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José Rizal FILIPINO POLITICAL LEADER AND AUTHOR WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica LAST UPDATED: Jun 15, 2019 See Article History Alternative Title: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement. The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid. A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home country, though he never advocated Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he resided between 1882 and 1892. In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The Social Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotatededition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad,published in Barcelona. Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. Pause Unmute Loaded: 0% Progress: 0%
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Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society,
the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse. Facts Matter. Support the truth and unlock all of Britannica’s content.Start Your Free Trial Today The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor. LEARN MORE in these related Britannica articles:
Southeast Asian arts: The Philippines
The most famous author was José Rizal, who wrote a series of brilliant social novels, beginning with Noli me tangere (“Touch Me Not”). Other prominent writers, all essayists, were Mariano Ponce and Rafael Palma. There were poets also—for example, José Palma, whose poem “Filipinas” was later adopted as the national…
Philippines: The 19th century
José Rizal, this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels—Noli me tangere(1886; Touch Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)—which had a wide impact in the Philippines. In 1892 Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded…
history of Southeast Asia: Transformation of state and society …Kartini and the Filipino patriot José Rizal. The newer generation, however, was more certain in its opposition to colonial rule (or, in Siam, rule by the monarchy), clearer and far more political in its conception of a nation, and unabashedly determined to seize leadership and initiative in their own societies.…
Philippine Revolution José Rizal quickly emerged as the leading Propagandist. His novel Noli me tángere (1886; The Social Cancer, 1912) exposed the corruption of Manila Spanish society and stimulated the movement for independence.…
The Social Cancer
…Filipino political activist and author José Rizal, published in 1887. The book, written in Spanish, is a sweeping and passionate unmasking of the brutality and corruption of Spanish rule in the Philippines (1565–1898).…
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MORE ABOUT José Rizal 7 REFERENCES FOUND IN BRITANNICA ARTICLES Assorted References
admiration for Burgos
In José Burgos influence on Filipino literature In Southeast Asian arts: The Philippines role in Philippine history In Philippine Revolution In Philippines: The 19th century In history of Southeast Asia: Transformation of state and society “The Social Cancer” In The Social Cancer veneration by Rizalist cult In Rizalist cult FEEDBACK Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article!Contact our editors with your feedback.
José Rizal QUICK FACTS
BORN
June 19, 1861
Calamba, Philippines DIED December 30, 1896 (aged 35) Manila, Philippines NOTABLE WORKS “The Social Cancer” “The Reign of Greed” FOUNDER OF Liga Filipina
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