Mathematical Functions in Python (Numeric

Functions):
In python a number of mathematical operations can be performed with ease by importing a
module named “math” which defines various functions which makes our tasks easier.

1. ceil() :- This function returns the smallest integral value greater than the number. If
number is already integer, same number is returned.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

a = 2.3

# returning the ceil of 2.3

print ("The ceil of 2.3 is : ", end="")
print (math.ceil(a))

Output:

The ceil of 2.3 is : 3

2. floor() :- This function returns the greatest integral value smaller than the number. If number is
already integer, same number is returned.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

a = 2.3

# returning the floor of 2.3

print ("The floor of 2.3 is : ", end="")
print (math.floor(a))

Output:

The floor of 2.3 is : 2

3. fabs() :- This function returns the absolute value of the number.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations
import math

a = -10

# returning the absolute value.

print ("The absolute value of -10 is : ", end="")
print (math.fabs(a))
Output:

The absolute value of -10 is : 10.0

4. factorial() :- This function returns the factorial of the number. An

error message is displayed if number is not integral.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

b= 5

# returning the factorial of 5

print ("The factorial of 5 is : ", end="")
print (math.factorial(b))

Output:

The factorial of 5 is : 120

5. copysign(a, b) :- This function returns the number with the value of

‘a’ but with the sign of ‘b’. The returned value is float type.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

a = -10
b = 5.5

# returning the copysigned value.

print ("The copysigned value of -10 and 5.5 is : ", end="")
print (math.copysign(5.5, -10))

Output:

The copysigned value of -10 and 5.5 is : -5.5

6. gcd() :- This function is used to compute the greatest common divisor of 2

numbers mentioned in its arguments. This function works in python 3.5 and
above.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math
c = 15
d =5

# returning the gcd of 15 and 5

print ("The gcd of 5 and 15 is : ", end="")
print (math.gcd(5,15))

The gcd of 5 and 15 is : 5

Mathematical Functions in Python (Logarithmic
and Power Functions)
Logarithmic and power functions are discussed in this set.
1. exp(a) :- This function returns the value of e raised to the power a (e**a) .
# importing "math" for mathematical operations
import math

# returning the exp of 4

print ("The e**4 value is : ", end="")
print (math.exp(4))

Output:

The e**4 value is : 54.598150033144236

2. log(a, b) :- This function returns the logarithmic value of a with base

b. If base is not mentioned, the computed value is of natural log.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

# returning the log of 2,3

print ("The value of log 2 with base 3 is : ", end="")
print (math.log(2,3))

Output:

The value of log 2 with base 3 is : 0.6309297535714574

3. log2(a) :- This function computes value of log a with base 2. This value
is more accurate than the value of the function discussed above.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

# returning the log2 of 16

print ("The value of log2 of 16 is : ", end="")
print (math.log2(16))

Output:

The value of log2 of 16 is : 4.0

4. log10(a) :- This function computes value of log a with base 10. This
value is more accurate than the value of the function discussed above.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

# returning the log10 of 10000

print ("The value of log10 of 10000 is : ", end="")
print (math.log10(10000))

Output:

The value of log10 of 10000 is : 4.0

5. pow(a, b) :- This function is used to compute value of a raised to the

power b (a**b).

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

# returning the value of 3**2

print ("The value of 3 to the power 2 is : ", end="")
print (math.pow(3,2))

Output:

The value of 3 to the power 2 is : 9.0

6. sqrt() :- This function returns the square root of the number.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

# returning the square root of 25

print ("The value of square root of 25 : ", end="")
print (math.sqrt(25))

Output:

The value of square root of 25 : 5.0

Mathematical Functions in Python (Trigonometric and
Angular Functions)
1. sin() :- This function returns the sine of value passed as argument. The value passed
in this function should be in radians.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

a = math.pi/6

# returning the value of sine of pi/6

print ("The value of sine of pi/6 is : ", end="")
print (math.sin(a))

Output:

The value of sine of pi/6 is : 0.49999999999999994

2. cos() :- This function returns the cosine of value passed as argument. The value passed in
this function should be in radians.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

a = math.pi/6

# returning the value of cosine of pi/6

print ("The value of cosine of pi/6 is : ", end="")
print (math.cos(a))

Output:

The value of cosine of pi/6 is : 0.8660254037844387

3. tan() :- This function returns the tangent of value passed as argument.

The value passed in this function should be in radians.

import math

a = math.pi/6

# returning the value of tangent of pi/6

print ("The value of tangent of pi/6 is : ", end="")
print (math.tan(a))

Output:
The value of tangent of pi/6 is : 0.5773502691896257
4. hypot(a, b) :- This returns the hypotenuse of the values passed in
arguments. Numerically, it returns the value of sqrt(a*a + b*b).

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

b =3
c =4

# returning the value of hypotenuse of 3 and 4

print ("The value of hypotenuse of 3 and 4 is : ", end="")
print (math.hypot(b,c))

Output:

The value of hypotenuse of 3 and 4 is : 5.0

5. degrees() :- This function is used to convert argument value from radians

to degrees.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

a = math.pi/6

# returning the converted value from radians to degrees

print ("The converted value from radians to degrees is : ", end="")
print (math.degrees(a))

Output:

The converted value from radians to degrees is : 29.999999999999996

6. radians() :- This function is used to convert argument value from degrees

to radians.

# importing "math" for mathematical operations

import math

b = 30
# returning the converted value from degrees to radians
print ("The converted value from degrees to radians is : ", end="")
print (math.radians(b))

Output:

The converted value from degrees to radians is : 0.5235987755982988

Mathematical Functions in Python (Special
Functions and Constants)
1. gamma() :- This function is used to return the gamma function of the
argument.
# importing "math" for mathematical operations
import math

a =4

# returning the gamma() of 4

print ("The gamma() of 4 is : ", end="")
print (math.gamma(a))

Output:

The gamma() of 4 is : 6.0

2. pi :- This is an inbuilt constant that outputs the value of

pi(3.141592).
# importing "math" for mathematical operations
import math

# returning the value of const. pi

print ("The value of const. pi is : ", end="")
print (math.pi)

Output:

The value of const. pi is : 3.141592653589793

3. e :- This is an inbuilt constant that outputs the value of

e(2.718281)
# returning the value of const. e
print ("The value of const. e is : ", end="")
print (math.e)

Output:

The value of const. e is : 2.718281828459045

Random Numbers in Python
Python defines a set of functions that are used to generate or manipulate random numbers. This
particular type of functions are used in a lot of games, lotteries or any application requiring
random number generation.

1. choice() :- This function is used to generate 1 random number from a container.

# importing "random" for random operations

import random

# using choice() to generate a random number from a

# given list of numbers.
print ("A random number from list is : ",end="")
print (random.choice([1, 4, 8, 10, 3]))

Output:

A random number from list is : 4

2. randrange(beg, end, step) :- This function is also used to generate random number but
within a range specified in its arguments. This function takes 3 arguments, beginning
number (included in generation), last number (excluded in generation) and step ( to skip
numbers in range while selecting).

# importing "random" for random operations

import random

# using randrange() to generate in range from 20

# to 50. The last parameter 3 is step size to skip
# three numbers when selecting.
print ("A random number from range is : ",end="")
print (random.randrange(20, 50, 3))

Output:

A random number from range is : 41

3. random() :- This number is used to generate a float random number less than 1 and greater
or equal to 0.

# importing "random" for random operations

import random

# using random() to generate a random number

# between 0 and 1
print ("A random number between 0 and 1 is : ", end="")
print (random.random())
Output:

A random number between 0 and 1 is : 0.510721762520941

4. seed() :- This function maps a particular random number with the seed
argument mentioned. All random numbers called after the seeded value returns
the mapped number.

import random
# using seed() to seed a random number
random.seed(5)

# printing mapped random number

print ("The mapped random number with 5 is : ", end="")
print (random.random())

# using seed() to seed different random number

random.seed(7)

# printing mapped random number

print ("The mapped random number with 7 is : ", end="")
print (random.random())

# using seed() to seed to 5 again

random.seed(5)

# printing mapped random number

print ("The mapped random number with 5 is : ",end="")
print (random.random())

# using seed() to seed to 7 again

random.seed(7)

# printing mapped random number

print ("The mapped random number with 7 is : ",end="")
print (random.random())

Output:

The mapped random number with 5 is : 0.6229016948897019

The mapped random number with 7 is : 0.32383276483316237
The mapped random number with 5 is : 0.6229016948897019
The mapped random number with 7 is : 0.32383276483316237
5. shuffle() :- This function is used to shuffle the entire list to randomly arrange them.

# importing "random" for random operations

import random

# Initializing list
li = [1, 4, 5, 10, 2]

# Printing list before shuffling

print ("The list before shuffling is : ", end="")
for i in range(0, len(li)):
print (li[i], end=" ")
print("\r")

# using shuffle() to shuffle the list

random.shuffle(li)

# Printing list after shuffling

print ("The list after shuffling is : ", end="")
for i in range(0, len(li)):
print (li[i], end=" ")
print("\r")

Output:

The list before shuffling is : 1 4 5 10 2

The list after shuffling is : 2 1 4 5 10

6. uniform(a, b) :- This function is used to generate a floating point random number between
the numbers mentioned in its arguments. It takes two arguments, lower limit(included in
generation) and upper limit(not included in generation).

# importing "random" for random operations

import random

# using uniform() to generate random floating number in range

# prints number between 5 and 10
print ("The random floating point number between 5 and 10 is : ",end="")
print (random.uniform(5,10))

The random floating point number between 5 and 10 is : 5.183697823553464