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11th Physics Lesson 1 To 5 Question and Answer Study Material English Medium

This document provides information about physics and its relationships to other fields. It discusses: - The scientific method and key aspects like systematic observation, experimentation, reasoning, and modeling. - How physics relates and contributes to biology, chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, geology, oceanography, psychology and more through various applications and techniques. - The distinction between fundamental and derived physical quantities, and examples of each. - Measurement in physics, including the International System of Units (SI) standards for the base units of length, time, mass, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.

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11th Physics Lesson 1 To 5 Question and Answer Study Material English Medium

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com
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GGHSS, CHENGAM-606 701. CELL : 9994456748
1. Natural of Physical World and 8. Describe the relation of Physics with Biology.
 It is impossible to study biology without microscope
Measurement designed using physical principles.
 Invention of electron microscope has made
1. What is meant by Scientific method? possible to see even the structure of a cell.
The scientific method is a step-by-step approach  X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction techniques
in studying natural phenomena and establishing laws are helped to understand the structure of nucleic
which govern these phenomena. acids, which helps to control vital life processes.
 X-rays are used for diagnostic purposes.
2. What are the general features of scientific method?  Radio-isotopes are used in radiotherapy for the
 Systematic Observation treatment of cancer and other diseases.
 Controlled experimentation  Now-a-days biological processes are being studied
 Qualitative and quantitative reasoning from the physical point of view.
 Mathematical modeling
 Prediction and verification or falsification of 9. Describe the relation of Physics with mathematics.
theories.  Physics is a quantitative science.
 Physics is closely related to mathematics as a tool
3. What type of approaches are followed in studying for its developement.
physics?
 Unification 10.Describe the relation of Physics with Astronomy.
 Reductionism  Astronomical telescopes are used to study the
motion of the planets and other celestial bodies in
4. What is Unification? Give the example.
the sky.
An attempt to explain various physical
 Radio telescopes are used to observe distant
phenomena with a few concepts and laws is Unification.
points of the universe.
 Studies of the universe are done using physical
Ex: Newton’s universal law of gravitation
principles.
explains various events like motion of freely falling body,
motion of the planets around the sun, motion of the moon

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11.Describe the relation of Physics with Geology.
around the earth.
 Diffraction techniques helps to study the crystal
structure of various rocks.
5. What is reductionism? Give the example.
 Radioactivity is used to estimate the age of rocks,
An attempt to explain a macroscopic sysytem in
fossils and the age of the Earth.
terms of its microscopic constituents is reductionism.
12.Describe the relation of Physics with Oceanography.
Ex: Macroscopic properties like temperature,
 Oceanographers seek to understand the physical
entropy, etc., of bulk systems can be easily interpreted in
and chemical processes of the oceans.
terms of the molecular motion(microscopic constituents).
 For that, they measure parameters such as
temperature, salinity, current speed, gas fluxes
6. What is technology?
and chemical components of the ocean.
Technology is the application of principles of
physics for practical purposes.
13.Describe the relation of Physics with Psychology.
 All the psychological interactions can be derived
7. Describe the relation of Physics with Chemistry.
from a physical process.
 Studies of structure of atom, radioactivity, X-ray
 The movements of neurotransmitters are governed
diffraction, etc., in physics have been used in
by the physical properties of diffusion and
chemistry to arrange elements in periodic table on
molecular motion.
the basis of atomic numbers.
 The function of our brain is related to our
underlying dualism (wave -particle nature).
 It is further helped to know the nature of valence
and chemical bonding and to understand the
14.What is measurement?
complex chemical structures.
The comparison of any physical quantity with its
standard unit is known as measurement.
 Inter-disciplinary branches like Physical chemistry
and Quantum chemistry plays vital role here.
15.What is physical quantity? Give the examples.
Quantities that can be measured and in terms of
which laws of physics are described are called physical
quantities. Ex : length, mass, time, force, energy, etc.,

18.What is an unit? 28. What is the SI standard of temperature? (or) What is

An arbitrarily chosen standard of measurement of one kelvin in SI system of units?
a quantity, which is accepted internationally is called unit
One kelvin is the fraction of of the
of the quantity. .
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of the
19.What is System of Units? water.
A complete set of units which is used to measure
all kinds of fundamental and derived quantities is called a 29. What is the SI standard of amount of substance ? (or)
system of units. What is one mole in SI system of units?
One mole is the amount of substance which
20.What is the f.p.s system? contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms
The f.p.s system is the British Engineering in 0.012 kg of pure carbon-12.
system in which length, mass and time are measured in
30. What is the SI standard of luminous intensity? (or)

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foot, pound and second respectively.
What is one candela in SI system of units?
21.What is the c.g.s system? One candela is the luminous intensity of a source
The c.g.s system is the Gaussian system in in a given direction that emits monochromatic radiation of
which length, mass and time are measured in centimeter, frequency 5.4 x 10-14 Hz and that has a radiant intensity
gram and second respectively. of watt / steradian in that direction.

22.What is the m.k.s system? 31. what is length? Give its SI unit.
In the m.k.s system, length, mass and time are Length is defined as the distance between any
measured in meter, kilogram and second respectively. two points in space. Its SI unit is metre.

23.What are the advantages of SI unit system? 32. what is one radian?
 It is a rational system, in which only one unit is used One radian is the plane angle subtended by an
for one physical quantity. arc whose arc length is equal to its radius.
 It is a coherent system, which means all the
derived units can be easily obtained form basic and 33. What is one steradian?
supplementary units. One steradian is the solid angle subtended by the
 It is a metric system, which means multiples and partial surface of a sphere whose suface area is equal to
submultiples can be expressed as powers of 10. the square of its radius.

24.What is the SI standard of length? (or) What is one 34. Explain the use of Screw gauge in measuring smaller
meter in SI system of units? distances.
One meter is the length of the path travelled by
light in vacuum in of a second.  It is used to measure accurately the dimension of
, ,
objects upto the maximum of 50 mm.
25.What is the SI standard of mass? (or) What is one
 The principle of the instrument is the magnification
kilogram in SI system of units?
of linear motion using circular motion of a screw.
One kilogram is the mass of the prototype
cylinder of platinum iridium alloy (whose height is equal
 The least count of the screw gauge is 0.01 mm.
to its diameter), preserved at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures at Serves, near Paris, France.
2

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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GGHSS, CHENGAM-606 701. CELL : 9994456748
35. Explain the use of vernier caliper in measuring smaller 45. What is meant by Systematic error?
distances.  Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies
 It is a versatile instrument for measuring the that are consistently in the same direction.
dimensions of an object like diameter and depth of  These occur offen due to a problem that persists
a hole. throughout the experiment.
 The least count of the vernier caliper is 0.1 mm.
46. What are the Classifications of Systematic errors?
36. What are the methods adopted in measuring larger  Instrumental errors
distances?  Imperfections in experimental techniques or
 Triangulation method procedure.
 Parallax method  Personal errors
 Radar method  Errors due to external causes.
 Least count error
37. What is Parallax?
The shift in the position of an object (say a pen) 47. Describe Instrumental errors. How is it minimised?
when viewed with left and right eye alternatively is known  It is happened when an instrument is not calibrated
as Parallax. properly at the time of manufacture.
(or)  For example, If a measurement is made with a
The apparent chage in position of an object with meter scale whose end is worn out, result obtains
respect to its background, when viewed from two different error.
locations is called Parallax.  These errors can be rectified by using the good
quality instruments.
38. What is the abbreviation for RADAR?
The word RADAR stands for RAdio Detection 48. Describe Imperfections in experimental technique or
And Ranging. procedure. How can it be overcomed?
 These errors arise due to the limitations in the
39. What is 1 light year ? Give its value. experimental arrangements.
1 light year is the distance travelled by light in  For example, Calorimeter experiment is done

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vacuum in one year. without insulation makes radiation loss. This
1 light year = 9.467 x 1015 m. results errors.
 It can be overcomed by applying necessary
40. What is 1 astronomical unit(AU)? Give its value. correction.
1 astronomical unit is the mean distance between
earth and the sun. 49. Describe the Personal errors.
1 AU = 1.496 x 1011 m. These errors occur due to individual performing
experiment without initial setting up or careless
41. What is 1 parsec (Parallactic second)? Give its value. observation without precautions.
1 parsec is the radial distance of an arc of arc
length 1 AU subtends an angle of 1 second. 50. Describe the errors due to external causes.
1 parsec = 3.08 x 1016 m = 3.26 light year. These errors are due to external conditions like
change in temperature, humidity or pressure during an
42. Define mass? experiment.
Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of
matter contained in a body. The SI unit of mass is 51. Describe the least count error. How can it be
kilogram. minimised?
43. What is the difference between Accuracy and  Least count is the smallest value that can be
Precision? measured by an instrument.
S.No. Accuracy Precision  The error due to the measurement in least count is
Measurements close Measurements close called least count error.
1
to true value. to each other.  It can be minimised by using high precision
All the accuracy All the precised values instrument.
2
values are precised. are not accurate.
52. Describe Random errors. How can it be minimised?
44. What is meant by an error? Name its types.  Random errors may arise due to random and
The uncertainity in a measurement is called an unpredictable variation in experimental conditions
error. like pressure,temperature, voltage supply,etc.,
 It is also due to personal errors.
Types:Systematic errors, Random errors & Gross errors  These errors are happened by chance, so it is
called “Chance error”.

59. What are significant figures?

53. Describe Gross error. How can it be minimised? The number of digits which are counted
The error caused due to the complete reasonably sure in making a measurement are called
carelessness of an observer is called gross error. significant figures.
Example :
 Reading an instrument without setting properly. 60. Explain the significant figures in addition and
 Taking observations in a wrong manner without subtraction with the examples.
considering source of errors and the precautions. In addtion and subtraction, the final result should
 Recording wrong observations. retain as many decimal places as there are in the original
 Using wrong values of the observations in number with the smallest number of decimal places.
calculations. Example:
These errors can be minimised only when an (i) Addition:
observer is careful and mentally alert. 3.1 + 1.780 + 2.046 = 6.926 is rounded off to 6.9 as
the number 3.1 has least one decimal place.
54. What is meant by Absolute error? Explain. (ii) Subtraction:
 The magnitude of difference between true value 12.637 – 2.42 = 10.217 is rounded off to 10.22 as the
and measured value of a quantity is called absolute number 2.42 has least two decimal places.
error.
 If a1, a2, a3, ....,an are the measured values of any 61. Explain the significant figures in multipliication and

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quantity, then the arithmatic mean is the true value
of the measurements.
=
+ + +⋯+
division with the examples.
In multiplication and division, the final result
should retain as many significant figures as there are in
the original number with the smallest number of
significant figures.
1 Examples:
= (i) Multiplication:
1.21 x 36.72 = 44.4312 is rounded off to 44.4 as the
 The absolute error is given by,
number 1.21 has least 3 significant figures.
∆ =| − |
(ii) Division:
∆ =| − |
......................... 36.72 ÷ 1.2 = 30.6 is rounded off to 31 as the number
......................... 1.2 has least 2 significant figures.
∆ =| − |
55. What is meant by mean Absolute error? Explain. 62. What is dimension?
The arithmatic mean of the magnitude of The dimensions of a physical quantity are the
absolute errors in all the measurements is called the powers to which the unit of base quantities are raised to
mean absolute error. represent a derived unit of that quantity.
|∆ | + |∆ | + |∆ | + ⋯ + |∆ |
∆ = 63. What is dimensional formula? Give an example.
Dimensional formula is an expression which
shows how and which of the fundamental units are
1
∆ = |∆ | required to represent the unit of a physical quantity.

Ex: [M0LT-2] is the dimensional formula of acceleration.

56. What is meant by Relative error? Explain.
The ratio between mean absolute error to the 64. What is dimensional equation? Give an example.
mean value is called relative error. This is also called When the dimensional formula of a physical
fractional error. quantity is expressed in the form of an equation, such
equation is known as the dimensional equation.
=
∆
= Ex: acceleration = [M0LT-2]

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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GGHSS, CHENGAM-606 701. CELL : 9994456748
65. What is dimensional variables? 5 Marks Q & A:
Physical quantities, which have dimension and
have variable values are called dimensional variables.
1. Explain the propagation of error in the sum of two
Examples: length, velocity, acceleration, etc., quantities?
 Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two
66. What is dimensionless variables? quantities A and B respectively.
Physical quantities,which have no dimension and  Then,
have variable values are called dimensional variables. Measured value of A = A  A
Measured value of B = B  B
Examples: specific gravity, strain, refractive index,etc., Consider the sum, Z = A + B
 The error Z in Z is given by,
67. What is dimensional constants? Z  Z = (A  A) + (B  B)
Physical quantities, which have dimension and Z  Z = ( A + B )  ( A + B)
have constant values are called dimensional constants. Z  Z = Z  ( A + B) [∵ = + ]
Z = A + B
Examples: gravitational constant, planck’s constant, etc.,  The maximum possible error in the sum of two
quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
68. What is dimensionless constants? errors in the individual quantities.
Physical quantities,which have no dimension and 2. Explain the propagation of error in the difference of
have constant values are called dimensionless constants. two quantities?
Examples: , e, numbers, etc.,  Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two
quantities A and B respectively.
69. What is principle of homogeneity of dimensions?  Then,
The principle of homogeneity of dimension states Measured value of A = A  A
that the dimensions of all the terms in a physical
Measured value of B = B  B
expression should be the same.
Consider the difference, Z = A - B
 The error Z in Z is given by,

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70. What are the applications of dimensional analysis
method? Z  Z = (A  A) - (B  B)
Z  Z = ( A - B )  ( A + B)
 Convert a physical quantity from one system of Z  Z = Z  ( A + B) [∵ = − ]
units to another. Z = A + B
 The maximum possible error in the difference of
 Check the dimensional correctness of a given two quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
physical equation. errors in the individual quantities.
3. Explain the propagation of error in the product of two
 Establish relations among various physical quantities?
quantities.  Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two
quantities A and B respectively.
71. What are the limitations of dimensional analysis  Then,
method? Measured value of A = A  A
Measured value of B = B  B
 It gives no information about the dimensionless Consider the product, Z = A . B -----> (1)
constants like numbers, , e, etc., in the formula.  The error Z in Z is given by,
Z  Z = (A  A) . (B  B)
 It cannot decide whether the given quantity is a Z  Z = AB  A.B  B.A  A.B -----> (2)
scalar or vector. Dividing equation (2) by (1) we get,
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
 It is not suitable to derive relations involving 1± =1± ± ± .
trignometry, exponential and logarithmic ∆ ∆
As and are both smaller values, their
functions.
∆ ∆
products . can now be neglected. The
 It cannot be applied to an equation involving
maximum fractional error in Z is,
more than three physical quantities. ∆ ∆ ∆
= +
 It can only check dimensional correctness of an  The maximum fractional error in the product of
equation but not the correctness of the equation. two quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional
errors in the individual quantities.

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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GGHSS, CHENGAM-606 701. CELL : 9994456748
4. Explain the propagation of error in the division or 6. Explain the rules framed to count significant figures
quotient of two quantities? with the examples.
 Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two S.
Rule Example
quantities A and B respectively. No.
All non-zero digits are 1342 has four significant
1.
 Then, significant figures
Measured value of A = A  A All zeros between two
2008 has four significant
Measured value of B = B  B 2. non-zero digits are
figures
significant
Consider the division, Z =
All zeros right to non-
zero digit but left to 30700. has five
 The error Z in Z is given by, 3.
decimal point are significant figures
∆ significant.
A ± ∆A A 1 ±
 = = The terminal or trailing
B ± ∆B B 1 ± ∆ zeros in the number 30700 has three
4.
without decimal point are significant figures.
∆ ∆
 = 1± 1± not significant.
All zeros are significant if
30700 m has five
5. the number given with
 By using binomial theorem,(1+x) = 1+ nx , when
n
significant figures.
measurement unit.
x<<1, we get,
 ∆ ∆ (i) 0.00345 has three
1 = 1± 1∓ If a number is less than1,
significant figures.
the zeros between
 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
1 =1± ∓ ± . decimal point and first
(ii) 0.030400 has five
∆ ∆ 6. non-zero digit are not
As and are both smaller values, their significant figures.
significant but the zeros
∆ ∆ right to last non-zero digit
products . can now be neglected. The (iii) 40.00 has four
are significant.
maximum fractional error in Z is, significant figures.

www.Padasalai.Net ∆
=
∆
+
∆

 The maximum fractional error in the product of

two quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional
7.
The number of significant
figures doesn’t depend
on the system of units
used
1.53 cm, 0.0153 m,
0.0000153 km all have
three significant figures.

errors in the individual quantities. 7. Explain the rules framed for rounding off the numbers
with the examples.
5. Explain the propagation of error in the power or a S.
quantity? Rule Example
No.
 Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two If the dropping digit is
quantities A and B respectively. less than 5, then
1. 7.32 is rounded off to 7.3
preceding digit kept
 Then, unchanged.
Measured value of A = A  A If the dropping digit is
Measured value of B = B  B greater than 5, then 17.26 is rounded off to
2.
Consider the n power of A, Z =
th preceding digit must be 17.3
raised by 1.
 The error Z in Z is given by, If the dropping digit is 5
∆ followed by non-zero 7.352 is rounded off to
 = (  ) = 1± 3.
digits then preceding 7.4
∆ digit must be raised by1
 = 1±
If the dropping digit is 5
or 5 followed by zero, 3.35 & 3.350 are
By using binomial theorem, we solve and get, 4.
then preceding digit must rounded off to 3.4
 ∆
1 = 1±n be raised by 1 if it is odd.
If the dropping digit is 5
 ∆A
=n or 5 followed by zero, 3.45 & 3.450 are
A 5.
then preceding digit is rounded off to 3.4
not changed if it is even.
The fractional error in the nth power of a quantity is n times
the fractional error in that quantity.

 From ⊿ , = =
 By measuring the time interval between the
or h = x tan instants the radio waves are sent and received,
 Knowing the distance x, the height h can be the distance of the planet(d) can be detemined
determined. as,
Distance = Speed of radio waves X time taken,
9. Explain the Parallax method to find the distance of ×
the Moon from Earth. =
2
 Let C be the centre of the Earth.  Where v is the speed of radio waves and t is the

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 A & B are two diametrically opposite places on the time taken by radio waves to travel forward and
surface of the Earth. backward hence t/2 is the time taken to cover the
 AB is the diameter of the Earth and MC is the distance d.
distance of the Moon from Earth.
 1 & 2 are the parallactic angles of the Moon with 11.Explain the conversion of physical quantity from one
respect to some distant stars S1 & S2 respectively. system of units to another with the examples.
 1 and 2 are determined by using an astronomical  The product of the numerical value (n) and its
telescope. corresponding unit [u] is constant.
n [u] = constant
 Consider Physical quantity which has dimension
‘a’ in mass, ‘b’ in length and ‘c’ in time.
 If the fundamental unit in one system are
M1 , L1 & T1 and in other system are M2 , L2 & T2,
then we can write,
[ ]= [ ]
Example: 1

Convert 76 cm of mercury into Nm-2 using the method of

dimension.
Data => h = 76 cm ;  = 13.6 g cm-3 ; g = 980 cm s-2.
Solution:
 Thus, the total parallactic angle(parallax) of the P1 = hg =76 x 13.6 x 980 = 1.01 x 106 dyne cm-2.
Moon subtended on Earth, AMB = 1 + 2 = .
 The dimension formula of pressure P is [M L-1 T-2]
 From the figure, = = [∵ = ] So, a = 1 , b = -1 , c = -2
[ ]= [ ]

= =

 Knowing the values of AB and , We can M1 = 1 g L1 = 1 cm T1 = 1 s

calculate distance of the Moon from Earth (MC). M2 = 1 kg L2 = 1 m T2 = 1 s

 From equation (1),

1 1 1
= 6.6 x 10
1 1 1 T = 2 m0 l1/2 g-1/2

1 1 1
= 6.6 x 10
10 10 1 = 2

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= 6.6 x 10-11 x 10-3 x 106 x 1
Gcgs = 6.6 x 10-8 dyne cm2 g-2
12.Check the dimensional correctness of a given Example 2:
equation with the examples.
Example 1: The force F acting on a body moving in a circular path
Consider an equation, v = u + at depends on mass of the body (m), velocity and radius (r)
of the circular path.Obtain the expression for the force by
Apply dimensions on both sides, we get, dimensional analysis method. (Take the value of k = 1)
[LT-1] = [LT-1] + [LT-2] [T-1]
[LT-1] = [LT-1] + [LT-1] Solution:
Since dimensions on both sides are same, the F  ma v b rc
given equation is dimensionally correct.
F = k ma v b rc -----> (1)
Example 2:
Consider an equation, =  Here k is dimensional constant. Applying
Apply dimensions on both sides, we get, dimensions on both sides, we get,
[M] [LT-1]2 = [M] [LT-2] [L] [M L T-2] = [Ma] [LT-1]b [L]c
[ML2T-2] = [ML2T-2]
Since dimensions on both sides are same, the [M L T-2] = [Ma Lb+c T-b]
given equation is dimensionally correct.
 Comparing the powers of M, L, T on both sides,
13.Explain how to establish the relation among various a = 1, b + c = 1, -b = -2 .
physical quantities with the examples.  Solving it, we get, a = 1, b = 2, c= -1
 If physical quantity Q depends on Q1, Q2 and Q3,
then we write, ∝  From equation (1),
= F = m1 v2 r-1
 Where k is dimensionless constant. Applying the
dimensions of Q1, Q2 and Q3 and using principle =
of homogeneity, the powers of M, L and T are
made equal on both sides. Then we get values
of a, b and c to form relation.
8

1. How will you measure the diameter of the Moon using Exam Total marks Pass mark
parallax method? Theory 70 15
 Let  be the angle subtended by the Moon at the Practical 20 20
surface of the Earth. Internal (or)
 d is the distance of the Moon from Earth. 10
Assessment Exam attended
 D is the diameter of the Moon.
Total 100 35

Internal Assessment:
1. Attendance: 2
Above 80% - 2 Marks
75-80 % - 1 Mark
2. Internal class test: 4
(Calculated to 4 marks
from best three test)
3. Assignment : 2
4. Co-curricular activities 2
(Any 3 activities out of 33 given)
Total : 10

External Exam:
1. Record Note 3
2. Expt. Skill 2
 From figure, 3. Practical Exam 15
Arc angle, =
Total : 20

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 From this, diameter of the Moon, D = d . 
 Knowing the values of d and , we can
calculate the diameter of the Moon.
Question Pattern :
Part/
Question Marks
type
No. of

asked
No. of
questions questions to
be answered
Total
marks¢
I
1 15 15 15
1 marks
II
2 8+1(9) 5+1(6) 12
Short Q
III
3 8+1(9) 5+1(6) 18
Brief Q
5
IV (with
5 5 25
Long Q internal
choice)

ªñ£î¢îñ¢ 70

Note : Part II and Part III have one compulsory question

respectively.

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2. Kinematics 11. What is two dimensional motion? Give the examples
Curved motion of a particle in a plane is called
1. What is kinematics? two dimensional motion.
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which Example: (i) Motion of a coin on a carrom board.
deals with the motion of objects without taking force into (ii) An insect crawling over the floor.
account.
12. What is three dimensional motion?Give the examples
2. What is meant by Frame of reference? If a particle moving in a three dimensional space,
Frame of reference is a coordinate system with then it is called three dimensional motion.
respect to which position of an object is described. Example: (i) A bird flying in the sky.
(ii) Random motion of molecules.
3. What is meant by Cartesian coordinate system? (iii) Flying kite on a windy day.
Cartesian coordinate system is the frame of
reference with respect to which the position of the object 13. What is Scalar? Give examples
is described in terms of position coordinates(x,y,z). A physical quantity which can be described only
by magnitude is called Scalar.
4. What is the point mass? Give the examples. Ex: Distance, mass, temperature, speed, energy, etc.,
The mass of an object, which is concentrated at
a point is called “point mass”. It has no internal structures 14. What is Vector? Give examples
like shape and size. A physical quantity which can be described by
Example:(i) In the event of motion of Earth around the both magnitude and direction is called Vector.
Sun, Earth can be treated as point mass. Ex: Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, etc.,
(ii) When stone is thrown in space, stone is
considered as point mass. 15. How to denote a vector quantity?
A vector quantity can be geometrically
5. What are the types of motion? represented by line arrow, in which lengh of the line
 Linear motion denotes magnitude and arrow denotes its direction.
 Circular motion

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 Rotational motion 16. What are the types of vectors?
 Vibratory (or) Oscillatory motion.  Equal vectors
6. What is linear motion? Give the examples.  Collinear vectors
When an object is moving in a straight line, it is  Parallel vectors
called linear motion.  Anti-parallel vectors
Example: (i) An athlete running on a straight track.  Unit vectors
(ii) A particle falling vertically downwards.  Orthogonal unit vectors

7. What is circular motion? Give the examples. 17. What is equal vectors?
When an object is moving in a circular path, it is Two vectors of same physical quantity having
called circular motion. same magnitude and direction are called equal vectors.
Example: (i) The whirling motion of a stone attached to a
string. 18. What is collinear vectors?
(ii) The motion of a satellite around the Earth. Two vectors acting along the same line act either
8. What is Rotational motion? Give the examples. both in same direction or opposite to each other are called
If any object is revolving about an axis, the collinear vectors.
motion is called Rotational motion.
Example: (i) Rotation of a disc about its central axis. 19. What is parallel vectors?
(ii) Spinning of the Earth about its own axis. Two vectors act in the parallel lines along the
same direction are called parallel vectors.
9. What is vibratory motion? Give the examples.
If an object executes to and fro motion about a 20. What is anti-parallel vectors?
fixed point, it is called vibratory or oscillatory motion. Two vectors act in the parallel lines along the
Example: (i) Vibration of a string on a guitar. opposite directions are called anti-parallel vectors.
(ii) movement of a swing.
21. What is unit vector?
10. What is one dimensional motion? Give the examples. A vector with unit magnitude is called unit vector.
Motion of a particle along a straight line is called It is equal to the ratio of a vector and its magnitude.
one dimensional motion.
Example: (i) Motion of a train along a straight track. ⃗
=
(ii) An object falling freely down under gravity. ⃗

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22. What is orthogonal unit vector? 30. Define average velocity.
If unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each The average velocity is defined as the ratio of
other, then they are called orthogonal unit vectors. change in displacement vector to the corresponding time
∆⃗
interval. ⃗ =∆
23. State triangle law of addition of two inclined vectors.
It is stated that if two vectors are represented by
the two adjacent sides of a triangle in same order, then 31. Define average speed.
the resultant is given by the third side of the triangle in The average speed is defined as the ratio of total
opposite order. path length travelled by the particle to a given interval of
time.
24. Define Scalar or Dot product of two vectors.
The scalar or dot product of two vectors is 32. Define instantaneous velocity. Give its unit.
defined as the product of the magnitude of the both The velocity at an instant is defined as the
vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. change in position vector with respect to time. Its unit is
ms-1.
⃗∙ ⃗ = =
∆⃗ ⃗
25. Define Vector or Cross product of two vectors. ⃗ = lim =
∆ → ∆
The Vector or Cross product of two vectors is
defined as the product of the magnitude of the both 33. What are the differences between velocity and
vectors and the sine of the angle between them. average velocity?
Velocity (or)
⃗× ⃗ = = ⃗ S.No Instantaneous Average velocity
velocity
26. State right hand thumb rule in vector product. Velocity at an
According to this law, if the curvature of the right Ratio of change in
instant of time (or)
hand fingers represents rotating direction of a vector ⃗ 1. displacement vector to the
Rate of change of
time interval.
towards another vector ⃗, then the stretched thumb displacement vector

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points out the direction of resultant vector ⃗.

27. What is distance? Give its unit.

Distance is the actual path length travelled by an
object in the given interval of time during the motion. Its 3.
It is measured at
2. particular instant of
time in motion.

⃗ = lim
∆ → ∆
∆⃗
=
⃗
It is measured for a given
interval of time in motion.

⃗ =
∆⃗
unit is metre.
∆
34. What is momentum (or) linear momentum? Give its
28. What is displacement? Give its unit. unit.
Displacement is the shortest distance between The momentum or linear momentum is the
initial and final position of the object in the given interval product of mass of a particle and its velocity. Its unit is
of time during the motion. Its unit is metre.
kg ms-1 . i.e. ⃗ = ⃗
.
29. What are the differences between distance and
35. What is relative velocity?
displacement?
The velocity of one object with respect to another
S.
Distance Displacement object is called relative velocity.
No.
1 It is shortest distance 36. What is uniform motion?
It is total length of path
between initial and final If an object is moving with constant velocity, then
travelled.
position of an object. the motion is called uniform motion.
2 It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3 It can be zero or 37. What is non-uniform or accelerated motion?
It can be zero, positive and
positive but not If an object is moving with various velocity with
negative.
negative time, then the motion is called non-uniform or accelerated
4 It may be equal to or motion.
It may be equal to or less
greater than the
than the distance.
displacement. 38. What is uniform accelerated motion?
5 It has many values It has only one value If change in velocity of an object in given interval
between two positions between two positions of of time is constant, then the motion is called uniform
of an object. an object. accelerated motion.

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39. What is non-uniform accelerated motion? 50. What is angular displacement? Give its unit.
If change in velocity of an object in given interval The angle described by the particle about the
of time is not constant, then the motion is called axis of rotation in a given time is called angular
non-uniform accelerated motion. displacement. Its unit is radian.
=
40. Define average acceleration.
Average acceleration is defined as the ratio of 51. What is angular velocity? Give its unit.
change in velocity over the given time interval. The rate of change of angular displacement is
∆⃗ called angular velocity. Its unit is rad s-1 .
⃗ = ∆
∆ = lim
41. Define instantaneous acceleration. Give its unit. ∆ → ∆
The acceleration at an instant is defined as the 52. What is angular acceleration? Give its unit.
change in velocity with respect to time. Its unit is ms-2. The rate of change of angular velocity is called
angular acceleration. Its unit is rad s-2 .
∆⃗ ⃗
⃗ = lim = ∆⃗
∆ → ∆ ∝⃗= lim
42. What is free fall of a body? ∆ → ∆
The motion of a body falling towards the Earth
from a small altitude, purely under gravitational force is 53. What is tangential acceleration?
called free fall of a body. The acceleration which is acting along the
direction of linear velocity and tangent to the circular
43. What is meant by a projectile? Give the examples. motion is called tangential acceleration.
An object is thrown in the air with some initial
velocity and allowed to move under gravity is called a 54. What is uniform circular motion?
projectile. When an object is moving on a circular path with
Ex: constant speed, it is called uniform circular motion.
 An object dropped from window of a moving train
 A bullet fired from a rifle. 55. What is non-uniform circular motion?
 A ball thrown in any direction. When an object is moving on a circular path with

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44. What are the types of projectile motion?
 Projectile given initial velocity in the horizontal
direction.
 Projectile given initial velocity at an angle to the
change in speed and direction, it is called non-uniform
circular motion.

56. What is centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration

or normal acceleration?
horizontal. The acceleration which is acting towards the
center along the radial direction and perpendicular to
45. What are the assumptions made in projectile motion? linear velocity of circular motion is called centripetal
 Air resistance is neglected. acceleration.
 The effect due to rotation of Earth and curvature
of earth is negligible.
 The acceleration due to gravity is constant
throughout the motion of the projectile.

46. What is trajectory?

The path followed by the projectile is called
trajectory.

47. What is time of flight?

The time interval between the instant of
projection and the instant when the projectile hits the
ground.

48. What is horizontal range?

The maximum horizontal distance between the
point of projection and the point where the projectile hits
the ground.

49. What is maximum height?

The maximum vertical distance travelled by the
projectile during its journey is called maximum height.
12

 Let ⃗ be the resultant vector, which is

represented in third closing side of the triangle in
opposite order.

 Let  be the angle made by the resultant vector

⃗ with vector ⃗.

 Thus we can write, ⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗

 Thus, Resultant ⃗ = ⃗ + (− ⃗) = ⃗ − ⃗

 According to triangle law of vectors,

(a) Magnitude of difference :

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(a) Magnitude of resultant vector :

 From ⊿ABN,
= ⃗− ⃗ = +

Since, cos(1800 - ) = -cos

+2 (180 − )

⃗− ⃗ = 2 2
= ; = + −2
= ; =
(b) Direction of difference :

 From ⊿OBN, (180 − )

=
OB2 = ON2 + BN2 + (180 − )

But sin(1800 - ) = sin

=( + ) +( )

= + +2 + =
−
= ⃗+ ⃗ = + +2

(b) Direction of resultant vector :

 From ⊿OBN,

= =
+

=
+

It doesn’t obey
Commutative law.
It obeys Commutative ⃗ × ⃗ ≠ ⃗ × ⃗. But,
2
law. ⃗ ∙ ⃗ = ⃗ ∙ ⃗ ⃗ × ⃗ = − ⃗ × ⃗ and
⃗× ⃗ = ⃗× ⃗ .

It obeys Distributive law. It obeys Distributive law.

3 ⃗∙ ⃗+ ⃗ ⃗× ⃗+ ⃗  We know, velocity =
⃗ ⃗
= ∙ + ∙ ⃗ ⃗ = ⃗× ⃗+ ⃗× ⃗ or dx = v dt

When ⃗ & ⃗ are parallel, When ⃗ & ⃗ are parallel, By integrating both sides, we get,
4
 = 00 , ( ⃗ ∙ ⃗) =  = 00 , ( ⃗ × ⃗) =0
=
When ⃗ & ⃗ are anti- When ⃗ & ⃗ are anti-
Displacement, x2 – x1 = Area under the curve
5 parallel,  = 1800 , parallel,  = 1800 ,

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( ⃗ ∙ ⃗) =−

When ⃗ & ⃗ are

6 perpendicular,  = 900,
( ⃗ × ⃗) =0

When ⃗ & ⃗ are

perpendicular,  = 900 ,
 If area under the curve is negative, the
displacement of the particle is negative

⃗∙ ⃗ = 0 ( ⃗ × ⃗) =
Self-dot product of a Self-cross product of a
7 vector, vector,
⃗∙ ⃗= 0 = ⃗× ⃗= 0 = 0⃗
Self-dot product of a unit Self-cross product of a
vector, unit vector,
8 5. Discuss about relative velocity.
∙ = 1×1 0 =1 ⃗× ⃗= 0 = 0⃗
 When two objects A and B moving with different
̂∙ ̂= ̂∙ ̂= ∙ =1 ̂ × ̂ = ̂ × ̂ = × = 0⃗
velocities, then the velocity of one object with
Cross product of respect to another is called relative velocity.
Dot product of orthogonal unit vectors,
(a) Case 1 : A and B moving in same direction.
9 orthogonal unit vectors, ̂ × ̂ = ; ̂× ̂=−
 Let VA and VB are the uniform velocities of A and
̂∙ ̂= ̂∙ = ∙ ̂=0 ̂× = ̂ ; × ̂=−̂
B respectively.
× ̂= ̂ ; ̂× =− ̂
 If A and B are moving in same direction,
Vector product of vector
Scalar product of vector
components,
components, The relative velocity of A with respect to B is,
⃗∙ ⃗ = ̂ ̂ ⃗= ⃗− ⃗
⃗∙ ⃗ =
10 ̂+ ̂+ ∙
( ̂+ + ) The relative velocity of B with respect to A is,
= ̂ − + ⃗= ⃗− ⃗
⃗∙ ⃗ = + ̂( − )+  Thus, magnitude of relative velocity of one object
+ − with respect to other is equal to difference in
magnitude of two velocities.
14

The relative velocity of A with respect to B is,

⃗= ⃗− − ⃗ = ⃗+ ⃗

The relative velocity of B with respect to A is,

⃗=− ⃗− ⃗=− ⃗+ ⃗
 Thus, magnitude of relative velocity of one object
with respect to other is equal to sum of magnitude
of two velocities.

(c) Case 3 : A and B moving with an angle .  We know, acceleration =

 Let VA and VB are the uniform velocities of A and or dv = a dt
B respectively inclined at an angle  between
them. By integrating both sides, we get,

 The relative velocity of A with respect to B is

⃗= ⃗− ⃗ =

⃗ is given by, Velocity, V2 – V1 = Area under the curve

Then, the magnitude of

= + −2 8. Obtain kinematic equations for uniformally

accelerated motion.
 Consider an object moving along a straight line

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The direction of ⃗ is given by, with uniform or constant acceleration ‘a’.
 Let ‘u’ be the initial velocity at time t=0 and ‘v’ be
= the final velocity at time t.
−
 (1) When  = 0 ( VA & VB in same direction)
0  Let ‘S’ be the displacement.
VAB = VA – VB along the direction of ⃗.
(a) Velocity – time relation :
VBA = VB – VA along the direction of ⃗.
 Acceleration, =
 (2) When  = 180 (VA & VB in opposite direction)
0
or =
VAB = VA + VB along the direction of ⃗.  By integrating both sides, we get,
VBA = VB + VA along the direction of ⃗.
= = = [ ]
 (3) When  = 90 0

(VA & VB in perpendicualr direction) − =

= + along the direction of ⃗.
= +
= + along the direction of ⃗.
(b) Displacement – time relation :
6. Write the expression for magnitude and direction of
relative velocity of rain with respect to man.  Velocity, =
 If velocity of man ⃗ is right angle to velocity of or = =( + )
rain ⃗ falling veritically downwards, Then the [∵ = + ]
relative velocity of the rain with respect to the
man is,  By integrating both sides, we get,
⃗= ⃗− ⃗
 Magnitude = + = ( + )
Direction =
∫ = ∫ + ∫
 In order to save himself from rain he should hold
the umbrella at an angle  with the verticle. = +
15

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9. Derive the equations of motion for a particle falling
vertically.
 Consider an object of mass ‘m’ falling from a
height h.
 Consider an object is thrown horizontally with initial
velocity u along x-direction.

 Since acceleration due to gravity acts vertically

downwards, velocity along the horizontal
 Assume that there is no air resistance and x-direction ux doesn’t change throught the motion.
acceleration due to gravity is constant near the Whereas velocity along the y-direction uy is
surface of the Earth. changed.
 If the object is thrown with an initial velocity u
along the Y-axis, then its final velocity and
displacement at any time ‘t’ is v and y
respectively. Further acceleration a is equal to g.

 Therefore equations of motion are,

= +
1
= +
2
= +2

 Suppose initial velocity u = 0, then

=
1 (a) The path of the projectile :
=
2
=2 (i) Motion along horizontal direction:
 Time taken by the object to reach the ground(T),
If t= T and y = h, then
 The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile
1 at a point P after a time t can be written as,
ℎ=
2
2ℎ 1
= = +
2

= --------> (2)  The magnitude of resultant velocity or speed is

Where = is a constant. given by,

= +
 The equation(2) represents the equation of a
parabola. Thus, the path travelled by the projectile
is a parabola. = +

(b) Time of flight : (Tf)

 The time of flight(Tf) is the time taken by the (e) Speed of the projectile when hits the ground :
projectile to hit the ground after thrown.  As the horizontal component of the velocity is
same as initial velocity, =

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 The downward distance travelled by the projectile
at a time t can be written as,

= +
1
2
 Here substituting the values Sy = h, t = Tf , uy = 0,
 The vertical component of the velocity at a time t
is,
= +
 Here uy = 0 , ay = g and t = Tf . Substituting this
and ay = g we get,
we get,
1
ℎ= =
2
2ℎ
or =
 Therefore, = = 2gh

= +
 The horizontal range(R) is the maximum horizontal
distance covered by the projectile from the foot of
the tower to the point where the projectile hits the = +2 ℎ
ground.
12. Obtain the following expressions in the event of
 The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile angular projection of a projectile with the horizontal
at a time t can be written as, (a) the path of the projectile (b) maximum height
1 (c) time of flight (d) horizontal range.
= +
2  Consider an object is thrown with initial velocity
at an angle  with the horizontal.
 Here, Sx = R , ux = u , ax = 0 and t = Tf
=  Since acceleration due to gravity acts vertically
downwards, velocity along the horizontal
x-direction ux doesn’t change throught the motion.
 Therefore, =u ∵ = Whereas velocity along the y-direction uy is
changed.

 The downward distance travelled by the projectile

at a time t can be written as,
1
= +
2
 Here substituting the values Sy = 0, t = Tf ,
uy = u sin , and ay = -g we get,
1
0= −
 The path of the projectile : 2
Therefore, =
(i) Motion along x-direction:
 The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile
 Horizontal range : (R)
at a point P after a time t can be written as,
 The horizontal range(R) is the maximum horizontal
1
= + distance distance between the point of projection
2 and the point where the projectile hits the ground.
 Here, Sx = x , ux = u cos and ax = 0, Therefore,  The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile
= ∙ at a time t can be written as,
= ---------> (1) 1
= +
2
(ii) Motion along y-direction:  Here, Sx = R , ux = u cos , ax = 0 and t = Tf
 The downward distance travelled by the projectile = ∙
at a point P after a time t can be written as, 2 2
1 = ∙ =
= +

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2
 Here, Sy = y , uy = u sin and ay = -g , Therefore,

 Substituting equation (1), we get,

∙ −
1
2  Therefore, =
∵ =

1 [∵ sin 2 = 2 ∙ ]
= ∙ −
2  For maximum range, 2 = 1

1 2
= − 2 =
2 2 2 2
 Thus, the path travelled by the projectile is an
inverted parabola. =
4
 Maximum Height : (hmax)
The maximum range is, =
 The maximum vertical distance travelled by the
projectile during its journey is called maximum
13. Obtain the relation between linear velocity and
height.
angular velocity.
 For the vertical part of the motion,
= +2

 Here, Vy =0, Sy = hmax , uy = u sin and ay = -g ,

Therefore,

0= −2 ℎ

ℎ =
2

= =−
14. Derive an expression for tangential acceleration in  Since = and = , we can write,
the circular motion.

=−

Where ac is the centripetal acceleration.

16. Derive an expression for total acceleration in the non-

uniform circular motion.

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 Consider the non-uniform circular motion of an
object. (Ex: vertical circular motion)
 Consider the circular motion of radius r with
linear velocity v and angular velocity . In this,  In non-uniform circular motion both centripetal
= and tangential acceleration act on the object as
 Differentiating the above equation with respect to shown in figure.
time, we get,

=
 Here, = and = , therefore,

=
where at is the tangential acceleration and  is
the angular acceleration

15. Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration in  The resultant acceleration is obtained by vector
the uniform circular motion. sum of centripetal and tangential acceleration.
 Consider the position vectors and velocity  Hence, ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗
vectors shift through the some angle  in a small
interval of time t as shown in figure.  Therefore, the magnitude of resultant
acceleration is given by,

= +

2
= + ∵ =

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10. What are the steps followed in developing the free
body diagram?
3. Laws of motion  Identify the forces acting on the object
 Represent the object as a point.
1. State the Newton’s first law of motion.  Draw the vectors representing the forces acting
Every body continues its state of rest or in on the object.
uniform motion until external force acting on it.
11. What is concurrent forces?
2. What is inertia? What are its types? The lines of forces acting at a common point are
The inability of an object to change its state of called concurrent forces.
rest or motion.
Types : 12. What is coplanar forces?
 Inertia of rest The lines of forces they are in the same plane are
 Inertia of motion called coplanar forces.
 Inertia of direction .
3. What is inertia of rest? Give an example. 13. State Lami’s theorem.
The inability of an object to change its state of If a system of three concurrent and coplanar
rest is called inertia of rest. forces is in equilibrium, each force is directly proportional
Example: to sine of the angle between the other two forces.
When a bus start to move from rest position, all
the passengers inside the bus suddenly will be pushed 14. State law of conservation of total linear momentum.
back. Here passengers cannot change their state of rest If there is no external force acting on the system,
on its own that’s why they pushed back. the total linear momentum of the system is always a
constant vector.
4. What is inertia of motion? Give an example.
The inability of an object to change its state of 15. What is impulsive force or impulse? Give its unit.
motion on its own is called inertia of rest. If a very large force acts on an object in a very
Example: short time, the force is called impulsive force.Its unit is Ns.
= ×∆

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When a bus in motion suddenly braked, all the
passengers inside the bus will move forward. Here 16. Illustrate the average force with the examples.
passengers cannot change their state of motion on its  When a cricket player catches the ball, he pulls his
own that’s why they moved forward. hands gradually in the direction of the ball’s motion
because to reduce average large force which hurts
5. What is inertia of direction? Give an example. his hands.
The inability of an object to change its state of  When a car meets with an accident, the air bag
direction on its own is called inertia of rest. system inside a car prevents the passengers by
Example: reducing average forces acting on them.
When a stone attached to a string is in  When a two wheeler bumps on the road, the shock
whirling motion suddenly cut out, the stone will move in absorbers make comfort to rider by reducing
the tangential direction of the circle. Here the whirling average force.
stone cannot change its state of direction on its own that’s  Jumping on a concrete cemented road is more
why it couldn’t continue its circular motion. dangerous than jumping on the sand since the
sand reduces the average force on jumping.
6. State Newton’s second law of motion.
The force acting on an object is equal to the rate 17. What is meant by static friction?
of change of its momentum. Static friction is the force which opposes the
initiation of motion of an object on the surface.
7. Define one Newton.
One Newton is defined as the force which acts on 18. What is meant by kinetic friction?
1 kg of mass to give an acceleration 1 ms-2 in the direction Kinetic friction is the force which opposes the
of the force. motion of an object during movement.

8. State Newton’s third law. 19. Define angle of friction.

For every action there is an equal and opposite The angle of friction is defined as the angle
reaction. between the normal force(N) and resultant force(R) of
normal force and maximum friction force(fsmax).
9. What is free body diagram?
Free body diagram is a simple tool to analyse the 20. Define angle of repose.
motion of the object using Newton’s laws. The angle of repose is defined as the angle of the
inclined plane at which the object starts to slide.
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21. Describe the applications of angle of repose. 29. What are non-inertial frames?
 Antilons make sand traps in such way that its angle The frame of reference, which is accelerated, is
of inclination is made equal to angle of repose. So known as non-inertial frame. Newton’s laws are not
that insects enter the edge of the trap start to slide applicable in these frames.
towards the bottom where the antilons hide itself.
30. Illustrate the centripetal force with the examples.
 Children sliding boards are always inclined just  In the whirling motion of a stone tied with a string,
above the angle of repose. So that children playing the centripetal force is given by tensional force
on that slide smoothly. At the same time, much through the string.
greater inclined angle may hurt the sliding children.
22. Compare the static and kinetic friction.  In the motion of satellites around the Earth, the
S.No. Static friction Kinetic friction gravitational force gives the centripetal force.
It opposes relative
It opposes initiation of
1.
motion.
motion of the object with  When a car is moving on a circular track, the
respect to the surface. frictional force between road and tyre gives the
Independent of surface Independent of surface centripetal force.
2.
contact contact
k depends on the  When the planets orbit around the Sun experience
s depends on the nature the centripetal force towards the sun is given by the
nature of material and
3. of material in mutual gravitational force of the Sun.
temperature of the
contact.
surface.
31. What is meant by banking of tracks?
Depends on the Independent of
When the coefficient of static friction is not
4. magnitude of applied magnitude of applied
enough on the leveled circular road, the outer edge of the
force. force.
road is slightly raised compared to the inner egde to avoid
It takes values from 0 to It is always equal to skidding. It is called banking of tracks.
5.
sN. kN.
6. 32. What is centrifugal force?
> <

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If a particle is in circular motion with respect to a
7. > < non-inertial frame, there is a pseudo force acting away
23. State the empirical laws of static and kinetic friction. from the center of the circle is called centrifugal force.
 The empirical law of static friction states that the
static frictional force is directly proportional to the 33. Compare the centripetal and centrifugal forces.
normal force. i.e. = where, 0 ≤ ≤ . S.No. Centripetal force Centrifugal force
It is a real force given by
 The empirical law of kinetic friction states that the external agencies like
It is a pseudo force or
kinetic frictional force is directly proportional to the fictitious force cannot be
1. gravitational force,
normal force. i.e. = . derived from any
tensional force, normal
24. What is rolling friction? external agencies.
force,etc.
The rolling friction is the minimal force, which
opposes the rotational motion of the wheel on the surface. Acts in both inertial and Acts only in non-inertial
2.
non-inertial frames frames(rotating frames)
25. What is centripetal force?
It acts away from the
If a particle is in uniform circular motion with It acts towards the axis
axis of rotation or
respect to an inertial frame, there is a force acting towards 3. of rotation or center of
center of the circular
the center of the circle is called centripetal force. the circular motion.
motion
26. Suggest a few methods to reduce friction. Real force and has real Pseudo force but has
4.
 By using lubricants in machinary parts. effects. real effects.
 By using ball bearings.
27. What is meant by pseudo force? It orginates from It orginates from inertia
5.
The pseudo force is a fictitious force. It is just an interaction of two objects of the object.
apparent but it makes real effect. It is represented only in
non-inertial frames. It is included in free body It is included in free
Example : centrifugal force. 6. diagram for both inertial body diagram for only
and non-inertial frames. non-inertial frames.
28. What are inertial frames?
Magnitudely it is equal to Magnitudely it is equal
The frame of reference, which is not accelerated, 7.
centrifugal force. to centripetal force.
is known as inertial frame. Newton’s laws are applicable
in these frames.
21

35. There is a limit beyond which polishing of a surface 44. When a bicycle moves in the forward direction, what
increases frictional resistance rathar than decreasing is the direction of frictional force in the rear and front
it why? wheels?
Polishing the surface beyond the certain limit  When a bicycle moves in the forward direction,
induces the electrostatic addisive force on the surface, static friction in the rear wheel acts forward.
which will inturn developes the frictional resistance.  So that front wheel gets backward static friction.
When wheels slip friction becomes kinetic friction.
36. Can a single isolated force exist in nature? Explain  In addition to static friction, rolling friction also acts
your answer. both wheels in the backward direction.
No. It cannot. According to Newton’s third law
“For every action there is an equal and opposite 45. Under What condition will a car skid on a leveled
reaction”. So the forces always exist in pairs. circular road?
When a car moves on a leveled circular road with
37. Why does a parachute descend slowly? greater speed, static friction given by road not able
The large area covered by the parachute provide enough centripetal force to turn. So that car will
experiences more air resistive force acting opposite to start to skid.
downward gravitational force. So that the parachute
descends slowly. 46. It is dangerous to stand near the open door (or) steps
while travelling in the bus. Why?
38. When we walk on ice one should take short steps. When the bus takes sudden turn, the person
Why?

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standing near the open door or steps is pushed away
As the surface of the ice is very smooth, in order from the bus due to centrifugal force.
to avoid skidding, short steps help us to make necessary
static friction to walk.

39. When a person walks on a surface, the frictional force

exerted by the surface on the person is opposite to
the direction of motion. True or false?
False. When the person walks on the surface, he
pushes the surface backward, whereas surface gives
frictional force forward which is in the direction of motion.

40. Can the coefficient of friction be more than one?

Yes. The coefficient of friction can be more than
one. It means friction is greater than normal force. For
example, rubber has coefficient of friction 1.16.

41. Can we predict the direction of motion of a body from

the direction of force on it?
No. It cannot. The direction of motion can be
along the direction of force or opposite to force or
perpendicular force or without the force.

42. The momentum of a system of particle is always

conserved. True or false?
False. The momentum of a system of particle is
conserved only when external force acting on it is zero.

(b) The acceleration experienced by the body at time  It implies v

⃗ = constant. It is essentially Newton’s
depends only on the force at that instant. first law. Though Newton’s 2nd law is internally
 Time dependent force can be written as, consistent with first law, it cannot be derived from
⃗( ) = ⃗( ) each other.
 So that acceleration of the object doesn’t depend
on the previous history of the force. (g) Newton’s second law is cause and effect relation.
 For example, when a ball is bowled, the  Since Newton’s 2nd law is cause and effect relation,
acceleration of the ball leaves the hand doesn’t conventionally cause (Force) should be written in
depend on the force in which it is bowled. right and effect (m ⃗) in the left of the equation.

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(c) Direction of motion doesn’t depend on the direction of
force.
Case(i): Force and motion in the same direction.
When an apple falls from a tree, direction of
m⃗ = ⃗

dp⃗
dt
= ⃗
motion of the apple is along the gravitational force.
2. Obtain the expressions for acceleration and speed of
Case(ii): Force and motion not in the same direction. an object moving in an inclined plane.
The Moon experiences a force in different  When an object of mass m slide on a frictionless
direction when it revolves elliptically around the Earth. inclined surface at an angle .

Case(iii): Force and motion in the opposite direction.  The forces acting on the object is (i) Downward
If an object is thrown vertically upwards, the gravitational force (ii) Normal force perpendicular
direction of motion and gravitational force are opposite. to the inclined surface.

Case(iv): Zero net force, but there is motion.

When a raindrop gets detached from the cloud,
downward gravitational force is equalised by the air drag
(viscous) force in upward direction in certain time. Now
raindrops moves with constant velocity without the net
force till the surface of the Earth.

(d) Net force of multiple forces provides acceleration.

If multiple forces ⃗, ⃗, ⃗, … ⃗ act on the same
body, then the total force ( ⃗ ) is equal to the vector sum
of the individual forces. Their net force provides the
acceleration.

⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗ + ⋯+ ⃗ +

 The angle made by the mg with mg cos is  as

shown in figure.

 By the application of a horizontal force F, both the

blocks move with acceleration a simultaneously
along F.
 If m = m1 + m2 , according to Newton’s 2nd law,
 As the normal force N is compensated by ⃗= ⃗
mgcos, there is no motion along y-axis.  If motion is along x-direction,
− ̂+ ̂=0 ̂= ̂
̂= ̂  Comparing the components on both sides,

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 Comparing components on both sides,
=

 Since the component mgsin is not compensated

=
=( + )

 The acceleration of the system is given by,

[m = m1 + m2]

by any force, the object starts to slide along =

x-direction. By using Newton’s 2nd law, We write, +
̂= ̂ Proof : Forces acting on each other is equal and opposite.
 Let F12 and F21 are forces of contact exerted by m2
 Comparing components on both sides,
on m1 and m1 on m2 respectively.
=

 The acceleration of the object is, =

 If  =900 , the object moves vertically downward

with acceleration a = g .

 Applying 3rd equation of motion along

x-direction, we get,
= +2  According to the above free body diagram,
̂− ̂= ̂
 Here the initial speed u = 0 and a = gsin , the
speed of the object sliding can written as,  By comparing the components, we get,
= 2 − =
= −

 Substituting the value of ‘a’, we get,

= −
+
24

(a) To find acceleration:

 Applying Newton’s 2nd law for m2, we get,
̂− ̂= ̂
 Comparing the components on both sides,
 According to the above free body diagram, − = ------> (1)
 Applying Newton’s 2nd law for m1, we get,
̂= ̂
 By comparing the components, we get, ̂− ̂=− ̂
= The –ve sign on R.H.S denotes m1 moves along
the negative y-direction.
 Substituting the value of ‘a’, we get,
 Comparing the components on both sides,
= − =−

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given by,
⃗ =
+
 In vector form, the contact force on m1 by m2 is

̂
−

 Adding equations (1) & (2), we get,

− =
=

+
-------> (2)

+ ( − ) =( + )
⃗ is along positive x-direction. −
= − −−→ (3)
+
 Therefore, ⃗ = − ⃗ , which confirm Newton’s
3rd law.  If m1 = m2, then a = 0. It shows if masses are equal
4. Explain the motion of blocks connected by a string in whole system will be at rest.
verticle direction.
 Consider two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (m1>m2)
are connected by a light inextensible string that  In vector form, ⃗= ̂ for m1
passes over a pulley.
⃗=− ̂ for m2

(b) To find the tension in the string :

 Substituting equation (3) in (1), we get,
−
− =
+
−
= +
+
−
= 1+
+
+ + −
=
+
2
=
+
25

=
+

 It is shown that tension in the string for horizontal

motion is half that in vertical motion for same m1
and m2.

6. State and Prove the law of conservation of linear

momentum.
 Statement : If there is no external force acting on
the system, the total linear momentum of the
system is always a constant vector.
 As both the blocks are connected to the
unstretchable string, m1 moves downward and m2
 When two particles interact with each other, F12
moves horizontal with same acceleration.
and F21 are the forces exerted by the particle 2
on 1 and by the particle 1 on 2 respectively.
 Forces acting on m1 and m2 are as shown in free
body diagram.
 According to Newton’s 3rd law,
⃗ = − ⃗ ------->(1)

 According to Newton’s 2nd law,

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⃗ ⃗
⃗ = ⃗ = −→ (2)
Here p1 and p2 are the linear momentum of particle
1 and 2.

 Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get,

⃗ ⃗
=−
 Applying Newton’s 2nd law for m1, we get,
⃗ ⃗
̂− ̂= ̂ + =0
 Comparing the components on both sides,
(⃗ + ⃗ ) = 0
− = ------> (1)

 Applying Newton’s 2nd law for m2, we get, ⃗ + ⃗ =

̂= ̂
 Hence the the total linear momentum ( ⃗ + ⃗ )
 Comparing the components on both sides, of the system is a constant vector.
= ------> (2)
7. Using conservation of linear momentum, find the
 As gravitation force on m2 and Normal force are recoil velocity of a gun when a bullet is fired from it.
balanced, there is no vertical acceleration in m2.  Consider ⃗ and ⃗ are the initial momentum of a
̂− ̂=0 bullet and a gun before firing.

 Comparing the components on both sides,  Since initially both the gun and bullet are at rest,
− =0 ⃗ =0 ⃗ =0
=  Hence, total linear momentum before firing can be
written as,
 Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get,
⃗ + ⃗ =0
− =
26

 Let mb & mg are the mass of the bullet and the gun
and vb & vg are the velocity and recoil velocity of
the bullet and the gun respectively.

 Hence ⃗ and ⃗ can be written as,

⃗ = ⃗ and ⃗ = ⃗

 Substituting the valus of ⃗ and ⃗ in equation (1),  From the diagram the normal force N is balance by
we get, the total downward force mg + Fcos. Thus,
⃗ + ⃗ =0 = +
 Hence, the recoil velocity of the gun is given by,  In this case, maximum static friction can be
⃗ =− ×⃗ written as,
=
8. Obtain the impulse – momentum equation.
 If a large force F acts on a object in a very short = ( + ) --->(1)
time dt, Newton’s 2nd law can be written as,

www.Padasalai.Net =
=
(b) Pulling an object :
 When an object is pulled at an arbitrary angle ,
the applied force F can be resolved into two
components as shown in figure.
 Integrating over the time from an initial time ti to a
final time tf, we get

Here pi and pf are the initial and final momentum at

time ti and tf .

 If force F is constant over the time interval, then

 From the diagram the normal force N is balance by
= the total downward force mg - Fcos. Thus,
= −
− = ( − )
 In this case, maximum static friction can be
written as,
∆ = ∆ ------>(1)
=
∆ = [∵ = ∆ ]
= ( − )--->(2)
 Here ∆ = − , change in momentum
 From equation (1) and (2), to overcome and
and ∆ = − , time interval.
to move the object, it is easier to pull an object than
to push it.
 The equation (1) is called momentum – impulse
equation.
27

 From the figure, can also be wrtten as,

= ----->(2)

 Equating equation (1) and (2), we get

=
=

= ------> (3)
 From the figure, the resultant force is given by,
 It shows that equation (3) is like the definition of
= ( ) + angle of friction = where  is the angle
of friction.
 And from the figure,

=  Thus, the angle of repose  in equation (3) is same

as the angle of friction.

12. Obtain the conditions for safe and unsafe(skid) turn

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 Since

 Hence,
=

=
, = of a car on a leveled circular road.
 Consider a car of mass ‘m’ moving at a speed ‘v’
in the circular track of radius ‘r’ .

or =

 Therefore, the coefficient of static friction is equal

to tangent of the angle of friction.

11. Show that in an inclined plane, the angle of friction is

equal to angle of repose.
 Consider an inclined plane on which an object is
placed as shown in figure.

 When the car is on the road, the normal force N is

balanced by gravitational force mg is given by,
=
 When the car turns on the circular track, the static
friction provides the centripetal force can be
expressed as,

 Let  be the angle of inclined plane with the

 As we know, ≤ , there are two
horizontal, which is made equal to the angle of
conditions possible.
repose. So that the object placed on it start to slide.

≤ ( ) ≥ ( ) ≥ =

 In this case static friction gives necessary =

centripetal force to bend the car on the road.
 The banking angle  and radius of curvature of the
 Here the co-efficient of friction between tyre and
road or track(r) determines the safe speed of the
the surface of the road determines what maximum
car at the turning.
speed the car can have for safe turn.
 When the car just exceeds the safe speed, it will
(b) For unsafe(skid) turn :
start to skid outward but the frictional force will
provide additional centripetal force to prevent the
> ( ) <
outward skidding.

 In this case, static friction is not able to provide  When the car little slows the safe speed, it will start
enough centripetal force to turn, the car will start to to skid inward but frictional force will reduce
skid. centripetal force to prevent the inward skidding.

 However, frictional force cannot prevent the car

13. Obtain the expression for safe speed of a car when it
from skidding when the car speed is much greater
turns on a banking of tracks and discuss how it
than the safe speed.
prevents from skidding.

 Consider a banking of track, whose outer edge is

raised at an angle  with the horizontal as shown
in figure.

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 So that the normal force makes same angle  with

the vertical, can be resolved into N cos and N sin

 From the diagram, the component N cos is

balanced by mg is written as,
= -----> (1)

 From the diagram, the centripetel force is given by

N sin can be written as,

= −→ (2)

 But in Physics, work is treated as a physical  Examples: Frictional forces, viscous force
quantity with a precise definition.
13.Write difference between conservative and non-
3. Define Energy. Give its SI unit and dimension. conservative forces.
 Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Its SIS.
unit is joule. Conservative force Non-conservative force
No.
1. It is independent of path. It depends on the path.
 Energy magnitudely equal to work. It is also a Work done in a round trip Work done in a round trip
scalar. Its dimension is [ML2T-2]. 2.
is zero. is not zero.
Work done is completely Work done is not
4. Write some other units used in energy and equate 3.
recoverable. completely recoverable.
them to joule. Total energy remains Energy dissipated as heat
 1 erg (CGS unit) = 107 J 4.
constant. energy.
 1 electron volt (1 eV) = 1.6 x 10-19 J

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Force is the negative No such relation exist.
 1 calorie (1 cal) = 4.186 J 5. gradient of potential
 1 kilowatt hour (1kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J =1 unit. energy.

5. What are the types of mechanical energy? 14.State law of conservation of energy.
 Kinetic energy. The law of conservation of energy states that
 Potential energy. energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. One
form of energy can be transformed to another form but
6. What is Kinetic energy? total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
motion is called Kinetic energy. 15.Define power. Give its unit.
 Power is defined as the rate of work done or energy
7. State Work – Kinetic energy theorem. delivered. Its unit is watt.
The work done by the force on the body changes ( )
the kinetic energy of the body. This is called  ( )= ( )
Work – Kinetic energy theorem.
16.Define average power.
8. What is Potential energy?  The average power is defined as the ratio of the
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its total work done to the total time taken.
its position is called Potential energy.

9. What are the types of Potential energy?

 ( )=
 Gravitational potential energy.
 Elastic potential energy. 17.Define instantaneous power.
 Electrostatic potential energy.  The instantaneous power is defined as the power
delivered at an instant. (i.e ∆ → 0)
10.What is elastic potential energy?  =
The potential energy possessed by a spring due
to a deforming force which stretches or compress the
18.Define one watt.
spring is termed as elastic potential energy.
One watt is defined as the power when one joule
of work is done in one second.
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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GGHSS, CHENGAM-606 701. CELL : 9994456748
19.Write some other units used in power and equate
them to watt.
 1 kW = 103 W
 1 MW = 106 W
 1 GW = 109 W
 1 hp (horse power) = 746 W
20.What is meant by collision? Give the examples.  In 1st case, xi = 0 and xf = x
 The interaction of two bodies with or without
physical contacts, is known as collision.
 = − = ( − 0) =
 Examples: Carom, billiards, marbles, etc.
21.What are the types of collisions?
 Elastic collision.
 Inelastic collision.
22.What is elastic collision? Give an example.
 The collision in which total kinetic energy before
collision is equal to the total kinetic energy after
collision, is known as elastic collision.  In 2nd case, xi = x and xf = 2x
 Example: electron-electron collision.
 = −
23.What is inelastic (or) plastic collision? Give an  = (4 − ) = 3 =3
example.
 The collision in which total kinetic energy before  Therefore, =
collision is not equal to the total kinetic energy after 27.Which is conserved in inelastic collision?Total energy
collision, is known as inelastic collision. (or ) Kinetic energy?
Total energy, because in the inelastic collison
 Example: Clay putty or bubblegum is thrown on a total kinetic energy after the collision is changed.
moving vehicle. 28.Is there any net work done by external forces on a car
moving with a constant speed along a straight road?

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24.Compare between elastic and inelastic collisions. No. When the car is moving with constant speed
S. in a straight road, according to Newton’s law there will be
Elastic collision Inelastic collision
No. no acceleration and external force. Hence, there is no
Total momentum is Total momentum is external work done on a car.
1.
conserved. conserved. 29.A car starts from rest and moves on a surface with
Total kinetic energy is Total kinetic energy is not uniform acceleration. Draw the graph of kinetic energy
2.
conserved. conserved. versus displacement. What information do you can get
Forces involved are Forces involved are from that graph?
3.
conservative forces. non-conservative forces.
Mechanical energy is not Mechanical energy is
4. dissipated. dissipated into heat, light,
sound, etc.

25.Define COR (or) coefficient of restitution(e).

 It is defined as the ratio of velocity of seperation
after collision to the velocity of approach before
collision.

 In general, values of COR(e) lies beween 0<e<1.

 For perfect elastic collision, e = 1.
 For perfect inelastic collision, e = 0. In a frictionless environment, the energy gets
transferred from kinetic to potential and potential kinetic
repeatedly such that the total energy of the car remains
constant.
Conceptual Questions:
30.A charged particle moves towards another charged
26.A spring which initially in unstretched condition, is first particle. Under what conditions the total momentum
stretched by a length x and again by a further length and the total energy of the system conserved?
x. The work done in the first case W1 is one third of When they undergo collision process, the total
the work done in second case W2 . True or false? momentum and the total energy of the system are
 True. conserved.

 Work is a scalar quantity. Its dimentional formula

is [ML2T-2].

 The work done by the force depends on the 3. Describe the work done by a variable force.
force (F), displacement(dr) and the angle()  When a variable force F acts on a body, the small
between them. work done(dw) by the force for the smaller
displacement is given by,
 Work done is zero in the following cases. =( )
(i) When the force is zero (F =0) Where F and  are variables.
Ex: A body is moving on a horizontal
frictionless surface without force.  The total work done from initial (ri) and final (rf)
dispalcement is given by,
(ii) When the displacement is zero (dr =0)
Ex: When force is applied on a regid wall,
there is no dispalcement. =

(iii)When the force and displacement are

perpendicular ( = 900)
Ex: When a body moves in a horizontal
= ( )
direction, the gravitational force and
displacement are perpendicular to each other.

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 Work done is negative, when the force and
displacement are opposite to each other.

Ex: When the goal keeper catches the ball in foot

 The graphical representation of the work done by
a variable force is shown in figure.

ball game, the applied force and displacement of

the ball are opposite to each other till the ball
comes to rest.

2. Describe the work done by a constant force.

 When a constant force F acts on a body, the
small work done(dw) by the force for the smaller 4. State and prove Work – Energy theorem.
displacement(dr) is given by,  Work-Energy theorem: The work done by the
force on the body changes the kinetic energy of
=( )
the body.
 The total work done from initial (ri) and final (rf)
 Cosider a body of mass m at rest on a frictionless
dispalcement is given by,
horizontal surface.

=  The work(W) done by the constant force (F) for a

displacement (s) in the same direction is,
= --------> (1)
= ( )
 The constant force is given by,
= -------> (2)

=( )  The 3rd equation of motion can be written as,

= +2
=( ) − −
=
2
32

 The linear momentum is, ⃗= ⃗ ------->(1)

= [ ]
 KInetic energy is, = ---------->(2) = ℎ

 Multiply and divide the equation(2) by ‘m’,we get, 7. Obtain an expression for elastic potential energy of a
1 ( ⃗. ⃗) spring stretched along horizontal direction.

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=
=
2
1 ( ⃗). ( ⃗)
2
=
1 ( ⃗. ⃗)
[∵ = ]
 Consider a spring-mass system. One end of the
spring is fixed to a rigid wall and the other end is
attached to the mass ‘m’, which is placed on a
smooth horizontal table as shown in figure.

2
= [∵ ⃗. ⃗ = ]
2
 The magnitude of linear momentum can be
written as,
= 2 ( )

6. Derive an expression for the potential energy near the

surface of the Earth.
 Consider a body of mass m being moved from
ground to the height h against the gravitational
force as shown in figure.

 Here x=0 is the equilibrium position of the mass.

In this position potential energy is zero.

 Now the spring is stretched by a distance ‘x’

along the direction of applied force ⃗ .

 So that a restoring force( ⃗ ) is set in the spring,

which is equal and opposite to the applied force.
⃗ =−⃗
33

 Since = and  = 0, the potential energy can Where = is the centripetal acceleration.
be written as,
 Consider v1 , T1 and v2 , T2 are the velocities and
= tensions at lowest point 1 and highest point 2
respectively.

=  Tension at lowest point (1) :

2 Here  = 00 , T= T1 and v = v1 . Substituting these
1 values in equation (2), we get,
=
2

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 If the position of the mass changed from xi to xf ,
the potential energy can be written as,
= −
 Thus, we observe that the elastic potential
− =

= + − −→ (3)

energy depends on force constant k and  Tension at highest point (2) :

elongation or compression x. Here  = 1800 , T= T2 and v = v2 . Substituting
these values in equation (2), we get,
8. Obtain an expression for difference in tension of a
string at lowest and highest points of a vertical circular + =
motion of a body. Also find minimum speed of the
body at lowest and highest points. = − − −→ (4)
 Consider a body mass ‘m’ attached to one end
of a massless inextensible string, which executes
vertical circular motion as shown in figure.  From equations (3) & (4), it is seen that T1 > T2.

 Difference in tension :
Subtracting equation(4) from (3), we get,

− = + − +

− = [ − ]+2 − −→ (5)

 Applying law of conservation of energy at point

1 and 2, we have,
Total energy at point 1 = Total energy at point 2
=
+ = + − −→ (6)
Where U1 , U2 and KE1 , KE2 are the potential
and kinetic energies at points 1 and 2.

 Therefore, the difference in tension is, 10.Arrive at an expression for elastic collision in one
dimension and discuss various cases.
− =6  Consider two elastic bodies of masses m1 and m2
moving in a straight line along +ve x-direction on
 Minimum speed at the highest point (2) :
a frictionless horizontal surface as shown in
If the tension T2 = 0, the body will get minimum
figure.
speed to move on vertical circle. Therefore, from
equation (4), we get,

0= −

=  Let u1 & v1 and u2 & v2 be the initial and final

velocities of masses m1 & m2 respectively.
=

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 Hence, the body
=

must
− −→ (8)

have a speed
 When u1 > u2 , collision happends. For elastic
collision, the total linear momentum and kinetic
energies of two masses before and after collision
must remain same.

≥ at point 2 to stay in the circular path.  According to law of conservation of linear

momentum,
 Minimum speed at the lowest point (1) :
Total linear momentum Total linear momentum
To have minimum speed at point 2, the body =
before collision (p1) after collision (p2)
must have minimum speed at point 1.
+ = +
 From equation(7), ( − )= ( − )−→ (1)
− =4
 For elastic collision,
 Substituting = , we get,
Total kinetic energy Total kinetic energy
=
before collision (KE1) after collision (KE2)
− =4
1 1 1 1
=5 + = +
2 2 2 2
( − )= ( − )
= 5 − −→ (9)
( + )( − )= ( + )( − )
----->(2)
 Hence, the body must have a speed
≥ 5 at point1 to stay in the circular path.  Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get,
( + )( − ) ( + )( − )
 From equations (8) and (9), it is clear that, the =
( − ) ( − )
minimum speed v1 at point 1 should be √5 times
greater than the minimum speed v2 at point 2 in + = +
order to loop the circle. − = −
− = −( − ) − −→ (3)
35

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of two bodies.
exchanged.  Consider a perfect inelastic collision of two
masses m1 and m2 moving in a straight line along
Case 2 : When two bodies have same mass and second +ve x-direction on a frictionless horizontal
mass is at rest. i.e. m1 = m2 & u2 = 0. surface.
 From equations (6) & (7),
v1 = 0 and v2 = u1  After the collision, the objects stick together and
move with common velocity ‘v’ as shown in
 It shows that after collision when 1st body comes figure.
to rest, the 2ndbody moves with the initial velocity
of 1st body.

Case 3 : The 1st body is very much lighter than 2nd body
and second mass is at rest.. i.e. m1 << m2 & u2 = 0.
 In this case, m1 + m2  m2 and ≈0
 .According to law of conservation of linear
momentum,
 From equation (6),

= −1 +2 Total linear momentum Total linear momentum

=
before collision (p1) after collision (p2)
= (0 − 1) + 2 (0)
=−
 From equation (7), + =( + )
= 2 × + 1−  Hence, the common velocity after collision is,
= (0) + 1 (0)
+
=0 =
( + )
 It shows that after collision 1st body returns back
with its initial velocity and the 2nd body remains
at rest.
36

 After the collision, the objects stick together and

move with common velocity ‘v’ as shown in
figure.

 Total kinetic energy before collision,

1 1
= +
2 2
 Total kinetic energy after collision,
1
= ( + )
2
 Then the loss of kinetic energy is,
∆ = −
1 1 1
∆ = ( + ) − +
2 2 2

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 But
energy,
= ( )
, therefore loss of kinetic

1
∆ = ( − )
2 +

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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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5. Motion of System of Particles and 12. What are the stable equilibrium conditions?
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
Rigid bodies  The body tries to come back to equilibrium if
slightly disturbed and released.
1. What is a rigid body?  The center of mass of the body shifts slightly
A rigid body is the one, which maintains its higher if disturbed from equilibrium
dimension and fixed shape even when an external force  Potential energy of the body is minimum and it
acts on it. increases if disturbed.
13. What are the unstable equilibrium conditions?
2. Define center of mass.  Linear and angular momentum are zero
The center of mass of a body is defined as a point  The body cannot come back to equilibrium if
where the entire mass of the body appears to be slightly disturbed and released.
concentrated.  The center of mass of the body shifts slightly
lower if disturbed from equilibrium
3. What is a point mass?  Potential energy of the body is not minimum and
A point mass is a hypothetical point which has it decreases if disturbed.
non-zero mass and no size or shape. 14. What are the neutral equilibrium conditions?
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
4. Define torque. Give its unit.  The body remains at the same equilibrium if
Torque is defined as the moment of the external slightly disturbed and released.
applied force about a point or axis of rotation. Its unit is  The center of mass of the body does not shifts
N m. higher or lower if disturbed from equilibrium
 Potential energy remains same even if disturbed.
i.e. ⃗= ⃗× ⃗ 15. Distinguish between stable and unstable equilibrium.
S.No. Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
5. Define angular momentum. Give its unit.
1. The body returns back The body does not return
The angular momentum of a point mass is
to equilibrium after back to equilibrium after
defined as the moment of its linear momentum. Its unit is
slight disturbance. slight disturbance.
kg m2 s-1 .

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body?
i.e. ⃗ = ⃗ × ⃗
6. What is meant by mechanical equilibrium of a rigid

A rigid body is said to be in mechanical

equilibrium when both its linear momentum and angular
2. The center of mass of The center of mass of
the body shifts higher the body shifts lower
during disturbance.
3. Potential energy is
minimum and
during disturbance.
Potential energy is
maximum and decreased
momentum remain constant. increased during during disturbance.
disturbance.
7. What are the types of equilibrium? 16. Define a couple.
 Translational equilibrium A couple is defined as a pair of forces which are
 Rotational equilibrium equal and opposite and seperated by a perpendicular
 Static equilibrium distance causes a turning effect.
 Dynamic equilibrium
 Stable equlibrium 17. Give some examples for couple.
 Unstable equlibrium  Opening a cap of a pen.
 Neutral equilibrium  Turning a steering wheel of a car.
 opening a water tap.
8. What are translational equilibrium conditions? 18. State principle of moments.
 Linear momentum is constant When an object is in equilibrium the sum of the
 Net force is zero anticlockwise moments about a turning point must be
equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.
9. What are rotational equilibrium conditions?
 Angular momentum is constant 19. What is center of gravity?
 Net torque is zero The center of gravity of a body is the point at
which the entire weight of the body acts irrespective of the
10. What are static equilibrium conditions? position and orientation of the body.
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
 Net force and net torque are zero 20. What do you mean by the moment of inertia? Give its
unit and dimension.
11. What are dynamic equilibrium conditions? The moment of inertia is a measure of rotational
 Linear and angular momentum are constant inertia. The unit of moment of inertia is, kg m2. Its
 Net force and net torque are zero dimension is M L2.
38

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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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21. Define moment of inertia. 29. What is the condition for pure rolling?
Moment of inertia is defined as the sum of the In pure rolling, the total kinetic energy must be
products of the mass and the square of the perpendicular equal to the sum of kinetic energies of translational and
distance to the axis of rotation of each particle in a body rotational motion.
rotating about an axis.
30. Comparison of translational and rotational quantities.
. . = S. Translational Motion Rotational motion about a
No fixed axis
22. Mention any two physical significance of moment of 1. Displacement, x Angular displacement, θ
inertia. 2. Time, t Time, t
 Lesser the moment of inertia, greater the speed 3. Velocity, = Angular velocity, =
of rotation.
 Greater the mass concentrated away from the 4. Acceleration, a= Angular acceleration,
axis of rotaion, greater the moment of inertia. =
23. What is radius of gyration? Give its unit.
5. Mass, m Moment of inertia, I
The radius of gyration of an object is the
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to an 6. Force, = Torque,  =
equivalent point mass, which has same mass and
moment of inertia of the object. Its unit is metre. 7. Linear momentum, Angular momentum,
= L=
24. Define radius of gyration. 8. Impulse, Δ = Δ Angular Impulse, Δ = Δ
Radius of gyration is defined as the root mean 9. Work done by force, Work done by torque,
square (rms) distance of the particles of the body from the w= =
axis of rotation. 10. Kinetic energy, Rotational Kinetic energy,
+ + + ⋯+ = =
. . = 11. Power, = Rotational Power, =

25. State parallel axis theorem.

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The moment of inertia of a body about any axis 31. Find out the center of mass for the given geometrical
is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel
axis through its center of mass and the product of the
mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular
distance between the two axes.
structures. a) Equilateral triangle b) Cylinder c)
Square.
 For evenly distributed mass, center of mass will be
at the geometrical center of the uniform shape.
i.e. = + a) Center of mass for equilateral triangle :
26. State perpendicular axis theorem. Draw the Perpendicular lines
The moment of inertia of a plane laminar body from vertices A, B and C to
about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the opposite sides. The lines meet at
sum of moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes one point C, which is the center
lying in the plane of the body such that all the three axes of mass.
are mutually perpendicular and concurrent.
i.e. = +
27. State law of conservation of angular momentum. b) Center of mass for Cylinder :
When no external torque acts on the body, the Draw the perpendicular cross line ED
net angular momentum of a rotating rigid body remains at the mid of the height of the cylinder.
constant. This intersect the axis of cylinder at C,
Which is the center of mass.
28. Distinguish between sliding and slipping.
S.No. Sliding Slipping
1. The translation is more The rotation is more than
than rotation. translation.
c) Center of mass for Square :
2. Relative velocity Relative velocity between Draw the diagonals AE and BD,
between point of point of contact and the which will intersect at C. The point
contact and the surface surface is zero. C is the center of mass.
is non-zero.
3. It happens when the It happens when the
moving vehicle vehicle is start to move
suddenly stopped on a on a slippery road or in
slippery road. mud.

33. Why does a porter bend forward while carrying a sack

of rice on his back?
A porter bends forward while carrying a sack of
rice on his back because to change the position of centre
of gravity such that he gets the stability.

34. Why is it much easier to balance a meter scale on

your fingertip than balancing on a match stick?
The center of gravity of the meter scale is higher  Yes. The line of action of the normal force N
than the center of gravity of the matchstick. Higher the exerted by the table on the block depend on h.
center of gravity makes lesser torque. So that it is easier
to balance a meter scale on your fingertip than balancing  When height of the appiled force ‘h’ increases, a
on a match stick. torque is produced by the applied force and
frictional force such that block start to tilt.
35. Two identical water bottles one empty and the other
filled with water are allowed to roll down an inclined  To balance this effect, line of action of normal force
plane. Which one of them reaches the bottom first? shift away from applied force and make a opposite
Explain your answer. torque, joining with gravitational force ‘W’.

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Water filled bottle. Because the moment of inertia 38. Three identical solid spheres move down through
of the empty bottle is higher than the moment of inertia of three inclined planes A, B and C all same dimensions.
the water filled bottle. A is without friction, B is undergoing pure rolling and
36. Write the relation between angular momentum and C is rolling with slipping. Compare the kinetic
rotational kinetic energy. Draw a graph for the same. energies EA, EB and EC at the bottom.
For two objects of same angular momentum,  In this case, when three identicle solid spheres
compare the moment of inertia using the graph. starts to move on the inclined planes, they all have
same potential energy.
Relation: Rotational kinetic energy,
 During the motion, the potential energy is
= converted into kinetic energy.
2
where L is angular momentum and I is moment of inertia.
 According to law of conservation of energy, at the
bottom all the potential energy is converted into
Graph between KE and L :
kinetic energy.
I1
I2  Such that all three spheres have same kinetic
energy at the bottom whatever be the type of
KE KE1 motion. i.e. EA = EB = EC .
KE2 I1 < I2
39. Give an example to show that the following statement
is false. ‘Any two forces acting on a body can be
combined into single force that would have same
effect’.
 Consider two equal and opposite forces acting on
L = const. L a wheel.
 If two foces combined and acting on single point on
The graph shows that of the two bodies of same the wheel, there will be no effect. However, if they
angular momentum, those one have less rotaional kinetic act seperatly on the edges of the wheel, there will
energy has higher moment of inertia. be a rotating effect.
 This example falsifies the given statement.

 The center of mass along X-axis is,

+
=
+
 When the origin coincides with any one of the
masses:

 The equation for the X coordinate of the center of  If the orgin coincide with mass m1 as shown in
mass is, figure, its position x1 = 0.
∑
=
∑

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Where, ∑
particles.

 Hence,
= , is the total mass of all the

 The center of mass along X-axis is,

∑
= (0) +
= =
+ +
 Similarly, the Y and Z coordinates of center of
mass can be written as,  When the origin coincides with center of the mass
∑ itself :
=
 If the origin coincide with center of mass as
shown in figure, XCM = 0. Hence, the position x1
∑ is negative.
=

 The position of the center of mass of these masses

is ( XCM , YCM , ZCM ). In general, the position of
center of mass in vector form can be expresssed
as,
∑ ⃗  The center of mass along X-axis is,
⃗ =
(− ) +
0=
Where, ⃗ = ̂+ ̂+ is the +
position vector of the center of mass and
⃗ = ̂+ ̂+ is the position vector of the =
distributed point mass.
 The above equation is known as principle of
moments.
41

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= ), motion about a fixed axis as shown in figure.
the mass m of small disc is,
= ×

= ×
2
= × = × × =
2 4 4

 Substituting the value of m in equation(1), we get,

 Let ⃗ be a tangential force acting on the point mass
produces the torque for rotation and ⃗ be the
= = position vector of the point mass.
− 2 2
 The torque produced by the force on the point
= mass m about the axis of rotation is written as,
6
 Therefore, the center of mass of the remaining = sin 90 = [∵ sin 90 = 1]
portion is at a distance of R/6 left to the center of = [∵ = ]
disc. = = [∵ = ]
= − −→ (1)
4. Locate the center of mass of a uniform rod of mass M
and length l .
 For all particles of the body, =∑
 Consider a uniform rod of mass M and length l
whose one end coincides with the origin as shown
in figure.  Therefore, = (∑ )
=
2
Where, = ∑ , moment of inertia of the rigid
body.

 In vector form,
⃗= ⃗
42

 Proof :
Consider a light rod of negligible mass which is
pivoted at a point along its length.

 Let two parallel forces F1 and F2 act at the two

ends at distances d1 and d2 from the point of pivot
and the normal reaction force N at the point of pivot
 let ⃗ be the angular momentum which is as shown in figure.
perpendicular to position vector ⃗ and linear
momentum vector ⃗.

 As the angular momentum is the moment of linear

momentum,
= 90 [∵ sin 90 = 1]
 Since the rod has to remain stationary in horizontal
[∵ ] position, it should be in transitional and rotational
= = =
equilibrium. Then, both the net force and net torque
must be zero.
=
 For net force to be zero,
 For all particles of the body, =∑ − + − =0

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 For net torque to be zero,
 Therefore, = (∑ ) − =0
= = −→ (1)
 The above equation represents principle of
2
Where, = ∑ , moment of inertia of the rigid moments.
body.
 The beam balance used for weighing goods uses
 In vector form, this princilple with d1 = d2 and F1 = F2 .
⃗= ⃗  Mechanical Advantage (MA) :
From the equation(1),
7. Obtain the relation between torque and angular
momentum. = −→ (2)
 The angular momentum expression is,
= − −→ (1)
 If F1 is the load and F2 is our effort, we get
 The torque expression is, advantage when d1 < d2 .This implies that F1 > F2.
Hence we can lift a large load with small effort.
= = ∵ =
 In equation(2), the term is called mechanical
( ) advantage of the simple lever. The pivot point is
= − −→ (2)
called fulcrum.

 Substituting equation(1) in (2), we get,  Thus, the mechanical advantage(MA) is

expressed as,
=
ℎ ( )=
 In vector form,
⃗  There are many simple machines that work on the
⃗= above principle.

 It shows that while negotiating a circular road of

radius r at velocity v, a cyclist has to bend an
angle  from vertical, to avoid a fall.

10. Obtain the expression for moment of inertia of a

uniform rod.
 Consider a uniform rod of mass M and length l as
 Let m be the mass of the system, which includes shown in figure.
cycle and cyclist and C be the center of gravity of
this system.

 Let us consider horizontal is along x-axis and

vertical is along Z-axis.

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 The system as a frame rotating about Z-axis and
the system is at rest in this rotating frame Z.

 In this rotating frame, the centrifugal force acts  Let us consider the rod is along the x-axis and the
away from center O and passing through the center moment of inertia of the rod is found about the
of gravity C as shown below. axis, which passes through center of mass
(here the geometrical center) of the rod ‘O’.

 Now the moment of inertia of an infinitesimal

small mass ‘dm’ of length dx of the rod, which is
at a distance ‘x’ from O can be expressed as,
=( ) −→ (1)

 The moment of inertia(I) of the entire rod can be

found by integrating the equation(1) as,
/

= = ( ) −→ (2)
/

 As the system is in rotational equilibrium, the net  If  is linear mass density(i.e. = ), the small
l
torque must be zero. Thus, mass dm can be written as,
⃗ =0
= =
l
− + =0
 Substituting the ‘dm’ value in equation(2), we get,
Here, the clock wise moment (mg AB) is taken as / /

negative and the anti clockwise moment = =

is taken as positive. l l
/ /

1
= l2
12

11. Obtain the expression for moment of inertia of a

uniform ring.
 Consider a uniform ring of mass M and radius R as
shown in figure.
 The moment of inertia of the disc is found about
the axis, which passes through its center and
perpendicular to the plane. This disc is made up
of many infinitesimally small rings.

 Now consider the moment of inertia of an ring,

which has infinitesimal small mass ‘dm’ ,
thickness dr and radius ‘r’, which can be
expressed as,
=( ) −→ (1)
 The moment of inertia of the ring is found about
the axis, which passes through its center and  The moment of inertia(I) of the entire disc can be
perpendicular to the plane. found by integrating the equation(1) as,


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 Now the moment of inertia of an infinitesimal
small mass ‘dm’ of length dx of the ring, which is
at a distance ‘R’ from the center can be
expressed as,
=( ) −→ (1)
= =

 If  is surface mass density (i.e.

( ) −→ (2)

=
π
), the
small mass dm can be written as,
 The moment of inertia(I) of the entire ring can be 2
found by integrating the equation(1) as,
= 2πr dr = 2
2πr dr = 2
r dr
π


( )  Substituting the ‘dm’ value in equation(2), we get,

= = −→ (2)
2 2
= 2
r dr = 2
 If  is linear mass density (i.e. = ), the small
2πR
4
mass dm can be written as,
=
= = 2 4 0
2πR 4
= −0
 Substituting the ‘dm’ value in equation(2), we get, 2 4
 

= = 1 2
2πR 2 = R
2
= [ ]0  13. State and prove parallel axis theorem.
2  Statement : The moment of inertia of a body about
any axis is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia
= [2 − 0] about a parallel axis through its center of mass and
2 the product of the mass of the body and the square
of the perpendicular distance between the two
= R2 axes.

 Consider a plane laminar object of negligible

thickness on which the origin O lies. The mutually
perpendicular axes X and Y are lying on the the
plane and z-axis is perpendicular to palne as
shown in figure.

 Let IC be the moment of inertia of the body about

an axis AB, which passes through center of mass.

 Consider I is the moment of inertia of the body to

be found about an axis DE, which is parallel to AB.
and d is the perpendicular distance between DE  Let us consider a point mass P of mass m, which
and AB. is at a distance r from origin O.

 Let P be the point mass of mass m, which is  The moment of inertia of the point mass about the
located at a distance x from its center of mass. Z-axis is,
=

www.Padasalai.Net
 The moment of inertia of the point mass about the
axis DE is,
= ( + )

 The moment of inertia of the whole body about the

 The moment of inertia of the whole body about the
Z-axis is,
=
axis DE is,

= ( + )  Here, = + , So that,
= ( + )
= ( + +2 )
= +
= ( + +2 )

 But ∑ = , the moment of inertia of the

= + +2 body about the Y-axis and ∑ = , the
moment of inertia of the body about the X-axis.
 Here, ∑ = , the moment of inertia of
the body about the center of mass and
 Therefore, = +
∑ = 0 (since x has +ve and –ve values
about the axis AB)
or = +

 Hence, the perpendicular axis theorem is proved.

 Therefore, The moment of inertia of the whole
body about the axis DE can be expressed as,
15. Discuss the conservation of angular momentum with
= + example.
 According to law of conservation of angular
momentum, when no external torque acts on the
 But ∑ = , mass of the whole body. Thus, body, the net angular momentum of a rotating rigid
= + body remains constant.

 Hence, the parallel axis theorem is proved. i.e. If = = 0 , L = Constant.

 This the work done by a torque.

17. Obtain an expression for rotational kinetic energy.

 Consider a rigid body with all particles rotating with
angular velocity  about an axis as shown in figure.

 A diver while in air increases the number of

somersaults by curling his body close, to

www.Padasalai.Net
decrease the moment of inertia as shown in
figure.

 The tangential velocity v is varied for every particle

in rotation, based on its positions from the axis of
rotation.

 If mi is the mass of a ith particle with tangential

velocity vi , situated at a distance ri from axis of
rotation, the kinetic energy of this particle is,
1
16. Find the work done by a torque.
=
2
 Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis.
Let P be a point on the body which rotates about  We know, = , so that,
the axis perpendicular to the plane of the paper as 1 1
shown in figure. = ( ) = ( )
2 2
 Now the kinetic energy for whole body is,
1
=
2

 But ∑ = , the moment of inertia of the

whole body. Therefore, the rotational kinetic
energy becomes,
1
=
2
47

 The angular momentum of the rigid body is,  Substituting the values of IO and  in KE relation,
= we get,
1
 The rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body is, = ( + )
2
1 1
= = 1+
2 2
 Multiplying and dividing the R.H.S of the equation
by L, we get, 21. A solid sphere is undergoing pure rolling. What is the
ratio of its translational and rotational kinetic energy?
1 1( )
= =  The expression for total kinetic energy in pure
2 2 rolling is,
= = + −→ (1)
2
 For any object the total kinetic energy can be
 This is the relation between rotational kinetic arrived as,
energy and angular momentum. 1 1
= + −→ (2)
19. Arrive at an expression for kinetic energy in pure 2 2
rolling with center of mass as reference.
 As the pure rolling consist of both translational and  Comparing the equations (1) & (2), we get,
rotational motion, the total kinetic energy of pure 1
rolling is the sum of kinetic energies of translational =
2

www.Padasalai.Net
and rotational motion. 1
= + =
2
 If M be the mass of the rolling object, VCM be the
velocity of center of mass, ICM be the moment of  Now the ratio between and is,
inertia about the center of mass and  be the
angular velocity, then,
∶ =1∶
1 1
= +
2 2  For solid sphere, = , Therefore,
2
 But = and = . Here K is the ∶ =1∶
5
radius of gyration. So that, or ∶ =5∶ 2
1 1
= + ( ) 22. Discuss the rolling on inclined plane and arrive at the
2 2
1 1 expressions for the acceleration, the final velocity and
= + the time taken for rolling down the inclined plane.
2 2
1  Consider a round object of mass m and radius R is
= 1+ rolling down on an inclined plane without slipping
2
as shown in figure.
20. Arrive at an expression for kinetic energy in pure
rolling with point of contact as reference.
 If IO is the moment of inertia of the object about the
point of contact, the rotational kinetic energy is,
1
=
2
 By parallel axis theorem,
= +
48

www.Padasalai.Net = −→ (2)

 Substituting equation (2) in (1), we have,

 It suggest that for a given inclined angle, the object
with least value of radius of gyration K will reach
the bottom of the inclined plane first.

− =

= +

1+ =

= −→ (3)
1+

(b) Final velocity of the rolling object :

 When the object starts rolling on the inclined plane
at the height h from rest, initial velocity u = 0 and
the length of the inclined plane = .

 Substituting the values of u, s and ‘a’ in 3rd

equation of motion = +2 ,

ℎ
= 2×
1+
2 ℎ
=
1+

http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/06/latest-plus-one-11th-study-materials-tamil-medium-english-medium-new-syllabus-based.html

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