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Structure in C++Æ
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α Khadim
Instructor Name:ตFaiza
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м м
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 Data Types
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Ž •
İ
C++ programming language which has the ability to
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v
divide the data into different types. The type of a
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take on. The various data types are Æ
variable determine the what kind of values it may

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• Simple Data type
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 Integer, Real, Void, Char
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• Structured Data type
α D Array, Strings
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• User Defined Data type
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ต υ Enum, Structures, Unions
 Structure Data Type
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A structure is a user defined data type that İgroups
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logically related data items of different vdata types
into a single unit. All the elements ofÆ
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P a structure are

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stored at contiguous memory locations. A variable of
structure type can storeใต
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different data types under the one name. As the data

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of employee in company that is name, Employee ID,

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salary, address, phone number is stored in structure
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data type.
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 • •
Structures
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• A Structure is a collection of related data
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items, possibly of different types.

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• A structure type in C++ is called struct.
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• A struct is heterogeneous in that it can be
composed of data
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• In contrast, D
array is homogeneous since it can
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contain only data of the same type.

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 • •
Structures
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• Structures hold data that belong together. v
• Examples: Æ
P major, gender,
start year, …
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– Student record: student id, name,

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– Bank account: account number, name, currency,
balance, …
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– Address book: name, address, telephone number,
…
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• In database applications, structures are called
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records.
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 • •
Structures
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• Individual components of a struct type are
called members (or fields).
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• Members can be of different types (simple,
array or struct).
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• A struct is named as a whole while individual

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members are named using field identifiers.
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• Complex data structures can be formed by
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defining arrays of structs.
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 • •
struct basics
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• Definition of a structure: Я v
struct <struct-type>{ Æ
PEach identifier
<type> <identifier_list>;

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<type> <identifier_list>; defines a member

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... of the structure.

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} ;

• Example: รц
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м
struct Date {
The “Date” structure
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int day;

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int month; has 3 members,

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int year; day, month & year.

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 • •
struct examples
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• Example:
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struct StudentInfo{
int Id; TheP Æ
“StudentInfo”
int age;
char Gender;
α и
structure has 4 members
double CGA;
ใ ต of different types.

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};

• Example:
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struct StudentGrade{
char Name[15];
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char Course[9]; The “StudentGrade”

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int Lab[5];
int Homework[3];
structure has 5

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members of
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int Exam[2];

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}; different array types.
 • •
struct examples
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• Example:
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struct BankAccount{
char Name[15]; Æ
P has simple,
The “BankAcount”
int AcountNo[10];
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structure

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double balance; array and structure

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Date Birthday; types as members.

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};

• Example: รц
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struct StudentRecord{ The “StudentRecord”

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char Name[15];
int Id; structure has 4

H αchar Dept[5]; members.

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char Gender;

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};
 • •
struct basics
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<struct-type> <identifier_list>; Я
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• Declaration of a variable of struct type:

• Example: P Æ
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StudentRecord Student1, Student2;

ใ ต
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Student1 and Student2 are variables of StudentRecord type.

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Name Name
Student1
α DId Gender Id Gender Student2

м м Dept Dept

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 • •
Structure
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• The members of a struct type variable are
Æ
accessed with the dot (.) operator:
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<struct-variable>.<member_name>;

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#include<iostream>
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•
struct stdudent{
Example
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int roll;
char name[30];
char dept[20];
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char gender[10];

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}stu={101, "umer","cs","male"};
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int main()
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cout<<"your roll number is:\n"<<stu.roll;
cout<<"your name is :"<<stu.name;

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cout<<"\nyour dept is:"<<stu.dept;

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cout<<"\nyour gender is:"<<stu.gender;

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return 0; м
}

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ต
struct student{
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int roll; Example
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char name[30];

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v
char dept[20];
char gender[10];
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}stu={101, "umer","cs","male"};
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int main(){
struct student stu2;

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cout<<"your roll number is:\n"<<stu.roll;

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cout<<" your name is :"<<stu.name;

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cout<< "\nyour dept is:"<<stu.dept;

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cout<< "\nyour gender is:"<<stu.gender;

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cout<<endl<<"enter your roll number:";

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cin>>stu2.roll;

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cout<<"enter your name";

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cin>>stu2.name;
//
ต cin.get(stu2.name,30); //due to space handling
return 0;
#include<iostream>
struct student{
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int roll;
Array within structure
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İ
char name[20];
int marks[5]; //output

v Д
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}; cout<<"roll number is:“<<stu2.roll;
int main() cout<<"\nname is: “<<stu2.name;
{
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for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{

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struct student stu2;

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int i, sum=0; cout<<"\nsubject :\n“<<stu2.marks[i]);

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}
cout<<"enter your roll number:\n";

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cout<<"total marks are:“<<sum;

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cin>>stu2.roll;
cout<<"enter your name";

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}
cin>>stu2.name;

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cout<<"enter your marks of five

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subjects");

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for(i=1; i<=5;i++)
{

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cout<<"subject“<<i;

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cin>>stu2.marks[i]);
sum=sum+stu2.marks[i];
 • •
Array of structure
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v
• We can make array of structure type variable
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0 1 2
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… 98 99

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• An ordinary array: One type of data
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0 1 2 … 98 99

•υAn
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Harray of structs: Multiple types of data in
ต each array element.
 •
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
Example • •
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struct student{
int roll;
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//print values for 5 students
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cout<<"detail for students are";
char name[20];
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for(i=0;i<5;i++)
int marks[5];

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{

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}; cout<<endl<<"detail for

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int main() student"<<i+1;

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{ cout<<"\nroll num

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"<<stu2[i].roll;

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struct student stu2[5]; cout<<"\nname is

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int i, sum=0; "<<stu2[i].name;

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cout<<"add detail for five students"; }
for(i=0;i<5;i++)

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}
{

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cout<<"enter your roll number

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\n"<<i+1;

H α cin>>stu2[i].roll;

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cout<<endl<<"enter your name";

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cin>>stu2[i].name;
}
 Passing Structure to Function
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int main ( )
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{
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struct employee e1;
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cout<<“Enter the employee id of employee”;
cin>>e1.emp_id; α и
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cout<<“Enter the name of employee”;

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cin>>e1.name;
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cout<<“Enter the salary of employee”;
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cin>>e1.salary;
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printdata (e1); //function calling struct variable
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}ต υ
as argument
 Passing Structure to Function
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void printdata( struct employee emp)
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{
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Æ
cout<<“\nThe employee id of employee is :
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%d”<< emp.emp_id;

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cout<<“\nThe name of employee is :”<<
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emp.name;
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cout<<“\nThe salary of employee is : ”<<
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emp.salary;
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}
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 Function Returning Structure
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•
Žtype
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The function can return a variable of structure

Я v
like a integer and float variable. The program to
return a structure from function. Æ
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struct person
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ใ ต
{
char name[20];ц ℓ ค
int age; D
ร
м α
м
float salary;
}; Hα
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 • •
Function Returning Structure
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Д İ
struct person getdata();
Я v
Æ
void main()
{
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struct person p;
ใ ต
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p=getdata();

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cout<<displaying information";
cout<<“name”<<p.name;

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cout<<"age”<<p.age;

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cout<<“salary“<<p.salary;
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α
getch();
}
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ต
 Function Returning Structure
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Ž •
struct person getdata()
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{
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struct person p1;
P Æ
cout<<"name";
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cin>>p1.name;
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cout<<"age";
cin>>p1.age;
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cout<<"salary";
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м
cin>>p1.salary;
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return p1;
}
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 Union Data Type
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• A union is a user defined data type like structure. The
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unit. Я v
union groups logically related variables into a single

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• The union data type allocate the space equal to
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space need to hold the largest data member of
union. ใ ต
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• The union allows different types of variable to share

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same space in memory.
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м
• There is no other difference between structure and
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α
union than internal difference. The method to
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declare, use and access the union is same as
structure.
 • •
Application of union in C
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Я v
• Unions can be used when no more than one
P Æ
member need be accessed at a time. That
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way, you can save some memory instead of
α
using a struct.
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รц
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м м
H α
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 Defining of Union
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İ
A union has to defined, before it can used. The
syntax of defining a structure is
vД
Я
union <union_name>
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{
α и
ใ ต
<data_type> <variable_name>;
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ร ц
<data_type> <variable_name>;
……..
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м м
<data_type> <variable_name>;
}; Hα
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 Example of Union
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The union of Employee is declared as
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union employee
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{
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int emp_id;
ใ ต
char name[20];
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float salary;
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char address[50];

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int dept_no;

H α
int age;

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};υ
 Memory Space Allocation
• •
8000
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emp_id, dept_no, age

Д İ
v
8002

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salary

Æ
8004
name
P
α и
ต
8022

ค ใ
ℓ
address

รц
D
8050

мα
α м
υH employee

ต
 • •
•
#include<isotream>
Example
İŽ
union student

Д
{

v
int roll; //2byte

Я
char name[10]; //10byte

}stu1;
P Æ
int main()
α и
ต
{

ใ
ℓค
cout<<“enter your roll";

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cin>>stu1.roll;
cout<<“enter your name“;

D
cin>>stu1.name;

мα
cout<<"details are“;
cout<<"roll number“<<stu1.roll; //unexpected

м
cout<<"name is“<<stu1.name;

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υ H
getch();

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}
 Difference between Structures & Union
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Ž •
Д İ
Structure union
Я v
• In the structure all the
P Æ
• In union only one of union

и
members are accessed at any member can be accessed at
point of time
ตα any given time.
• The memory occupied by
ใ • Memory occupied by union

ℓค
structure variable is the sum of variable is equal to space

รц
sizes of all the members. hold by the largest data
member of a union.
D
• The elements of a structure

α
are stored at contiguous
м
• Share memory and Overlap
values
м
memory locations.

α
• Separate space for each
H
• Size of memory depends on

υ
memory larger data type

ต
 • •
Ž •
Д İ
Structure
Я v
• In the structure all the
P Æ
и
members are accessed at any
point of time
ตα
• The memory occupied by
ใ
ℓค
structure variable is the sum of

รц
sizes of all the members.

D
• The elements of a structure

α
are stored at contiguous
м
м
memory locations.

α
• Separate space for each
H
υ
memory

ต
 Application of Structures
• •
Ž •
Structure is used in database management to
Д İ
Я v
maintain data about books in library, items in store,
P Æ
employees in an organization, financial accounting
α и
ต
transaction in company. Beside that other
ใ
application are
ℓค
รц
1) Changing the size of cursor.
α D
м
2) Clearing the contents of screen.

α м
3) Drawing any graphics shape on screen.
υ H
4) Receiving the key from the keyboard.
ต
 Application of Structures
• •
Ž •
Д İ
5) Placing cursor at defined position on screen.
Я v
6) Checking the memory size of the computer.
P Æ
7) Finding out the list of equipments attach to
α и
computer.
ใ ต
ℓค
8) Hiding a file from the directory.
รц
9) Sending the output to printer.
α D
м
10) Interacting with the mouse.

α м
11) Formatting a floppy.
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12) Displaying the directory of a disk.
ต
 Summary
• •
• A structure is a user defined data typeİŽthat •
groups logically related data items of Д
data types into a single unit. Я v different

• The elements of a structure Æ

ต α
ค ใ
• The value of one structure variable is assigned to

ц ℓ
another variable of same type using assignment
statement.
ร
D
• An array of variables of structure is created.
• A variable αof structure type is defined as a
м м
H α
member
structure.
of other structure type called nested

ต υ