CHAPTER #5.11 following the actual trend of the AEC Industry.

the actual methods and methodologies used

-RXLIFMFPMSKVETL][IGERƼRHEJI[I\EQTPIW in the structural rehabilitation project and then
PROBLEMS IN THE ADOPTION OF BIM FOR STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION
of researches to this (Volk et al., 2014) and compare it to the BIM procedures. This analysis
Víctor Fernández-Moraa; Víctor Yepesb techniques to apply point-cloud technologies1 is going to be divided in two main parts. First,
Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
a to create accurate Building Models (Jung et the methodology used by the professionals
ICITECH (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Hormigón), Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
b al., 2016) are becoming vital to gather accurate to acquire enough information about an
data. Despite this, the connection between BIM existing structure. Second, the different
and the rehabilitation project, has not been theoretical approaches to obtain the efforts
developed by the Industry. Considering the XLEXHIƼRIXLIWXVYGXYVEPFILEZMSYVERHHIWMKR
1. Introduction matrix of the project’s data where the user can
expansion that the research in BIM has had a structural reinforcement. While there can be
HIƼRIERHVIPEXIRI[HMQIRWMSRWERHZEVMEFPIW
The Architecture, Engineering and Construction in these last years, we can assume that there WTIGMƼG WSPYXMSRW [I [MPP GSZIV SRP] KIRIVEPP]
MRWMHI XLIQ 8LIVI EVI TVIHIƼRIH HMQIRWMSRW
(AEC) Industry has been changing during exist some problems which prevent this use for EHSTXIH SRIW EW XLI] ƼX FIXXIV MRXS XLI &-1
like geometry or areas, but the user can add
the last years for several reasons. The &-1-RXLMWTETIV[IEVIKSMRKXSHIƼRIXLIWI environments.
new ones like weight, cost or sustainability.
appearance of new technologies like Building FEVVMIVW ERH XV] XS ƼRH E [E] XS [SVO EVSYRH
This data forms a digital model, and it is what
Information Modelling and techniques like Lean XLIQ 3YV EMQ MW XS ƼRH E [E] XS MQTPIQIRX 2.1. Structural surveys
MW YRHIVWXSSH EW E ƈTVSHYGXƉ MR WSQI GEWIW
Construction or life cycle analysis are creating the structural rehabilitation and design the
named Building Model. To create this Building To use BIM in a satisfactory way we need to
new trends and opportunities that alter the structural reinforcement into BIM.
1SHIPXLIYWIVYXMPM^IWEWTIGMƼGƈWSJX[EVIƉERH develop not only the tools, but the methodology
methodologies of this industry. Moreover, in Regardless the methodology applied on a
JSPPS[WEƈQIXLSHSPSK]ƉXSHIƼRIXLIQSHIPMXW to use it. For this, we need to stablish the
the recent years the business model is also restoration there is a difference between
variables and the connections and constraints actual methodology used by the professional
suffering changes. Rehabilitation is gaining the terms rehabilitation and reinforcement
among them. to determine the demands of the building
more and more importance in the AEC Industry. XLEX RIIHW XS FI GPEVMƼIH XS EZSMH JYXYVI
The widespread adoption of BIM is logical ERH EREP]WI LS[ MX ƼXW MRXS &-1 8S WXYH] XLI
In 2001 the annual turnover in Spain was misunderstandings. Rehabilitation is the
considering its capabilities and the great procedure in developing a structural survey our
77,7% from new buildings and 22,3% from reacquisition by the elements of their initial
amount of advantages that it can provide. research data was collected from personal and
renovation and rehabilitation, while in 2014 the capabilities, allowing them to perform the
The key advantage to BIM is the accuracy in non-personal (Almeida et al., 2018) professional
percentages were 44,3% and 55,7% respectively same as before they had received the damage.
the geometrical representation and the other experience and from a restoration manual
ƈ3FWIVZEXSVMSHI:MZMIRHE]7YIPS&SPIXʧR%RYEP -RWXIEHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWHIƼRIHEWERMRGVIEWI
TEVEQIXIVWHIƼRIHMRXLITVSNIGX8LMWWTIIHW (Vegas López-Manzanares, 2017). From there
2017,” 2017) with a total of 25.825 buildings in the structural performance of the element
the processes related to the AEC Industry we have stablished common points in the
under renovation on the year 2015. These (Calavera, 2005). Most of the techniques are
QEOMRK XLIQ QSVI IƾGMIRX ERH MQTVSZIW XLI different processes and developed a pattern
changes are not stationary and in the near future valid in both cases, but there are some that are
design while detecting and solving possible that can be seen in Fig. 1 that synthetizes the
the trend will continue leading the industry to not. As our focus is the structural reinforcement
problems or incompatibilities (Azhar, 2011). process.
RI[ LSVM^SRW %W )EWXQER WXEXIH ƈ8LMW MW ER we will be increasing the actual structural
Several professional can work at the same
exciting time to be an architect, an engineer, or performance of the element even if that means
XMQISRE&-11SHIPERHXLIQSHMƼGEXMSRWEVI
any other AEC industry professional.” (Eastman just to recover its original state.
coordinated. Also, the BIM environments can
et al., 2011).
implement Building Performance Simulation
Many authors have stated (Volk et al., 2014) 2. Methodology
(BPS) tools with ease and integrate the
that BIM is leading this change, but there isn’t
automatization of processes to handle new The big difference between BIM applied on new
WXMPPEFVSEHP]EHSTXIHHIƼRMXMSRJSV&-1[LMGL
criteria like sustainability (Diao et al., 2011), buildings and rehabilitation is the existence of a
HMƾGYPXW MXW YRHIVWXERHMRK F] XLI -RHYWXV] Figure 1. Process of the structural rehabilitation
energy consumption or risk management (Zou building as a base point and the need to know
Following the explanations given by National
et al., 2017). It also provides ways to handle the how this building has been built and how to Most of the times the professional is contacted
BIM Standard - United States (2016) and
Black Box Effect derived from the excessive reproduce it in BIM (Almeida et al., 2018). So by the building’s responsible who exposes
)EWXQER IX EP   &-1 GSYPH FI HIƼRIH
automatization in processes (Fernández-Mora, far, we have proved the advantages of BIM the new needs of the building and its actual
as a trichotomy of a product, a methodology
2018). This great level of automatization and to the industry and the necessity to adopt its problems. With that in mind the data collection
and a software. This differentiation proves
control is directly shown in the cost, producing procedures, so it is normal to assume that, in phase starts, the professional must collect
that there isn’t any ontological approach to
savings of up to 10% of the contract value and a fact, there exist some barriers regarding this data from the building, its state, possible
XLI &-1 HIƼRMXMSR 1EXˏNOE ERH8SQIO  
7% reduction in project time (Azhar, 2011). adoption and that they probably lay in the affection and if possible, historical data. Once
that some professionals have a partial view
BIM can also handle time-related parameters rehabilitation problem’s nature. the data is collected, it is time to create a
of the concept and that the three aspects are
and stablish objects that exist at some points 8SƼRHXLITVSFPIQW[IRIIHXSJYVXLIVWXYH] structural model of the building, study the new
used indistinctly. This means that BIM is a mix
and disappear at others. This can be used to
between the three, formed by an n-dimensional
implement the renovation project into BIM, 1
8LMWXIGLRSPSKMIWEVIFEWIHSRXLIYWISJ(WGERRIVWXSGVIEXIETSMRXGPSYHXSEGGYVEXIP]HIƼRIXLIKISQIXV]SJERSFNIGXERH
HIƼRIE(1SHIP6IFSPNIXEP 

284_block 5: building technology and advanced materials reactive proactive architecture_285

demands for the structure and determine the 3. Discussion repositioning or elimination of elements, actual trend, that in a few years we could have
contribution that the existing element can make FIEQW[MXLI\GIWWMZIHIƽIGXMSRSVTVIWIRGISJ access to BIM models from the design phase of
Every problem regarding the use of BIM for the
to the new structure. In case that that existent compartmentation with high stiffness among existing buildings, especially in public buildings.
structural rehabilitation can be summarized
WXVYGXYVITVSZIWMRWYƾGMIRXJSVXLIRI[PSEHW others can alter the structural behaviour and At the end of this year 2018 the Spanish
in one word: uncertainty. This concept can
a reinforcement must be designed and built produce important pathologies and cracks on Ministerio de Fomento is going to require a BIM
be extended to a lot of points that affect the
guaranteeing the right connections between the the building. model for any public building (ITeC, 2015), this
process and we are going to categorize and
old and the new parts. -Uncertainty in the design: Directly related with follows an European requirement that sets this
EREP]WI IEGL SRI SJ XLIQ XS FI EFPI XS HIƼRI
the previous point is the structural design. To objective for 2020 (European Parliament, 2014)
the problematic and study it step by step. But
2.2 Structural reinforcement design methods determine the exact design and dimensions and has been required in UK since 2016 (Chi et
this does not change the fact, the uncertainty is
of every element isn’t an easy task, but it is al., 2014). There are also techniques like point-
To design the structural reinforcement and what is creating a gap between the rehabilitation
MQTSVXERX XS ƼRH E GIVXEMR TEXLSPSK] SV XS cloud modelling that nowadays are able to input
solve the problem it is necessary to understand and the different automatization processes,
design the structural reinforcement. Modelling data into BIM and create accurate models. If the
the building and its necessities. This makes this because as we have seen a complete
this structural design can result in a challenge, need of modelling the building in BIM disappears
part the most delicate one as the professional preliminary study is vital. There are several
as BIM software usually is not ready to handle in the next years, it will be a great advantage to
needs to combine the knowledge of the building points were this uncertainty has to be solved to
small deviations in an element. It is also vital use this methodology for rehabilitation.
with its necessities and determine the proper solve the structural reinforcement.
XS HIƼRI RSX SRP] XLI SVMKMREP HIWMKR FYX MXW Most of this uncertainty is also a problem if using
design. A lot of data has to be taken into 9RGIVXEMRX]MRXLIQEXIVMEPW8LIWTIGMƼGEXMSRW
actual state and possible alterations. The use CAD software, but using BIM we get additional
consideration besides the buildings geometry. of the materials used previously in the structure
of point-cloud technologies can be crucial to get advantages. If using CAD the professional is in
The position of the element and its importance can be unknown for the professional designing
EREGGYVEXIHIƼRMXMSR-JXLIWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRX need to maintain updated several copies of the
to the global equilibrium, the warning capacity the reinforcement. This is solved with a proper
presents some damage it is also necessary drawings. Instead using BIM in the renovation
of the element, the live loads over the element structural study of the building developing a
to estimate the affection of this damage to its project creates the opportunity to develop the
and the damage that it has suffered among series of tests to determine the characteristics.
structural performance. Typically, this has been TVSNIGX XLVSYKL XLI XMQI ERH HIƼRI LS[ XLI
others (Calavera, 2005). BIM environments are ready to be used with
left to the professional’s criteria and most of the elements change along it. This allows the user
Another important part is the numerical method TVIWIRXQEXIVMEPWERHXLIYWIVGERHIƼRIRI[
time it implied to estimate that the contribution to follow the evolution of an element and locate
used to design this reinforcement. On the one ones to reproduce the existing characteristics
to the structural performance of the element is the different tests developed on the structure
side, it has to reproduce the structural behaviour [MXLSYX XSS QYGL HMƾGYPX] 4VSFEFP] HMJJIVIRX
zero and to design oversized reinforcements. and the changes for the reinforcement, avoiding
of the element and its real structural capacity. materials for certain groups of elements should
There exist numerical methods like Hangaru et at the same time some errors due to data
On the other hand, it has to incorporate the FIHIƼRIHXSSFXEMREGGYVEXITVIHMGXMSRW8LIVI
al. (1997) to estimate this damage index, but they misplacement. Additionally the introduction of
state of the element and the contribution GER ETTIEV WSQI HMƾGYPXMIW [LIR QSHIPPMRK
result impractical due to high computational BPS into BIM introduces analysis tools with the
needed by the reinforcement. While sometimes the reinforcement design and new materials
demands and the need of data from the original whole picture of the project taken into account
is assumed that the existing element does not are encountered with existing ones. It is also
state of the element. Calavera (2005) presents a automatizing processes and reducing costs.
contribute to the structure and the structural important to note the importance to introduce
table with parameters to estimate this damage
reinforcement is the responsible to held the in the mathematical model the interphase
index. 4. Conclusion
PSEHWXLMWMWERSZIVWMQTPMƼGEXMSRXLEXPIEHWXS FIX[IIRHMJJIVIRXQEXIVMEPWXSEGGYVEXIP]HIƼRI
Aside from that, there is another reason against
oversized reinforcements, there are methods the reinforcement behaviour. During these last years the AEC Industry has
the adoption of BIM in every rehabilitation
proposed by several authors to determine -Uncertainty in the structural behaviour: This adopted BIM and made use of its advantages.
project: the difference in scope. A rehabilitation
the part that the existing element can handle. has to be understood from two different points. Simultaneously to this technological change
does not have to affect the whole building
(Calavera, 2005) (Hangaru et al., 1997) (Teng et On the one side, the structural behaviour there has been a shift in the business model
neither have a great budget. But when using
al., 2002) (Newman, 2001). HIƼRIH [LIR XLI SVMKMREP HIWMKR [EW QEHI as the number of rehabilitation projects have
BIM, we need to create a digital model of the
Nowadays, there are several materials which are Generally speaking there are three methods drastically increased. The use of BIM has
building, which implies an investment in time
widely being used to reinforce a structure and to do the structural design (lineal, lineal with been focused on new buildings and has been
and economy by a professional. This extra
different applications of them depending on the redistribution and non-linear) the application ignoring this business change, but it can also
time, increases the budget and the delivery time
effort to resolve. To determine these techniques of any of these generates deviations of the provide its advantages to these projects. The
in small projects and it can suppose a great
and the materials used we have conducted results from the others (Calavera, 2005) and problems that prevent the adoption of BIM for
impact which leads to the decision of not to use
a bibliographical research and extracted the can imply some mistakes when studying the the structural rehabilitation are:
the BIM methodology.
most common used materials and solutions to structural behaviour. On the other side, there - Lack of data of the existing building in need
This is not a problem in the buildings that
reinforce a structure. There are three materials MW XLI ƈVIEPƉ WXVYGXYVEP FILEZMSYV [LMGL GER SV of structural reinforcement, which makes
already have a BIM model, because it can be
that are broadly used to design reinforcement, can’t be the same as the original one, due to mandatory an intense data collection through
updated with the current data and pathologies
GSRGVIXI WXIIP ERH ƼFVI VIMRJSVGIH TPEWXMG WXVYGXYVEPQSHMƼGEXMSRWSVXSHMJJIVIRXIPIQIRXW technologies like point-cloud.
and used for the new analysis regarding of its
(FRP), and each one has some preferred uses. receiving structural loads. Phenomenon like - Inability of BIM software to handle small
magnitude. It is not unreal to think, given the

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