Department of Education

Bato Rural Development High School

Chapter-2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

“CANARIUM OVATUM (PILI SAP/RESIN) USED AS SEALANTS IN ROOFTOPS”

Submitted by: Gerry Joshua Mendoza

Arvie Guerrero

Mark Anthony Valenzuela

Vincent Rey Torrazo

Benson Timbal
2.1 Introduction

Review of related literature in any field of investigation has become an inevitable part

of research work. Best (1997) is of strong opinion that “familiarity with the literature in any

problem area helps the student to discover what is already known, what others have attempted to

found out, what method of approach has been promising or disappointing and what problems

remain to be solved”. The investigator has made an earnest effort to find out and study the

researches related to topic under investigation concluded by the various researchers and scholars.

The purpose of the study is to find out if the “Canarium Ovatum” (Pili sap/resin) will

be able to be used as sealant regarding its texture, stickiness and other components, how much

time will it last when used and how will the weather affect the sealant when exposed to heat and

rain.

2.2 Reviews on Related Literature

Less known but just as versatile and hardy as the legendary coconut is the pili tree. Both

plants grow profusely in the Bicol region, where typhoons and volcanic eruptions frequently visit.

Resistant to strong winds and hot weather conditions, the pili tree will cope better with the adverse

impact of climate change than most plants.

An indigenous species (scientific name, Canarium Ovatum) that grows up to 100 years old and up

to 35 meters in height, the pili tree starts bearing fruit at around age six. Upright with leaves and

branches roundly spread, they are beautiful as shade trees lining up avenues or marking borders.
Like the coconut, harvesting of pili nuts is year-round. According to government agriculturists, a

tree bears one to two thousands nuts per year, or around 33 kilos of kernel. Needing no chemical

input, the pili nut is thus produced “organically.”

All parts of the pili tree are useful to humans. The hard shells of the nut are used for fuel,

handicrafts and charcoal briquettes. Recently, we used it as additional filling material for soil

eroded by typhoon Ondoy in our farm in Rizal. The pulp is eaten boiled, pickled, sweetened or

sautéed; the surplus, fed to the pigs. Oil extracted from the pulps and kernels can be used as

cooking oil, fuel oil for lamps, and for making insect repellants, moisturizers and perfumes. Pili

oil is said to possess the high qualities of olive oil.

Interestingly, despite the highly commercial value of the pili nut, machines for depulping and

shelling have yet to be commercially available. This must be because the country, including Bicol

where 82 percent of pili production takes place, is rich in labor. (Miriam-colonel-Ferrer, Dec.24,

2009)

Filled with nutrients and minerals, sap is the blood of a tree. It carries energy out into the branches

when new buds are forming in spring-time. It comes in many forms; it can be that stuff that gets

on your clothes and sticks to your car, or it might be perfect drizzled over pancakes. And if those

things weren’t interesting enough for this curious substance, it has also been the subject of

shocking photographs that swept the world thanks to disease.

There are two separate substances usually lumped together under the label of sap; these

are xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water, minerals and hormones from the bottom to the

top of the tree in a long string formation. Each year the xylem channels die off and new ones are
produced. When you fell a tree and are faced with those wonderful rings you are seeing the old

xylem channels, one ring for each year of life.

Phloem, however, is the sticky sugary stuff we tend to come into contact with whether by accident

or on purpose. This is made up of the sugars created by photosynthesis, which is then fed back into

the tree and leaves as much-needed food during the growth period. (Fergus Mason, Nov. 2, 2015)

Manila elemi is one of the well-known minor forest products

of the Philippines. It is a resin that is contained in the bark

of the pili tree, Canari,um luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray, and

oozesout when the bark is cut.

It is used in pharmacy as an ingredient in plasters and ointments. It is employed in making paints,

varnishes, lacquers,

and also as a constituent in the manufacture of plastics and

printing inks. Locally it has served as varnish and as material for caulking boats.

Resin obtained from different locations usually contains more

or less foreign matter (leaves, twigs, etc.) and varies in composition.

specimens of elemi resin obtained from individual trees. His

experiments verified the conclusions of Clover that elemi terpene oils vary a great deal in their

boiling points and optical

rotation.

By the distillation of elemi in vacuo, Bacon obtained from

12 to 18 per cent of terpene sand from 72 to 15 per cent of

a higher-boiling oil. The distillation residue, usually amounting to about 70 per cent of the elemi,

is a light-brown, transparent, solid resin, with a brilliant fracture. It is completely

and easily soluble in the cold in the following solvents: alcohol, ether, benzol, petroleum ether,

ligroin, xylol, chloroform, amyl acetate, acetone, methyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl

acetate, turpentine, amyl alcohol, and glacial acetic acid. Bacon thought this product has

commercial possibilities as a varnish gum. (Gloria D. Manalo and Augustus P. West, 1920)

Resins have also proven to be useful to humans. People have gathered and used resins

from plants for thousands of years. Resins have been used for waterproofing, varnishes, adhesives,

art, incense, medicines, food, and many other purposes. Some famous resins include frankincense,

myrrh, balm of Gilead, amber, and balsam. Some products that have been made from resins

include pine tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine, though some of these are now made synthetically or

from petroleum products instead of plant resins. (Holly Schubert, Feb. 16, 2016)

Roofing sealants have been applied for centuries using just about anything at hand: tar,

pine-sap, even sugar to try to seal leaks in a roof that's damaged or at the end of its life. Eking out

a few more months or years of roof life can be very tempting but a more legitimate use of sealants

is one that is more constrained. (Daniel Friedman, 2018)

sealants being made of natural materials, such as tree sap, beeswax and tar. Later, processed natural

products were used such as animal protein, resin, natural latex.

With the emergence of the chemical industry and synthetic polymers, the range of adhesive

and sealant formulations exploded. Today’s adhesives and sealants may be classified in many

different ways, such as by cure (bonding) mechanism, chemistry type, and even application (e.g.

structural vs. non-structural).

Pine pitch is not water soluble, and it is incredibly durable. You can use it to waterproof

all sorts of things, such as using it in the seams of your boots.

Traditionally, pine pitch was used to waterproof boats and buckets.

To apply pine pitch, you’ll need to heat it up first (use a double boiler for this so it

doesn’t catch on fire!). Then just paint it on whatever you need to waterproof.

Note that you don’t want to use pine pitch for waterproofing things that will be in high

heat. The pine pitch will just melt off! It also gets a bit brittle in cold weather, so you’ll

probably have to reapply each season. (Jacob Hunter, July 20, 2018)