Mixture-Is A Combination of Two or More Subtances That Are Not Chemically Combined

Mixture-is a combination of two or more subtances that are not chemically combined
-THE SUBTANCES ARE PUT TOGETHER ,BUT NO NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED
2 TYPES OF MIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
-THAT HAVE SUBTANCES THAT CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED
BECAUSE SOLUTES COMPLETELY DISSOLVE ,IN THE SOLVENT
EXAMPLE cough syrup, alcohol,vinegar,hot coffee,sugar and water solution
HETEROGENEUOS MIXTURES
-ARE MIXTURES THAT HAVE COMPONENTS WHICH CAN BE IDENTIFIED IMMEDIATELY AND CAN BE
EASILY DISTINGUISHED
EX. THE MIXTURE OF GRAVEL AND WATER , THE MIXTURE OF OIL AND WATER THE OIL IS SEEN ON
TOP OF THE WATER, VEGETABLE SALAD,HALO-HALO.
Types of Solution
Solid Solution – consist of solute in any place dissolved is solid phrase .
Liquid solution – consist os solute in any place dissolved in a liquid solvent

EX : vinegar . alcohol.( liquid solute and solvent ) hot coffe . salt solution . sugar solution (solid solute
and liquid solvent
Gaseous Solution – consist of gas solute and gas solvent

EX : AIR
Solubility of Substances
Solubility – Is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a given amount of solvent . solutes can be classified
according to their solubility .
Soluble Substances – Are those that esealy dissolve in a given solvent
Semi Soluble Substances – Are those that dissolve a little
Insoluble – Are Substances which do not dissolve at all
Soluble Substances form 3 types of solution based on the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent
Saturated solution – is formed when maximum amount osf solute is dissolved in a given solvent at a
stated temperature
Unsaturated solution – Is formed when it contains less solute particles than the maximum amount the
solvent can dissolve at that temperature
- When a solution is Unsaturated , it can still dissolve additional solute particles

- Super saturated Solution – Is formed when the solution Contains more solutes paricles that the
solvent can normally hold
- In this condition , the excuss solute can crystalize with the addition of a tiny crystal
Ways to dissolve substances faster

Stirring – Is a method of disloving substances by using mechanical force ( manually or using
machines) with a stirring rod
Shaking – is similar to string but in this method the container is closed and it is moved rapidly using
mechanical force to mix and spread the solutes until dissolved
Powdiering or pulverizing – is done by making the particles of solids smaller to make then dissolve
faster than granulated , fine table salt , dissolved faster than rock salt
Heating – is another method of dissolving substances faster
- Most solid substances dissolve faster in hot water than cold water
Solid Solutions
- According to the children’s ( Reference ) Reference encyclopedia . Bronze was discovered in
3500 B.C
Bronze- is an alloy or mixture of copper and tin
Copper – is mixed with small amount of tin to produce the simplest bronze
Bronze- is very hard because of the tin
- Is used in making tools . weapons . armor. Utensils. And statues
Tin –increases hardness which makes bronze more (resistant) resistant to hear
Steel – used to make tools for agriculture and construction
- Used in medicine and health industry construction etc

Factors affecting solubility
Nature os solvent and solute – some solutes readily dissolve in water but do not dissolve in other
solvents
Example : table salt - dissolves in water but not in kerosene
Table sugar – dissolve in water but not in kerosene
Oil – does not dissolve in water but it dissolve in kerosene
Oil point – dissolves in thinner or kerosene but not in water
Temperature – most solid solutes increases solubility when there in an increase in temperature
Of the solvent
Ex : sugar is put in hot water . table salt. Coffe and powdered creamer
Pressure – the solubility of gases in liquid increases as pressure increases and solubility decreases as
pressure is decreases as pressure is decrease
Ex – when the softdrinks is dosed and sealed there is a groat pressure so the carbodioxide is dissolved in
the liquid . but when the battle of siftdrinks is opened the pressured of the gas in the battle is reduced
and the solubility of cos is decrease
Robert Brown
Robert Brown FRSE FRS FLS MWS was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist
who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use
of the microscope.
Born: 21 December 1773, Montrose, United Kingdom
Died: 10 June 1858, Soho Square, London, United Kingdom
Known for: Brownian motion
Awards: Copley Medal
Education: University of Aberdeen School of Medicine and Dentistry, The
University of Edinburgh, Marischal College
Jean Baptiste Perrin
Jean Baptiste Perrin ForMemRS was a French physicist who, in his studies of the
Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert
Einstein’s explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic
nature of matter.
Born: 30 September 1870, Lille, France

Died: 17 April 1942, New York, New York, United States
Children: Francis Perrin
Education: University of Paris, École Normale Supérieure, Janson de Sailly
School
Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics
Henry Bessemer
Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steel-making process would
become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century
for almost one hundred years from 1856 to 1950. He also played a significant role
in establishing the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre. Wikipedia
Born: 19 January 1813, Charlton, United Kingdom
Died: 15 March 1898, London, United Kingdom
Nationality: English
Known for: Development of the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel
Spouse: Ann Bessemer (m. 1834–1897)
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass
production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth
furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air
being blown through the molten iron.

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Mixture-is a combination of two or more subtances that are not chemically combined

-THE SUBTANCES ARE PUT TOGETHER ,BUT NO NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED

-THAT HAVE SUBTANCES THAT CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED

BECAUSE SOLUTES COMPLETELY DISSOLVE ,IN THE SOLVENT

EXAMPLE cough syrup, alcohol,vinegar,hot coffee,sugar and water solution

Solid Solution – consist of solute in any place dissolved is solid phrase .

Liquid solution – consist os solute in any place dissolved in a liquid solvent

Gaseous Solution – consist of gas solute and gas solvent

Soluble Substances – Are those that esealy dissolve in a given solvent

Semi Soluble Substances – Are those that dissolve a little

Insoluble – Are Substances which do not dissolve at all

- When a solution is Unsaturated , it can still dissolve additional solute particles

Ways to dissolve substances faster

Heating – is another method of dissolving substances faster

Bronze- is an alloy or mixture of copper and tin

Bronze- is very hard because of the tin

- Is used in making tools . weapons . armor. Utensils. And statues

Steel – used to make tools for agriculture and construction

- Used in medicine and health industry construction etc

Example : table salt - dissolves in water but not in kerosene

Table sugar – dissolve in water but not in kerosene

Oil – does not dissolve in water but it dissolve in kerosene

Oil point – dissolves in thinner or kerosene but not in water

Born: 30 September 1870, Lille, France

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