s first theorem:

δ = Ә U/ Ә P

Where, δ = Deflection, U= Strain Energy stored, and P = Load

(x) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with point load at centre:

 = - wl3 / 192EI

This defection is ¼ times the deflection of a simply supported beam.

(xi) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load:

 = - wl4 / 384EI

This defection is 5 times the deflection of a simply supported beam.

(xii) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with eccentric point load:

 = - wa3b3 / 3 EIl3

Stresses due to
• Gradual Loading:-

• Sudden Loading:-

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• Impact Loading:-

Deflection,

Thermal Stresses:-
∆𝐋 = 𝛂𝐋∆𝐓
𝛔 = 𝛂𝐄∆𝐓

When bar is not totally free to expand and can be expand free by “a”

𝐚𝐄
𝛔 = 𝐄𝛂∆𝐓 −
𝐋
Temperature Stresses in Taper Bars:-

𝟒𝐏𝐋
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝛂𝐋∆𝐓 =
𝛑𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐 𝐄

Tempertaure Stresses in Composite Bars

Hooke's Law (Linear elasticity):

Hooke's Law stated that within elastic limit, the linear relationship between simple
stress and strain for a bar is expressed by equations.

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,
=E
𝑃 ∆𝐿
=𝐸
𝐴 𝐿
Where, E = Young's modulus of elasticity
P = Applied load across a cross-sectional area
l = Change in length
l = Original length

Poisson’s Ratio:

Volumetric Strain:

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Relationship between E, G, K and µ:

• Modulus of rigidity:-

• Bulk modulus:-

• Shear
𝐸 = 2𝐺(1 + 𝜇) = 3𝐾(1 − 2𝜇) Stress
9𝐾𝐺 in
𝐸= Rectang
𝐺 + 3𝐾
3𝐾 − 2𝐺 ular
𝜇= Beam
𝐺 + 3𝐾

Compound Stresses
• Equation of Pure Bending

• Section Modulus

• Shearing Stress

Where,

V = Shearing force

𝐴𝑦̅=First moment of area

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• Shear Stress Circular Beam

Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus

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• Direct Stress

𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨
where P = axial thrust, A = area of cross-section

𝑴𝒚
• Bending Stress 𝝈𝒃 =
𝑰

where M = bending moment, y- distance of fibre from neutral axis, I =

moment of inertia.

𝑻𝒓
• Torsional Shear Stress 𝝉=
𝑱

where T = torque, r = radius of shaft, J = polar moment of inertia.

Equivalent Torsional Moment √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2

Equivalent Bending Moment 𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2

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𝑑𝑉
Shear force and Bending Moment Relation = −𝑀
𝑑𝑥

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Euler’s Buckling Load

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 =
𝒍𝟐𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊
For both end hinged 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = l
For one end fixed and other free 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = 2l
For both end fixed 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = l/2
For one end fixed and other hinged 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = l/√𝟐

Slenderness Ratio ( λ)

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Rankine’s Formula for Columns

• PR = Crippling load by Rankine’s formula

• Pcs = σcs A = Ultimate crushing load for column

• Crippling load obtained by Euler’s formula

Deflection in different Beams

Torsion

Where, T = Torque,

• J = Polar moment of inertia

• G = Modulus of rigidity,
• θ = Angle of twist
• L = Length of shaft,

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Total angle of twist

• GJ = Torsional rigidity
𝐺𝐽
• = Torsional stiffness
𝑙
𝑙
• = Torsional flexibility
𝐺𝐽
𝐸𝐴
• = Axial stiffness
𝑙
𝑙
• = Axial flexibility
𝐸𝐴

Moment of Inertia About polar Axis

• Moment of Inertia About polar Axis

• For hollow circular shaft

Compound Shaft

• Series connection

Where,

θ1 = Angular deformation of 1st shaft

θ2 = Angular deformation of 2nd shaft

• Parallel Connection

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Strain Energy in Torsion

For solid shaft,

For hollow shaft,

Thin Cylinder

• Circumferential Stress /Hoop Stress

η = Efficiency of joint

• Longitudinal Stress

• Hoop Strain

• Longitudinal Strain

• Ratio of Hoop Strain to Longitudinal Strain

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Stresses in Thin Spherical Shell

• Hoop stress/longitudinal stress

• Hoop stress/longitudinal strain

• Volumetric strain of sphere

Thickness ratio of Cylindrical Shell with Hemisphere Ends

Where v=Poisson Ratio

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