IOT Based Attandance Monitoring system using

RFID

A Documentation-cum-User Manual Report

By
Sumit Kumar(15010209)
Aman Ranjan Verma(15010212)
Saurabh Kumar(15010210)
Bachelor of Technology, VIth Semester

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Indian Institute of Information Technology Manipur
May, 2018
Abstract

In this project a classroom based attendance system is designed using Internet

of Things (IOT). A compact device is designed,where students can swipe their
RFID based Id card on to mark their attendance at the start of lectures. The
student verification is done by microcontroller using the student data fed in the
TFT card which is placed on the TFT LCD. Once successfulrecognition of the
RFID card is done, the student’s attendance is ready to be pushed to the web
server (here we are using Firebase as a web server). Simultaneously the student’s
data is displayed on the LCD display.In order for this value to reach the web-
server, Wi-Fi module provides wireless connection to the access point, which is
in the range, and whose credentials are available. Once the combination reaches
theweb-server, a PHP script does the subsequent work, to interpret the data, and
the Firebase database is updated. Data from the database is retrieved andsent
to the android app for simple interpretation by the students and faculty. The
whole system is implemented on a dedicated real-time web-server. As a result,
the real-time behavior can be analyzed, which helps us to understand the latency
and efficiency of the entire system.

Keywords - arduino, attendace system, dedicated web-server, esp8266, Internet

of Things, Firebase, PHP.

ii
Declaration

I declare that this submission represents our idea in our own words and where
others' idea or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced
the original source. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/sources in my submission. I understand that any violation of the
above will be a cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke
penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Sumit Kumar(15010209)
Aman Ranjan Verma(15010212)
Saurabh Kumar(15010210)
Date:

iii
 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology Manipur

Dr. Nagesh Ch Email: [email protected]

HOD, ECE Dept.
Dr. Ramesh Ch. Mishra Email: [email protected]
Project instructor, ECE Dept.

To Whome It May Concern

This is to certify that the report entitled IOT Based Attandance Monitoring
system using RFID submitted to by "Sumit Kumar", "Aman Ranjan Verma"
and "Saurabh Kumar" has been carried out under my supervision and that their
work have not been submitted elsewhere for a degree, diploma or a course.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of Supervisor

(Dr. Ramesh Ch. Mishra) (Dr. Nagesh Ch)

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Acknowledgement

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts. I would like to
gratefully acknowledge our gratitude to our project guide Dr. Nagesh Ch, Head
of the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute
of Information Technology Manipur & project instructor Dr Ramesh Ch. Mishra.
Their truly scientific intuition has made them an oasis of ideas and passion in
science, which exceptionally inspired us and enriches our growth as students. As
a guide his enthusiastic approach inspired us a lot. We also shall remain highly
obliged towards our parents support and love because of which I was successfully
able to complete this project. We would like to thank our friends and classmates
for encouraging us to complete this project and making it successful.

- Sumit Kumar
- Aman Ranjan Verma
- Saurabh Kumar
Contents

Abstract ii

Declaration iii

Certificate iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of contents vi

List of figures viii

1 Introduction 2

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Design and Implementation 5

2.1 LDR interfacing : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 RFID EM-18 Interfacing : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.3 Wi-Fi ESP8266E-12 interfacing : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.4 LCD interfacing : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.5 Complete Block diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.6 Complete circuit diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.7 Complete Android App: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

vi
3 Components and Modules Description 10

3.1 Micro-controller(Arduino UNO)) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1.1 Why we used Arduino UNO ? : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.1.2 Technical Specifications of Arduino UNO board : . . . . . . . . . 12

3.2 Wi-Fi Module ESP-8266 E-12 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.3 RFID Module (EM-18) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.4 2.4 inch TFT LCD Display : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.5 Buzzer(5V) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.6 LDR Sensor : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.7 Power Supply : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 Result and Conclusion 19

4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.2 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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List of Figures

1.1 RFID Tag Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 LDR interfaced with Uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2 Interfaced View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.3 Connections of RFID Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.4 EM-18 View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.5 Connections of ESP8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.6 connections of the TFT LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.7 Complete block diagram of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.8 Complete circuit diagram of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.9 Complete android app . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1 Arduino UNO Version 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2 ESP8266 E-12 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3 RFID EM-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.4 Pind Diagram of RFID EM-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.5 2.4 inch TFT LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.6 Buzzer 5 v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.7 Ligt Dependent Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.8 Ligt Dependent Resistor Symol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.9 Ligt Dependent Resistive Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

viii
3.10 Power Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.1 Complete Demo System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1
Chapter 1

Introduction

IOT has played a significant role in developing several aspects in academic sectors and
domains such as student monitoring and management systems. Therefore, it is a crit-
ical subject to trackand managestudent’s attendance in school, college, and university
environment. Calling student’s name or taking student’s signature are two traditional
methods for tracking the attendance of the students in the classroom and they are more
time-consuming. Nevertheless, the academicperformance is influenced by counting stu-
dent’s presentation. So, we have developed a solution to manage the student attendance
records automatically by using IOT management system in order toassist the faculties in
maintaining attendance system. Hence, the attendance systems can be useful to reduce
administrative complexity and cost which increases the efficiency of the education. In
the digital era, technologies have been developed and emerged exponentially,and that
could be used to change the future of sciences to affect people everyday life through
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Previously, biometrics techniques are used to verify
identification through their characteristics like face recognition, signatures, fingerprint,
voice recognition, irises, barcode, Bluetooth, Near-Field Communication (NFC), and so

2
on. RFID is an automation technology used to identifying and positioning an object.
Healthcare industry, financial institutions, cars, books, mobile phones, computer equip-
ment,are several applications that they used RFID technology.Diverse studies have been
conducted to propose student’s attendance system to manage, record, and track the pre-
senting of the students in an academic sector. Our systems used several technologies
that are ranging from RFID reader, Wi-Fi interfaces, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and
Android mobile app.

Students attendance RFID based systems thathave been proposed are also ana-
lyzed and criticized respect to systems functionalities and main findings to identify and
focus on the critical and Vitalsystems or technology that need further attempts by fu-
ture researchers through which the advantages of high efficiency and effectiveness can be
obtained. The system functionality includes data management, tracking students, send-
ing reports, monitoring records, maintenance records, and finally providing information
services.

Figure 1.1: RFID Tag Communication

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The RFID has come up as emerging technology which started evolving in World War
II . A RFID system has several components which include tags, antennas and readers.
This set up can be used either in high frequency or ultra high frequency. In 1946, Leon
Theremin invented a tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted radio waves with
some audio information attached to it.Though it was not an identification device it can
be considered a predecessor to the RFID technology. In 1939, The IFF transponder was
used by the United Kingdom in 1939 which was then used for identifying planes as anally
plane or enemy plane as early in the 19th century in the World War II . The transponder

3
of this kind is still used in today’s aircrafts wherein the transmission and receiving of
waves is used. The patent from Mario Cardullo’s in 1973 which talks about a passive
radio transponder attached to a memory was the true ancestor of modern RFID.

The Radio Frequency Identification Devices used in today’s industry are being
used in many areas that need identification, inventory control and automation. The
use of high frequency and ultra high frequency signals to identify objects which can
be considered as tags here, has been helpful in developing various applications. Radio
frequency range is considered to be about 3 MHz to 300 GHz. This frequency corresponds
to the alternating electrical signals which are used to produce and detect radio waves.
The high frequency range of frequency ranges from 3–30 MHz which has a wavelength of
10–100 m and has various applications in shortwave, amateur ratio, etc. The very high
frequency of radio waves consist frequencies in between 30–300 MHz with a wavelength
of 1–10 m and are generally used in FM broadcasting, aviation, broadcast television,
etc. The ultra high frequency or the UHF range of frequency is around 300–3000 MHz
with a wavelength of 10–100 cm used for Broadcast television, mobile telephones, wireless
networking, etc. The super high frequency radio waves range is from 3–30 GHz with a
wavelength of 1–10 cm used in Wireless networking, and satellite links. The extremely
high frequency waves range from 30-300 GHz 17 with a wavelength of 1–10 mm and have
applications in radio astronomy, remote ensing and advanced weapons systems.

4
Chapter 2

Design and Implementation

Outline: This chapter presents the following:

1. LDR interfacing
2. RFID EM-18 Interfacing
3. Wi-Fi ESP8266E-12 interfacing
4. LCD interfacing
5. Complete circuit diagram
6. Complete Android App

In this chapter, we discuss about the hardware and sofware requirements and
complete implementation in order to build the embedded system.

2.1 LDR interfacing :

LDR interfaced with the arduino to count the number of person in the class room that
is bidirectional. If student enter in the class room so it increase the number of count as
well as if go out of the class room so it decrese the count.Schemetics as shown in Fig.2.1
& Fig. 2.2

5
Figure 2.1: LDR interfaced with
Uno Figure 2.2: Interfaced View

In this we use the Laser diode for bidirectional counting, one for increase the
count and one for decrese the count.

2.2 RFID EM-18 Interfacing :

This module directly connects to any microcontroller UART or through an RS-232 con-
verter to PC.It gives UART/Wiegand26 output. This RFID Reader Module works with
any 125 KHz RFID tags.Programming in Arduino UNO for reading serial RFID Tag Keys
is very easy.Basic idea is to initialize the Serial port at some baud rate. I have initialized
it at a baud rate of 9600 bits/sec. i.e Transfer of 9600 bits in a sec. Now RFID key is 12
bytes. So, initialize a vector (array) of length 12 and data type to be char.[char size is 1
byte.]. The schematic diagram is shown in the Fig.2.3

2.3 Wi-Fi ESP8266E-12 interfacing :

The instructions for interfacing esp8266E-12 are given bellow.

1. Install Arduino IDE.Whatever you have.

2. go to File > Preferences > Additional Board Manager URLs paste this link in text
field http : //arduino.esp8266.com/stable/packagee sp8266comi ndex.json
3. goto Tools > Board > Board Manger and search for esp8266 click on install button
wait until board get install.
4. After successfully install board now take your arduino board remove controller.
Now its only USB to UART converter with 5v and 3.3v power supply. Connect

6
 Figure 2.3: Connections of RFID Module Figure 2.4: EM-18 View

ESP8266 with Arduino board as shown in Fig. As esp8266 datasheet mention it

can work on 5v or 3.3v . but it affect on wifi range as 5v gives large range for
module.
5. Restar Arduino IDE now connect arduino board with ESP8266 connection as in
above diagram.Now goto Tools > Board >Generic ESP8266 Module
6. now install esp8266 library alredy made by developers with examples.goto Skrtch
> Include library > Manage libraries Search for ”ESP8266 webserver” and install
ESP8266WebServer library
7. Goto File > Examples > ESP8266WebServer > AdvancedWebServer made some
changes in program. ssid and password.
8. ESP8266 is having 4 mode of operation 1)Genaral mode ,2) Boot mod,
3) Host mode, 4)AT command mode here we only deal with genaral mode and
boot mode.for load program in ESP8266 we have to go in boot mode for that Press
and Hold FLASH button and then Press reset button first release reset button then
FLASH button. now your ESP8266 in boot mode.
9. Upload program from Arduino IDE.
10. For testing Web server open serial terminal at 115200 baud rate and get IP adress
of server. outout of serial terminal.
11. goto your browser and hit IP address 192.168.0.10 ( it may vary from your router
configuration ) you will see the webpage stored in your ESP8266 module. The
schematic diagram is shown in the Fig.2.5

2.4 LCD interfacing :

The schematic diagram is shown in the Fig.2.6

7
 Figure 2.5: Connections of ESP8266 Figure 2.6: connections of the TFT LCD

2.5 Complete Block diagram:

The Block diagram is shown in the Fig.2.7

Figure 2.7: Complete block diagram of the system

2.6 Complete circuit diagram:

The schematic diagram is shown in the Fig.2.7

8
 Figure 2.8: Complete circuit diagram of the system

2.7 Complete Android App:

The schematic diagram is shown in the Fig.2.8

Figure 2.9: Complete android app

9
Chapter 3

Components and Modules

Description

Outline: This chapter presents the following:

1. Micro-controller(Arduino UNO)
2. Wi-Fi Module ESP-8266 E-12
3. RFID Module (EM-18)
4. 2.4 inch TFT LCD Display
5. Buzzer
6. LDR sensor
7. Power supply
3.1 Micro-controller(Arduino UNO)) :

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcon-
troller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical and digital world. Arduino board designs use a variety of mi-
croprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards or Bread-
boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using
a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

In the project we are using Arduino UNO. The Arduino UNO is a widely
used open-source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P microcontroller and
developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog in-
put/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The board features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable
with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable.
It can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts. ”Uno” means one in Italian and was chosen to mark
the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.

Figure 3.1: Arduino UNO Version 1.0

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3.1.1 Why we used Arduino UNO ? :

The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for
the Arduino platform. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with
a bootloader that allows to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer.It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also differs
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter. The Arduino UNO is generally considered the most user-friendly
and popular board, with boards being sold worldwide for less than 5$.

3.1.2 Technical Specifications of Arduino UNO board :

The technical details of the UNO board1 are as follows :

1. Micro-controller ATmega328
2. Operating Voltage (logic level): 5 V
3. Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 V
4. Input Voltage (limits): 6-20 V
5. Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6. Analog Input Pins: 8
7. DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
8. Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB used by bootloader
9. SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
10. EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
11. Clock Speed: 16 MHz

3.2 Wi-Fi Module ESP-8266 E-12 :

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol
stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an
AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino de-
vice and get about as much WiFi-ability as a WiFi Shield offers (and that’s just out of
the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge, and
1
www.farnell.com/datasheets/1682238.pdf Access Date : 07/05/ 2018

12
ever growing, community. This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and
storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application
specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal load-
ing during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external
circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The
ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existance interfaces,
it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and
requires no external RF parts. There is an almost limitless fountain of information avail-
able for the ESP8266, all of which has been provided by amazing community support.
In the Documents section below you will find many resources to aid you in using the
ESP8266, even instructions on how to transforming this module into an IoT (Internet of
Things) solution! Note: The ESP8266 Module is not capable of 5-3V logic shifting and
will require an external Logic Level Converter. Please do not power it directly from your
5V dev board. Note: This new version of the ESP8266 WiFi Module has increased the
flash disk size from 512k to 1MB.

Figure 3.2: ESP8266 E-12 Module

3.3 RFID Module (EM-18) :

A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to gather infor-
mation from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects. Radio waves are
used to transfer data from the tag to a reader. EM-18 shown in Fif. 3.3 and pin diagram
shown in the Fig.3.4

RFID is a technology similar in theory to bar codes. However, the RFID tag
does not have to be scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader. The

13
RFID tag it must be within the range of an RFID reader, which ranges from 3 to 300
feet, in order to be read. RFID technology allows several items to be quickly scanned and
enables fast identification of a particular product, even when it is surrounded by several
other items.RFID technology may be used in a variety of applications including:

1. Passports
2. Smart cards
3. Airplane luggage
4. Toll booth passes
5. Home appliances
6. Merchandise tags
7. Animal and pet tags
8. Automobile key-and-lock
9. Monitoring heart patients
10. Pallet tracking for inventory
11. Telephone and computer networks
12. Operation of spacecraft and satellites

RFID technology uses digital data in an RFID tag, which is made up of integrated
circuits containing a tiny antenna for transferring information to an RFID transceiver.
The majority of RFID tags contain at least an integrated circuit for modulating and
demodulating radio frequency and an antenna for transmitting and receiving signals.
Frequency ranges vary from low frequencies of 125 to 134 kHz and 140 to 148.5 kHz, and
high frequencies of 850 to 950 MHz and 2.4 to 2.5 GHz. Wavelengths in the 2.4 GHz range
are limited because they can be absorbed by water. This module directly connects to any
microcontroller UART or through a RS232 converter to PC.It gives UART/Wiegand26
output. This RFID Reader Module works with any 125 KHz RFID tags.
Specifications :

1. 5VDC through USB (External 5V supply will boost range of the module)
2. Current: <50mA
3. Operating Frequency: 125Khz
4. Read Distance: 10cm
5. Size of RFID reader module: 32mm(length) * 32mm(width) * 8mm(height)

3.4 2.4 inch TFT LCD Display :

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modu-

lated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid

14
 Figure 3.4: Pind Diagram of RFID EM-
Figure 3.3: RFID EM-18 18

crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce im-
ages in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which
can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as
in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are
made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. 2.4
inch TFT LCD shown in the Fig.3.5

The 2.4 inch TFT touch Screen LCD Module For Arduino is a beautiful
large touchscreen display shield with built in microSD card connection. The LCD has
excellent vivid color contrast. This TFT display is big (2.4� diagonal) bright (4 white-LED
backlight) and colorful (18-bit 262,000 different shades). 240×320 pixels with individual
pixel control. It has way more resolution than a black and white 128×64 display. As a
bonus, this display has a resistive touchscreen attached to it already, so you can detect
finger presses anywhere on the screen.

3.5 Buzzer(5V) :

A Buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,which may be mechanical, Electromechan-

ical, or Piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, Timers
and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Buzzer Is an inte-
grated structure of electronic transducers, DC Power supply, widely used in computers,
printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive electronic equipment, telephones,
timers and other electronic products for sound devices. Active Buzzer 5V Rated Power
can be directly connected to a continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion

15
 Figure 3.5: 2.4 inch TFT LCD

Figure 3.7: Ligt Dependent Resis-

Figure 3.6: Buzzer 5 v. tor

module and the board in combination, can complete a simple circuit design, to ”plug and
play.” Buzzer shown in the Fig.3.6

16
Figure 3.8: Ligt Dependent Resistor Figure 3.9: Ligt Dependent Resistive
Symol Response

3.6 LDR Sensor :

A photoresistor (orlight-dependent resistor,LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a

light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increas-
ing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor
can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated
switching circuits. A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the
dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megohms (MΩ), while in the
light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light
on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor
give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among
dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to
photons within certain wavelength bands. View ,symbol and resistence curve shown in
theF ig.3.7, F ig.3.8, F ig.3.9respectively.

3.7 Power Supply :

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to
the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies
are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate
standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they
power. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and
consumer electronics devices. Other functions that power supplies may perform include

17
limiting the current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event
of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on
the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can
continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power
(uninterruptible power supply). The picture of 12 volt adapter shown in the Fig.3.10

Figure 3.10: Power Adapter

18
Chapter 4

Result and Conclusion

Outline: This chapter presents the following:

1. Result And Discussion

2. Conclusion And Future Works

19
4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed system is achieving two aims, the first objective is to register, record,
and manage a student attendance using RFID tag, and the second aim is to provide
student information service such as timetable, lecture time and classroom number, and
other student-related data that displayed in screen or LCD. The traditional method for
taking student absence report is usually done by using paper-work and handwriting son
the advertisement wall. Hence, paperwork method consumes workforce requirements,
duplication of the efforts, and imposes time-consuming and inefficiency.

The proposed system based on RFID technology can achieve several advantages
such as userfriendliness, affordability, security, flexibility, high resources and data accu-
racy, automatic and tag identification without human interference, indicating work status
and generating the attendance report automatically, and it does not need to spend extra
time and efforts. zChild Safety is very important nowadays and everyone wants to get
information from the school about their child attendance in the school.

Figure 4.1: Complete Demo System

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4.2 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

A student attendance and information system are designed and implemented to manage
student’s data and provide capabilities for tracking student attendance, grading stu-
dent marks, giving information about timetable, lecture time, room number, and other
student-related information. Also, the proposed system provides easiness for the staff
where there is no need for extra paper works and additional lockers for saving data.
Results achieved the innovation of developing the system proved reliable to support the
attendance management system for an academic sector in the usage of the RFID tech-
nology and microcontroller board. It can be considered as a successful implementation.
Two primary goals for future directions, the first goal is to extend the proposed system to
include staff information as well. The second one is to extend the system to encompass
more than one facility with the insertion of face detection mechanism in the attendance
monitoring system to avoid proxy.

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