ASSIGNMENT NO.

1. The System Unit

The system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis," is the main part of a desktop
computer. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components. The system unit also
includes the case that houses the internal components of the computer.

The term "system unit" is often used to differentiate between the computer
and peripheral devices, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. For example, if a repair shop
asks you to bring in your computer, it may be unclear whether you need to bring your monitor
and peripheral devices as well. If you are told to just bring your system unit, it is clear you only
need to bring the computer itself.

References: https://techterms.com/definition/system_unit

2. Central processing Unit

A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or main processor,
is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program
by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified
by the instructions. The computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least
since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its
processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from
external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

3. Microprocessors Comparison
 Front-Side
Transistors CPU Speed L2 Cache Bus Speed
256 KB, 133 MHz and 400
Celeron 7,500,000 1.06 GHz - 2 GHz full speed MHz
233 MHz - 450 512 KB,
Pentium II 7,500,000 MHz half speed 100 MHz
256 KB,
Pentium III 9,500,000 450 MHz - 1 GHz full speed 133 MHz
256 KB - 2
Pentium III MB,
Xeon 28,100,000 500 MHz - 1 GHz full speed 100 MHz
1.4 GHz - 3.4 256 KB,
Pentium 4 55,000,000 GHz full speed 800 MHz
500 MHz - 550
K6-II 9,300,000 MHz N/A 100 MHz
400 MHz - 450 256 KB,
K6-III 21,300,000 MHz full speed 100 MHz
850 MHz - 1.2 256 KB, 200 MHz and 266
Athlon (K7) 22,000,000 GHz full speed MHz
384 KB,
Athlon XP 37,500,000 1.67 GHz full speed 266 MHz
64 KB,
Duron N/A 700-800 MHz full speed 200 MHz
512 KB, 1
233 MHz - 333 MB,
PowerPC G3 6,500,000 MHz half speed 100 MHz
400 MHz - 800 1 MB,
PowerPC G4 10,500,000 MHz half speed 100 MHz
1 MB,
Athlon 64 105,900,000 800 MHz half speed 1.6 GHz
G5 58,000,000 2.5GHz 512 KB 900MHz - 1.25GHz

References: https://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/processor.asp

4. Types of Microprocessors
 Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors
 The short term of Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors is CISC and they classify a
microprocessor in which orders can be performed together along with other low level activities. These types
of processors perform the different tasks like downloading, uploading, recalling data into the memory card
and recalling data from the memory card. Apart from these tasks, it also does complex mathematical
calculations in a single command.

 Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor

The short term of Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor is RISC. These types of processors are
made according to the function in which the microprocessor can carry out small things in specific command.
In this way these processors complete more commands at a faster rate.

 Superscalar Microprocessors

Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to perform various tasks at a
time. These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers. They have different operational units and these
processors can carry out more than a one command by continuously transmitting several instructions to
the extra operational units inside the processor.

 The Application Specific Integrated Circuit

The short term of Application Specific Integrated Circuit processor is an ASIC. These processors
are used for particular purposes that includes of automotive emissions control or personal digital assistant’s
computer. This type of processor is made with proper specification, but apart from these it can also be
made with off the shelf gears.

 Digital Signal Multiprocessors

Digital signal processors are also called as DSP’s, these processors are used to encode and
decode the videos or to convert the D/A (digital to analog) &A/D (analog to digital). They need a
microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical calculations. The chips of this processor are employed in
RADAR, home theaters, SONAR, audio gears, TV set top boxes and Mobile phones

References: https://www.elprocus.com/evolution-of-microprocessor-with-applications/

5. Data Representation
Refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted. Devices such as
smartphones, iPods, and computers store data in digital formats that can be handled by electronic
circuitry

References: https://home.adelphi.edu/~siegfried/cs170/170l1.pdf
6. Different Types of Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the best known form of Computer Memory. The Read
and write (R/W) memory of a computer is called RAM. The User can write information to it and
read information from it. With Ram any location can be reached in a fixed (and short) amount of
time after specifying its address.

 SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) uses a completely different technology. S-

RAM retains stored information only as long as the power supply is on. Static RAM’s are
costlier and consume more power. They have higher speed than D-RAMs. They store
information in Hip-Hope.

 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) loses its stored information in a very short
time even when power supply is on. D-RAM’s are cheaper & lower. Similar to
a microprocessor chip is an Integrated Circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and
capacitors.

 EDO (Extended Data Output) RAM in an EDO RAMs, any memory location can be
accessed. Stores 256 bytes of data information into latches. The latches hold next 256
bytes of information so that in most programs, which are sequentially executed, the data
are available without wait states.

 SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) SGRAMs (Synchronous Graphic RAMs) These RAM chips
use the same clock rate as CPU uses. They transfer data when the CPU expects them to
be ready.

 DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate – SDRAM) this RAM transfers data on both edges
of the clock. Therefore the transfer rate of the data becomes doubles.

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on
personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It contains the programming needed to
start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs
or software instructions.

 PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can be programmed by user. Once

programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.

 EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) – It can be reprogrammed.

To erase data from it, expose it to ultra violet light. To reprogram it, erase all the
previous data.

 EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory) – The data

can be erased by applying electric field, no need of ultra violet light. We can erase only
portions of the chip.

References: http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-are-the-
different-types-of-ram-explain-in-detail

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-computer-memory-ram-rom/
 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2804/read-only-memory-rom

7. Expansion Slots and Expansion Boards

Expansion Slot an expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is used to insert
an expansion card (or circuit board), which provides additional features to a computer
such as video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory.

 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) – Network card, SCSI, Sound card, Video
card
 PCI e (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) – Video card
 AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) – Video card
 ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) – Network card, Sound card, Video card
 AMR (Audio/Modem Riser) – Modem, Sound card

Expansion Board a printed circuit board that plugs into a slot in a computer's
motherboard and performs a particular function, such as converting and processing
signals for communication with other devices.

 Modem
 Sound Card
 Video Card
 Network Card

References: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2195/expansion-slot

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/expansion+boards

https://asmed.com/comptia-a-pc-expansion-slots/

8. Ports
A port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to
the computer. It can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from
a program to the computer or over the Internet.
References: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_ports.htm