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Logical and Algebraic Structures From Qu PDF

This document discusses the algebraic structures that arise from quantum computation. It describes how quantum logic leads to quantum computational logics that can be modeled as density operators on tensor products of C2. These structures include quasi-MV algebras and their expansion with a square root of negation operation. The document outlines recent developments in the algebraic theory of these structures, including properties like having the finite model property and congruence extension property as well as descriptions of free algebras, subvarieties, and representations.

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86 views1 page

Logical and Algebraic Structures From Qu PDF

This document discusses the algebraic structures that arise from quantum computation. It describes how quantum logic leads to quantum computational logics that can be modeled as density operators on tensor products of C2. These structures include quasi-MV algebras and their expansion with a square root of negation operation. The document outlines recent developments in the algebraic theory of these structures, including properties like having the finite model property and congruence extension property as well as descriptions of free algebras, subvarieties, and representations.

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kaizsv
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Logical and Algebraic Structures from Quantum Computation

∗
Roberto Giuntini, Hector Freytes, Antonio Ledda, Francesco Paoli, Giuseppe Sergioli

Quantum computation has suggested new forms of quantum logic, called quantum computational log-
ics [1]. The basic semantic idea is that the meaning of a sentence can be identified with a vector in ⊗n C 2 ,
called q-register, that physically represents a pure state of a compound physical system. The quantum
logical counterpart of the set of classical gates is the set of unitary (and therefore reversible) operators
that, if applied to a q-register, give another q-register as output (e.g. negation N ot(n) ; square root of
√ (n) √ (n)
the identity I ; square root of the negation N ot ; Toffoli T (n,m,1) ). Actually, however, a prepared
state is seldom a pure state, but rather a mixture of pure states, called q-mixes and mathematically
represented by density operators of ⊗n C 2 . The framework of density operators encompasses pure states,
which are in 1 : 1 correspondence with projection operators onto unidimensional subspaces.
By focusing on the set of density operators of ⊗n C 2 , endowed with operators corresponding to the
above-mentioned quantum logical gates, one can define an array of quantum computational logics [1],
differing from one another along two degrees of freedom: (i) the language, i.e. the number and type
of quantum gates under consideration; (ii) the consequence relation, which can be either weak or strong.
Actually, it turns out that confining ourselves to C 2 instead of arbitrary n-fold tensor products ⊗n
entails no loss of generality in that the consequence relations are the same in both cases. We therefore
restrict ourselves to the structure whose universe is the set of density operators of C 2 , endowed with
operations corresponding to an irreversible (non-linear) operation (the Lukasiewicz truncated sum ⊕) and
the negation gate ¬. By resorting to the representation of density operators of C 2 via the Pauli matrices,
we are allowed to replace such operators by inner or surface points of the Bloch-Poincaré sphere, and we
can even shift down by one dimension by disregarding the component which plays no role in probability
assignments. We therefore end up with a structure whose universe is the set of complex numbers in the
closed disc with center in the origin and unitary radius, which is more conveniently transposed to the
first quadrant and scaled down by one half. This structure is an algebra hC, ⊕, ¬, 0, 1i of type h2, 1, 0, 0i,
and thus it makes sense to investigate the variety of this type it generates. Such a variety is the variety
of quasi-MV algebras [2], which happens to be a generalization of Chang’s MV algebras. The above-
mentioned
√ algebras can be expanded by an operation of square root of negation, thus obtaining the class
of 0 quasi-MV algebras [3]. In the present talk we shall report on some recent developments concerning
the algebraic theory of these structures. In particular, we shall dwell on the following results: (i) both
varieties have the finite model property, and quasi-MV algebras have the strong finite model property;
(ii) both varieties have the congruence extension property; (iii) it is possible to describe free algebras
and Gumm-Ursini ideals in both varieties; (iv) it is possible to provide a complete description of the
lattices of subvarieties
√ of both varieties; (v) it is possible to characterize the qMV term reducts and
term subreducts of 0 quasi-MV algebras; (vi) quasi-MV algebras have the amalgamation property; (vii)
quasi-MV algebras can be given two alternative representations as labelled MV algebras; (viii) Cartesian
√
0 quasi-MV algebras can be represented as subalgebras of intervals of Abelian lattice-ordered groups

endowed with projection and rotation operators.

References
[1] Dalla Chiara, M.L., Giuntini, R. and Leporini, R. (2005), Logics from quantum computation. Inter-
national Journal of Quantum Information 3 (2), 293–337.
[2] Ledda, A., Konig, M., Paoli, F. and Giuntini, R. (2006), MV algebras and quantum computation.
Studia Logica 82 (2), 245–270.
[3] Giuntini, R., Ledda, A. and Paoli, F. (2007), Expanding quasi-MV algebras by a quantum operator.
Studia Logica 87, 99–128.

∗ Dipartimento di Scienze Pedagogiche e Filosofiche, Università di Cagliari, Italy; e-mail: [email protected],


[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

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