Nature of GEOMETRY

Mathematics in the Modern World

/mvcv 2018
Plane Geometry

FORMULAS
Recall fundamental theorems of:

A. Angles
B. Parallel Lines
C. Triangle
D. Quadrilateral
E. General polygon
F. Circles
 TRIANGLES

P=a+b+c
1 Where: P = perimeter
A= 𝑏ℎ a c a, b, c = sides
2
A = area
1 b b = base
A= 𝑟𝑃
2 h = altitude
r = apothem, radius of inscribed circle
A= 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) s = semi-perimeter
1
𝑠 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
1 𝜃 = included angle
𝐴= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
RIGHT TRIANGLE

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

1
A= 𝑎 𝑏
2
Equilateral Triangle

3
𝑃 = 3𝑒 𝑟= 𝑒
6
3 2 3
ℎ= 𝑒 𝑅= ℎ= 𝑒
2 3 3
3
A= 4
𝑒2 𝑒 = 3𝑅
QUADRILATERALS
❑ RECTANGLE
A=ab
d P = 2 (a + b)
Diagonal, 𝑑 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

❑ SQUARE
𝐴 = 𝑎2
a 𝑃 = 4𝑎
a Diagonal, 𝑑 = 𝑎 2
QUADRILATERALS

❑ PARALLELOGRAM
A B
𝑑2 𝑑1
𝜃 h a
C D
b

𝐴=
1
𝑑 𝑑 sin 𝜃 P = 2(a+b)
2 1 2
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
QUADRILATERALS
❑ RHOMBUS
a
1
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑑1 2 1 2
a h a
2 2
1 1
a 𝑎2 = 𝑑 + 𝑑
2 1 2 2

A = ah Where: 𝑑1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

P = 4a 𝑑2 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
 QUADRILATERALS
❑ TRAPEZOID
a
1
h 𝐴= 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
2
b 𝐴=𝑚ℎ
Where: m = median
 GENERAL POLYGON
1 Where: r = radius of the inscribed circle
𝐴= 𝑟𝑃 P = perimeter
2

❑Regular Polygon (both equilateral and equiangular)

1 𝑒
A= 𝑟𝑃 𝑟=
2 𝜃
2 tan 2
e
1
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑛𝑒 𝑒
2 𝑅=
𝜃
2 sin 2
GENERAL POLYGON

❑ For a regular Hexagon

R e
3 𝜃
𝑟= 𝑒 𝑃 = 6𝑒
2

R=e 𝐴=
3 3 2
𝑒
2
 CIRCLES

❑ D = 2R Where: R = radius
D = diameter
❑ 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑅 = 𝜋𝐷 C = circumference
K = area
1 1 S = length of arc
❑ 𝐾= 𝜋𝑅2 = 4
𝜋𝐷 2 = 2
𝑅𝐶 𝜃 = central angle in degrees
𝜃
❑ 𝑠= 𝜋𝑅
180°
𝜋
❑ 𝐾𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜃 𝑅2 R
360°
❑ 𝐾𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐾𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
Find the area and perimeter:
Find the shaded area:
Find the shaded area:
Solid Geometry
POLYHEDRON
A solid which is bounded by planes
PRISM

A polyhedron with two

faces that are congruent
polygons in parallel planes
and with remaining faces
parallelograms with one
edge contained in each of
the parallel planes
PARALLELEPIPED
Is a prism whose bases are enclosed by
parallelograms

❑ Rectangular Parallelepiped
CUBE
A rectangular parallelepiped whose 6 faces are
all squares

section
 FORMULAS
Lateral Area of a Prism = sum of the areas of the lateral
faces
𝑆 = 𝑒 𝑃𝑟
For a right prism: 𝑆 = ℎ 𝑃𝑏

Where: S = lateral area

e = lateral edge (edges of prism not contained in either base)
h = altitude
𝑃𝑟 = perimeter of the right section
𝑃𝑏 = perimeter of the base
Total area of prism = sum of lateral area + areas of 2 bases

𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑆 + 2𝐵 B = area of the base

Rectangular Parallelepiped: a, b, c = dimensions of the

𝐴 𝑇 = 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐) rectangular parallelepiped

Volume of Prism = (area of right section) (lateral edge)

For a right prism: V = Bh

For a cube: 𝑉 = 𝑒 3
CYLINDERS
❑For any cylinder:
Where:
𝑆 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑒 S = lateral Area
e = length of element included
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑆 + 2𝐵 between bases
h =altitude
A= area of right section
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
𝐶𝑘 = circumference of right
𝑉 =𝐴𝑒 section
𝐴 𝑇 = total surface area
V = volume of the cylinder
For a right circular cylinder

𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

𝐴 𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ , where r =radius of base

PYRAMIDS
A polyhedron in which the base is a polygon and
the sides are triangles which meet in one point
called the vertex.
For a regular pyramid
- pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and
whose altitude is perpendicular to the base at its
center

1 Where: S = lateral area

𝑆= 𝑃𝑙 P =perimeter of the base
2
l = slant height
1 B = area of base
𝑉= 𝐵ℎ h = altitude
3
❑ For frustum of a regular pyramid

1
𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑃′ 𝑙
2
1
V = ℎ 𝐵 + 𝐵′ + 𝐵 𝐵′
3

Where: P = perimeter of lower base

P’ = perimeter of upper base
l = slant height
B = area of lower base
B’ = area of upper base
h = altitude of the frustum
 CONES
❑For a right circular cone:

𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
l
h 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2
r
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟2ℎ
3
Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

l
𝑆 = 𝜋 𝑟+𝑅 𝑙
h
R
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑅 𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑅2

1
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑟𝑅 ℎ
3
SPHERES
❑Surface Area

𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 r

❑ Volume
4 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟
3