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CHAPTER I

THE USE OF BE (AM, IS, ARE)

1.1 Noun + Be
Singular Plural
NOUN + IS + NOUN NOUN + ARE + NOUN
(a) Malaysia is a country (d) Cats are animals
(b) Mataram is a city (e) Jakarta and Mataram are cities
(c) A cat is an animal (f) Dogs and cats are animals
NOTE: - In (a): Malaysia = a singular noun
is = singular helping verb
country = a singular noun
a/an are both articles. They have the same meaning.
A is used in front of words that begin with consonant: b, c, d, f, g, h, etc.
Examples: a cat, a dog, a boy, a girl.
An is used in front of words that begin with vocal (a, i, u, e, and o).
Examples: an animal, an egg, an island, an office.
- In (d): cats = plural noun
are = plural helping verb
animals = plural noun.
- a and an are only used with singular nouns.
some singular noun that end in -y have a special plural form: They omit the -y and add -ies.

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences. Use an ARTICLE: a or an.

1. ______ dog is ______ animal.

2. Arabic is ______ language.
3. Kupang is ______ city.
4. Asia is ______ continent.
5. Korea is ______ country.
6. Waikabubak is ______ town.
7. ______ hotel is ______ building.
8. ______ bee is ______ insect.
9. ______ ant is ______ insect.
10. ______ bear is ______ animal.
11. Sumatera is ______ island.
12. Sumba Barat is ______ regency.

EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences. Use an ARTICLE (a or an) and the words in the list.

animal continent country insect

city flower town book

1. Indonesia is ________________. 9. Japan is ______________________.

2. Tokyo is _________________. 10. England is ___________________.
3. A buffalo is _______________. 11. Waingapu is ___________________.
4. Europe is _________________. 12. A rose is ____________________.
5. China is __________________. 13. Tambolaka is ________________.
6. A cow is __________________. 14. Germany is ___________________.
7. A dictionary is _____________. 15. Surabaya is _________________.
8. A fly is ___________________
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EXERCISE 3: Change the singular sentences into plural sentences.

Singular Plural
1. An ant is an insect. → Ants are insects.
2. A dictionary is a book → _________________________
3. A computer is a machine. → _________________________
4. A chicken is a bird. → _________________________
5. A rabbit is an animal. → _________________________
6. A carrot is a vegetable. → _________________________
7. A rose is a flower → _________________________
8. A butterfly is an insect → _________________________

EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences with is or are and one of the noun in the list. Use the correct
singular form of the noun (using a or an) or the correct plural form.

animal country machine

insect city continent
language town planet

1. A cat is an animal .
2. Cats are animals .
3. English _______________________________.
4. English and Arabic __________________________.
5. Asia __________________________________.
6. Asia and Africa ____________________________.
7. Indonesia _________________________________.
8. Indonesia and Thailand _______________________.
9. Butterflies _________________________________.
10. A butterfly _____________________________.
11. Waingapu _____________________________.
12. Waingapu and Waikabubak __________________.
13. Jupiter _________________________________.
14. Jupiter and Mars _________________________.
15. Bandung _______________________________.
16. Bandung and Surabaya ______________________.

EXERCISE 5 - Oral: Complete the sentences with your own words.

1. . . . a country. 6. . . . cities. 11. . . . a planet.
2. . . . countries. 7. . . . animals. 12. . . . cities in Indonesia.
3. . . . languages. 8. . . . an insect. 13. . . . countries in Europe.
4. . . . a language. 9. . . . a town. 14. . . . volcanoes in Indonesia.
5. . . . a city. 10. . . . . vegetables. 15. . . . an airport.

EXERCISE 6 – Oral: What are the following things?

Example: Cats
Response: Cats are animals.

1. German 6. An ant 11. A computer

2. Germany 7. Bees 12. London and Kualalumpur
3. Chickens 8. Ngurah Rai 13. Bali and Sumba
4. Europe 9. A carrot 14. Waikelo
5. Pluto 10. A dictionary 15. Winter and summer
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1.2 Pronoun + Be
SINGULAR PLURAL
PRONOUN + BE + NOUN PRONOUN + BE + NOUN
(a) I am a student (f) We are students
(b) You are a student (g) You are students
(c) She is a student (h) They are students
(d) He is a student
(e) It is a country
(i) Rini is in my class. She is a student. NOTE:- {I, you, she, he, it, we,
(j) Tom is in my class. He is a student. they}= pronouns.
(k) Rini Tom are in my class. They are students - {am, is are}= forms of Be
(l) Jupiter is in the sky. It is a planet.
EXERCISE 7: Complete the sentences. Use am, is, or are. Use a noun: a student or students.

1. We are students .
2. I _____________________________.
3. Rita goes to school. She ________________________.
4. Andi goes to school. He ________________________.
5. Rita and Andi go to school. They ______________________.
6. You (one person) _____________________________.
7. You (two persons) ____________________________.

EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences with appropriate words in the list. Use correct
pronoun and Be.

student teacher planet pilot

officer porter country farmer
driver headmaster city football player

1. Adi goes to school in Mataram. He is a student .

2. Rudi flies a plane. __________________________.
3. Wati works in the office. _______________________.
4. My father works in the farm. ______________________________.
5. Rony and Budi play football in the field. _______________________.
6. Ali drives a car. _______________________.
7. My brother works in the harbor. ______________________________.
8. Mr. Jhon heads a school. ________________________.
9. My uncle teaches English. _______________________.
10. Neptunus is in the sky. __________________________.

1.3 Negative with BE

(a) Adi is not a teacher. He is a student. Not make a sentence negative
isn’t
is not can be contracted isn’t
(b) Adi and Wati are not teachers. are not can be contracted aren’t
aren’t
(c) I am not a teacher. am not cannot be contracted

EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences with the correct information.

1. Malaysia is not a city. It is a country .

2. Asia _____________________ a country. It ___________________.
3. Horses ___________________ insects. They __________________.
4. Bees and ants ____________________ animals. They ______________.
5. Arabic _________________ a country. It ________________.
6. I ________________ a professional photographer. I _______________.
7. Wati _______________ a teacher. She _______________.
8. Java and Sumatera _______________ cities. They _________________.
9. Mike Tyson _______________ an actor. He _________________.
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10. Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ________________actors. They _______________.

11. Susilo Bambang Yudoyono ______________ a king. He _________________.
12. An elephant _____________ a bird. It __________________.
13. Yuni Shara _____________ an actress. She ______________.
14. English ____________ a country. It _____________________.
15. Sumba _____________ a town. It _____________________.

1.4 Be + Adjective
NOUN + BE + ADJECTIVE NOTE:
(a) A ball is round. round
(b) Balls are round. intelligent
(c) Habibi is intelligent. hungry = adjective
(d) Habibi and Sukarno are intelligent. young
happy
PRONOUN + BE + ADJECTIVE -Adjectives often follow a form of be (am, is,
(e) I am hungry. are). Adjectives describe or give information
(f) She is young. about a noun or pronoun that comes at the
(g) They are happy. beginning of a sentence.

EXERCISE 10: Make sentences by using is or are and an ADJECTIVE from the following list. Use each
adjective only one time.
beautiful √ hot sour
old important square
dry large/big sweet
flat round wet
funny small/little

1. Fire is hot .
2. Ice and snow _______________________.
3. A box _______________________.
4. Balls and oranges ________________________.
5. Sugar __________________________.
6. An elephant __________________, but a mouse ___________________.
7. Water __________________, but a desert ____________________.
8. A lemon _____________________.
9. A joke _____________________.
10. Good health ______________________.
11. Flowers ______________________.
12. A coin __________________ small, round, and __________________.

EXERCISE 11: Find the adjective in the first sentence. Then complete the second sentence with be + an
adjective that has an opposite meaning. Use the adjectives in the list. Use each adjective only
one time.

beautiful fast old short

clean easy √ happy tall
cold expensive rich

1. I am not sad. I am happy .

2. Ice is not hot. It ___________________________.
3. Yusuf Kalla is not poor. He __________________________.
4. My hair is not long. It ________________________.
5. My clothes are not dirty. They __________________________.
6. Flowers are not ugly. They _________________________.
7. Cars are not cheap. They ______________________.
8. Airplanes are not slow. They _________________________.
9. Grammar is not difficult. It _____________________________.
10. My sister is not short. She _____________________________.
11. My grandparents are not young. They ____________________________.
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EXERCISE 12: Use the following words to describe someone or people that you know.
Example: Hungry.
Response: I am hungry. OR: I am not hungry

1. thirsty 6. angry 11. happy 16. famous

2. sleepy 7. nervous 12. homesick 17. sick
3. tired 8. friendly 13. married 18. healthy
4. old 9. lazy 14. single 19. strong
5. young 10. hardworking 15. clever 20. shy

EXERCISE 13-ORAL: Name things that the given ADJECTIVES can describe.
Example : round
TEACHER: Name something that is round.
STUDENT: A ball is round.

1. hot 5. flat 9. beautiful 13. square

2. sweet 6. little 10. expensive 14. cold
3. sour 7. important 11. cheap 15. delicious
4. large 8. comfortable 12. free 16. Essential

1.5 BE + Location
(a) Maria is here In (a): here = location (adverb of place).
(b) John is at school In (b): at school = location.
BE is often follow by a location.
Here A location may be one word, as in the example (c).
there
downstairs
(c) Maria is upstairs
inside
outside
downtown
at school A location may be a prepositional phrase, as in (d).
on the bus A preposition + noun is called a “prepositional phrase.”
(d) John is in the office At school = a prepositional phrase.
at work
next to Maria
SOME COMMON PREPOSITION:
above between next to behind under
at from on in

ON

NEXT TO IN IN NEXT TO

ABOVE

BEHIND

UNDER
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EXERCISE 14-ORAL: Practice using PREPSITIONS of location.

Example: under
TEACHER: Put your hand under your chair. Where is your hand?
STUDENT: My hand is under my chair. / It is under my chair.

1. on Put your pen on your book. Where is your pen?

2. in Put you pen in your book. Where is your pen?
3. under Put your pen under your book. Where is your pen?
4. next to Put you pen next to your book. Where is your pen?
5. on Put your hands on your head. Where are your hands?
6. above Put your hands above your head. Where are your hands?
7. between put your pen between your books. Where is your pen?
8. next to Stand next to ( . . . ). Where are you?
9. between Stand between ( . . . ) and ( . . . ). Where are you?
10. behind Put your hand behind your head. Where is your hand?

1.6 YES/NO QUESTION with BE

STATEMENT QUESTION Comment
SUBJECT + BE BE + SUBJECT - In a question, BE comes in front
(a) Adi is a student. Is Adi a student? of the subject.
(b) A cat is an animal. Is a cat an animal? - A statement ends with a period (.)
(c) Dogs are animals. Are dogs animals? - A question ends with a question mark (?)
QUESTION SHORT ANSWER (LONG ANSWER)
(d) Is Adi a student? Yes, He is. (He is a student.)
No, He isn’t. OR No, He’s not. (He isn’t a student.) OR (He is not a student.)

(e) Is a cat an animal? Yes, it is. (It is an animal.)

No, it isn’t. OR No, it’s not. (It isn’t an animal.) OR (It is not an animal)

Yes, they are. (They are animals.)

(f) Are dogs animals? No, they aren’t. OR (They aren’t animals.) OR (They’re not animals.)
No, they’re not.
When people answer a question, they usually give only a “short answer” (but sometimes they give a “long
answer” too). Notice the short answer above:
- After yes, BE is not contracted with a pronoun.
- After no, two contractions of BE are possible with no difference in meaning.
INCORRECT: Yes, he’s; INCORRECT: Yes, it’s; INCORRECT: Yes, they’re

EXERCISE 15-ORAL: Ask a classmate a question. Do as the example.

Example 1: a ball \ round Example 2: a ball \ square
STUDENT A: Is a ball round? STUDENT A: Is a ball square?
STUDENT B: Yes, it is. STUDENT B: No, it isn’t.

Switch roles:
1. sugar \ sweet 9. your pen \ heavy
2. a mouse \ big 10. apple \ expensive
3. lemons \ sweet 11. diamonds \ cheap
4. ice cream and candy \ sour 12. English grammar \ easy
5. the world \ round 13. the floor in this room \ clean
6. your chair \ comfortable 14. butterflies \ beautiful
7. your shoes \ comfortable 15. your pen \ in your pocket
8. the sea water \ salty 26. your motorcycle \ new

EXERCISE 16: Ask your classmate a question. Give true information.

Example 1: sugar \ sour Example 2: bees \ animals
STUDENT A: Is sugar sour? STUDENT A: Are bees animals?
STUDENT B: No, it isn’t. It is sweet. STUDENT B: No, they aren’t. They’re insects.
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1. England \ city 6. Cars \ cheap

2. Jakarta \ island 7. Amin Rais and Megawati \ historian
3. Chris John \ an actor 8. Sumba \ regency
4. Germany \ in Asia 9. Indonesia \ poor country
5. Japan \ a developing country 10. The sun \ cold

1.7 BE with Question Words (Where, What, Who)

QUESTION SHORT ANWER LONG ANSWER
(a) Where is the book? On the table. The book is on the table.
(b) What is this (thing)? A pen. It is a pen.
(c) Who is that (man)? Andi. That is Andi.
(d) How is Mary? Fine. She is fine.
(e) Where are the books? On the table. They are on the table.
(f) What are these? Pens. Those are pens.
(g) Who are they? Andi and Rudi. They are Andi and Rudi.
(h) How are your parents? Pretty good. They are pretty good.
NOTE: - Question words (where, what, and who) come at the beginning of the question: in front of BE.
- Where asks about location
- What asks about things
- Who asks about people
- is is followed by a singular word.
- Are is followed by a plural words.

EXERCISE 17: Complete the questions with where, what, who, or how. Use correct BE.

1. A: Who is that woman?

B: She is my sister. Her name is Wati.

2. A: ___________________ your name?

B: Anita.

3. A: ___________________ you?
B: Fine.

4. A: ___________________ Rini?
B: At home.

5. A: Look at those people over there. ____________________ they?

B: I’m not sure, but I think they are new students.

6. A: ___________________ bats?
B: They are animals that can fly. They are not birds.

7. A: ___________________ Andi and John?

B: Fine.

8. A: ____________________ Kualalumpur?
B: in Malaysia.

EXERCISE 18-ORAL: Ask your classmate. Use appropriate question words and BE.
Example: your pen
STUDENT A: Where is your pen?
STUDENT B: (free response)

1. Your books 6. The capital of Indonesia 11. The post office

2. Surabaya 7. Your English teacher 12. Asia
3. Film star 8. Your father’s name? 13. Java and Sulawesi
4. Christ John 9. The first Indonesian President 14. Barcelona
5. Your mother 10. Your house 15. Mars and Jupiter
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CHAPTER II

EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME

3.1 The Simple Present Tense

SINGULAR PLURAL NOTE:
- Verbs used in the Simple Present Tense takes
1st PERSON: I speak We speak the first form (e.g. speak, not spoke or spoken).
2nd PERSON: You speak You speak - After she, he, or it (3rd person singular), the verb
3rd PERSON: She speaks They speak is added with s or es. (see (a) to (e) for further
He speaks examples).
It rains
(a) Ann takes a bath every day. The SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE expresses:
(b) I usually read the newspaper in the morning. 1. Daily habits or usual activities, as in (a) and
(c) Babies cry. (b).
(d) Birds fly. 2. General truth, as in (c), (d), and (e).
(e) The sun rises in the east.
(f) I eat breakfast every morning. - every morning, every day, every weekend,
(g) Maria speaks English every day. twice a week, every night are adverbs of time.
(h) Andi goes home every weekend. - Other adverbs of time that express habitual
(i) They go on picnic twice a year. actions are: in the morning, at night, in the
(j) We sleep every night. afternoon, in the evening, etc.

EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences in the right with the habits in the left.

HABITS EVERY MORNING SENTENCES

1. go to school (a). I _____________________________

2. drink a cup of tea/coffee (b). John _________________________
3. clean the classroom (c). The students ___________________
4. watch TV (d). My father _____________________
5. take a bath (e). We ___________________________
6. do exercises (f). Andi _________________________
7. brush my teeth (g). I ____________________________
8. cook rice (h). My mother ____________________
9. read a newspaper (i). Wati _________________________
10. eat breakfast (j). Rini and Rina __________________

3.2 Using Adverbs of Frequency

always usually often sometimes seldom rarely never
100% 99%-90% 90%-75% 75%-25% 25%-10% 10%-1% 0%
ADVERB OF always, usually, often, sometimes
SUBJECT + FREQUENCY + VERB 1 seldom, rarely, and never are called “adverb
of frequency.” They come between the
(a) Boy always comes to school.
subject and the simple verb (verb 1).
(b) Mary usually comes to school.
always
(c) We often watch TV at night.
usually
(d) I sometimes drink tea in the morning.
often
(e) They seldom go downtown.
SUBJECT + sometimes + VERB
(f) Ani rarely makes a mistake.
seldom
(g) I never eat “sate kambing.”
rarely
never
Note: some adverb of frequency can also come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. For Example:
Sometimes I get up at six. I sometimes get up at six. I get up at six sometimes.
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EXERCISE 2-ORAL: Find the SUBJECTS and VERBS in the sentences. Then add the ADVERBS
OF FREQUENCY in the italics to the sentences.

1. always I eat breakfast. → I always eat breakfast.

2. usually I get up at 7:00.
3. often I drink two cups of coffee in the morning.
4. never I eat bread for breakfast.
5. seldom I watch TV in the morning.
6. sometimes I have fried rice for dinner.
7. usually Bob eats lunch at the cafeteria.
8. rarely Ann drinks tea.
9. always I do my homework.
10. often We listen to music after dinner.
11. never John and Sue watch TV in the afternoon.
12. always The students speak English in the classroom.
13. seldom Jack rides his car to school.
14. often Sally dreams about her boyfriend.

3.3 Using Adverbs of Frequency with BE

Adverbs of frequency follow BE.
SUBJECT + BE + ADVERB OF
always
FREQUENCY
usually
(a) Tom is always late for class. often
(b) They are seldom at home. SUBJECT + BE + sometimes + complement
seldom
rarely
never

EXERCISE 3-ORAL: Add the ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY in the italics to the sentences.
1. always Ann is on time for class.
2. always Ann comes to class on time.
3. often Sue is late for class.
4. often Sue comes to class late.
5. never Rony is happy.
6. never Rony smile.
7. usually Bob is at home in the evening.
8. usually Bob stays at home in the evening.
9. seldom Tom studies at the library in the evening.
10. seldom Tom is at the library in the evening.
11. rarely I eat breakfast.
12. often I take the “bemo” to school.
13. usually The weather is hot in July.
14. sometimes She drinks tea.

3.4 The Simple Present: NEGATIVE

(a) I do not drink coffee. NEGATIVE: I
We do not drink coffee. We
You do not drink coffee. You + do not + main verb (Verb 1)
They do not drink coffee. They
(b) She does not drink coffee.
He does not drink coffee. She
It does not drink coffee. He + does not + main verb
It
(c) I don’t drink tea. CONTRACTION: do not = don’t
They don’t have a car. does not = doesn’t
(d) He does not drink tea. People usually use contraction when they speak, or When they
Mary does not have a car. write to their family or someone they have known well.
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EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences. Use the words in the parentheses. Use the SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE.

1. Alex (like) __________________ tea, but he _____________________ (like, not) coffee.

2. Sara (know) _______________ Ali, but she (know, not) ________________Beny.

3. Pablo and Maria (want) ___________ to stay home tonight. They ___________ (want, not) to
go out.
4. Mr. Smith (drink, not) _____________________ coffee, but Mr. Jones (drink) ___
__________________Ten cups every day.

5. This pen (belong, not) ______________________ to me. It (belong) ___________

to Susi.

6. My friends (live, not) _______________________ in the dorm. They (have) ____

___________ a hose.

7. Andi (play, not) ____________________ football in the afternoon, but he (pay) __

_____________ volley ball.

8. The children (play, not) _________________ in the yard, but they (play) _______
__________ in the field.

9. Budi (go) ______________ to school in Waikabubak. He (go, not) ____________

_____________ to school in Kupang.

10. Wati and Rini (go, not) ____________________ home. They (go) _____________
to the market.

EXERCISE 5: Use the verbs in the list to complete the sentences. Make all of the sentences NEGATIVE
by using does not or do not.

carry go smoke
do speak drink
make eat put on

1. Bob _____________________ to school every day.

2. My classmates are from Mataram. They ___________________ sumba language.
3. Sally takes care of her health. She ____________________ cigarettes.
4. Jane and Alex always have lunch at home. They ______________ at the cafeteria.
5. Sometimes I _________________ my homework in the evening. I watch TV instead.
6. Jack is a careful writer. He ____________________ mistakes in spelling when he writes.
7. My sister likes tea, but she ______________________ coffee.
8. Rudy is lazy. He ______________________ exercises in the morning.
9. Sometimes Ann _____________________ her shoes when she goes outside. She likes to walk
barefoot in the grass.

EXERCISE 6: Use the words in the italics to make NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

1. like, not Ingrid _____________________ tea.
2. like, not I _______________________ meet.
3. know, not Mary and Jim are strangers. Mary __________________ Jim.
4. need, not It’s a nice day today. You __________________your umbrella.
5. snow, not It _____________________ in Bangkok in winter.
6. speak, not I ______________________French.
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3.5 The Simple Present with YES/NO Question

STATEMENT QUESTION QUESTION FORM:
Do I
Do you
(a) John likes tea. Does John like tea? Do we + main verb (Verb 1)
Do they
(b) They like tea. Do they like tea? Does she
Does he + main verb (Verb 1)
Does it
QUESTION SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
Do, don’t, does, and doesn’t are
(c) Does John like tea? Yes, he does. (He likes tea). used in the short answers to yes/ no
No, he doesn’t. (He doesn’t like tea). questions in the simple present.
Yes, they do. (They like tea).
(d) Do they like tea? No, they don’t. (They don’t like tea).

EXERCISE 7: Make questions. Give short answers.

Example 1: Ann speaks French. Example 2: Ann does not speak Arabic
STUDENT A: Does Ann speak French? STUDENT A: Does Ann speak Arabic?
STUDENT B: Yes, she does. STUDENT B: No, she doesn’t.

1. He speaks English. 6. My Parents live in Jakarta

2. Wati doesn’t do exercises every day. 7. Mary always sits in the front row during
3. They study at night. class
4. I don’t like coffee. 8. Andi goes to school in Waikabubak.
5. Jim and Sue don’t do their homework 9. Kangaroos live in Australia.
every day. 10. It rains in April.

EXERCISE 8: Ask and answer question. Give true answer.

Example: watch TV in the morning.
STUDENT A: Do you watch TV in the morning?
STUDENT B: Yes, I do. OR No, I don’t.

1. eat breakfast every day. 6. usually get up at five o’clock every day
2. walk to school every day. 7. go to church every on Sunday.
3. have a car. 8. talk on the phone every day.
4. go to the market every day. 9. go shopping.
5. like ice cream. 10. shave every day.

3.6 The Simple Present with Question words

STATEMENT QUESTION
(a) Andi eats breakfast at 7:a.m. What time does Andi eat breakfast?
(b) I live in Waitabula. Where do you live?
(c) They go to school by “Bemo” How do they go to school?
NOTE:
- The form of Simple Present with QESTION WORDS (Q-WORD):
Q-WORD + DOES/DO + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB.
- Questions with Q-word are answered with information answers rather than YES or NO. (See
examples below)
(d) What time does Andi eat breakfast? At 7:a.m.
(e) Where do you live? In Waitabula.
(f) How do they go to school? By Bemo.
Other examples of q-words: why, what, who, when, how far, how often, how long, how many, how much, etc.
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EXRECISE 9: Make questions

1. A: _____________________________________________?
B: do exercises. (I do exercises every morning).

2. A: _____________________________________________?
B: on Sunday. (He usually goes to church).

3. A: _____________________________________________?
B: in Mataram. (My sister goes to school in Mataram).

4. A: ___________________________________________?
B: from Bandung. (Our teacher comes from Bandung).

5. A: __________________________________________?
B: Pak Ahmad. (Pak Ahmad teaches us English).

6. A: __________________________________________?
B: every month. (I visit my grandparents every month).

7. A: __________________________________________?
B: at 8:00. (The post office opens at 8:00).

8. A: __________________________________________?
B: in the evening. (I watch TV in the evening).

9. A: __________________________________________?
B: in Latansa English Course. (We study English in Latansa English Course).

10. A: __________________________________________?
B: because I want to be an English teacher.

EXERCISE 10-ORAL: Ask your desk mate a question. Use appropriate question word.
Example: eat breakfast.
STUDENT A: What time do you have breakfast?
STUDENT B: (free response).
Switch Role:
1. live. 8. do exercises.
2. go to bed. 9. go to school.
3. get up. 10. drink coffee/tea.
4. always do exercise. 11. usually read in the morning.
5. go on picnic. 12. take a bath.
6. watch TV. 13. go to the beach.
7. go to school. 14. phone a friend.

3.7 Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns

SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS SUBJECT - OBJECT
(a) I speak English (b) Bob knows me I - me
(c) You speak English (d) Bob knows you You - you
(e) She speak English (f) Bob knows her she - her
(g) He speak English (h) Bob knows him he - him
(i) It starts at 8:00 (j) Bob knows it it - it

(k) We speak English (l) Bob talks to us we - us

(m) You speak English (n) Bob talks to you you - you
(o) They speak English (p) Bob talks to them they - them
 13

(q) I know Tony. He is a friendly person. A pronoun has the same meaning as a noun. In (q),
he has the same meaning as Tony. In (r), him has
the same meaning as Tony. In grammar, we say that
(r) I like Tony. I know him well. a pronoun “refers to” a noun. The pronouns he and
him refer to the noun Tony.
Sometimes a pronoun refers to a “noun phrase.” In
(s) I have a red book. It is on the table. (s), it refers to the whole phrase a red book.

Exercise 11: Complete the sentences Use correct PRONOUNS (I, me. he him, etc).

1. Rita has a book. ________________bought _____________ last week.

2. I know the new students, but Tony doesn’t know ___________ yet.
3. I wrote a letter, but I can’t send _______________ because I don’t have a stamp.
4. Bill lives in my dorm. I eat breakfast with _____________every morning.
5. Ann is my neighbor. I talk to ____________ every day and _____________ have interesting
conversation together.
6. Tony is in Malang. ____________is studying at a university.
7. I have two pictures on my bedroom wall. I like _________. ___________are beautiful.
8. Joni has a new car. ___________ is a Toyota.
9. Boy didn’t come to class yesterday because _____________ was sick.
10. Reni and Wati don’t go to school in here. ____________ go to school in Mataram.

Exercise 12: Complete the dialogues. Use correct PRONOUNS.

1. A: Do you know Kate and Jim?
B: Yes, __________ do. I live near ____________.

2. A: Is the chemical formula of water H30?

B: No, ___________ isn’t. _____________ is H20.

3. A: Do Mr. and Mrs. Burhan live in the city?

B: No, __________ don’t. ________live in the suburbs. I visited ________ last month.

4. A: Yoko and I are going downtown this afternoon. Do you want to come with ____________?
B: I don’t think so, but thanks anyway. Chris and I are going to go the library.
______________ need to study for our test.

5. A: Do George and Mike come over to your house?

B: Yes, ______ do. I invite _______ to my house often. _________like to play cards together.
A: Who usually wins your card game?
B: Mike. _____________ is a really good card player. We can’t beat __________.

3.8 Possessive Adjectives

SINGULAR PLURAL SUBJECT FORM POSSESSIVE FORM
I → my
(a) I have a book. (e) We have books.
You → your
My book is red. Our books are red.
She → her
He → his
(b) You have a book. (f) You have books.
We → our
Your book is red. Your books are red.
they → their
(c) She has a book. (g) They have books.
I posses a book = I have a book = It is my book
Her book is red. Their books are red.
My, our, her, his, and their are called ‘possessive
(D) He has a book.
adjectives’. They come in front of nouns.
His book is red .
 14

Exercise 13: Complete the sentences. Use my, your, his, her, our, or their.

1. I have a pen. ________________ pen is blue.

2. You have pen. ___________________ pen is black.
3. Kate has a pen. _____________________ pen is green.
4. Jim has a pen. ____________________ pen is yellow.
5. Sara and I have pens. ___________________ pens are gray.
6. Sara and you have pens. _____________________ pens are red.
7. Sam and Kate have pens. ______________________ pens are orange.
8. I have a sister. _______________________ sister is twenty-one years old.
9. Ann has a car. _______________________ car is Ford.
10. Ann has a brother. ______________________ is in senior high school.
11. Ann and Alex have a baby. __________________ is eight months old.
12. Rita is wearing a blouse. _________________ is light blue.

Exercise 14: Fill in each gap with either a subject pronoun or object pronoun:

1. Have you seen my dad? ____________ ’s wearing a red shirt.

2. Are ____________ going to finish your dinner?
3. I don’t like Christopher. ____________ really annoys ____________ .
4. Your bag is over there. Take __________ with __________ when you go.
5. We always go to bed early. Ten o’clock is late for ____________
6. Her shoes were dirty, so ____________ cleaned ____________ .
7. I’m going to the cinema. Do __________ want to come with __________ ?
8. My brother rang last night. __________ was great to talk to __________ .
9. Emily saw ____________ at the restaurant. They were having lunch.
10. The boy came up to ____________ and took my hand.
11. I don’t think the shop is open. ____________ usually closes at five thirty.
12. I showed ___________ my photos. He thought ___________ were boring.
13. “How much is that CD?” “____________ think ____________ ’s £11.99.”
14. Ben isn’t coming to see the film. ____________ ’s seen ____________ already.
15. It’s sunny today, isn’t ____________ ?
16. I went to see my aunt. ____________ was pleased to see ____________ .
17. It’s good to see ____________ all. Thanks for coming.
18. Lara’s boyfriend has broken up with ___________. ___________ told ___________ that__________
doesn’t love her any more.
19. ____________ were annoyed when their meal was late.
20. Adele said goodbye to her brother. She was sad to watch ____________ go.
 15

CHAPTER III

EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (Part 2)

4.1 The Present Progressive Tense

(a) I am sitting on the chair right now. In (a): When I say this sentence, I am on the chair. I
(b) Rita is sitting on the chair right now. am sitting. I am not standing. The action (sitting) is
(c) You are sitting on the chairs right now. happening right now, and I am saying the sentence at
the same time.
(d) Ann can't come to the phone right now The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
because she is taking a bath. expresses an activity that is in progress (is
(e) Look! It’s raining. occurring, is happening) right now. The event
(f) Jimmy and Susie are babies. They are crying. is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the
I can hear them right now. Maybe they are sentence. The event began in the past, is
hungry. in progress now, and will probably continue into
the future.
(g) We are not studying Biology right now. (g) and (h) are negative examples of Present
(h) Iwan is not studying right now. He is writing Progressive Tense.
a letter.
Form: am, is, are = helping verbs (be).
I + am + Verb 1 + ing. sitting = the main verb (verb 1).
You
We + are + Verb 1 + ing
They
am
She are + verb 1 + ing. = present
He + is + Verb 1 + ing. is progressive
It tense

Exercise 1: Change the following statements into present progressive. In all cases, keep in mind the
meaning of ‘right now’.

Example: I study every day. I am studying right now.

He writes letter every day. He is writing letter right now.
We eat every day. We are eating right now.

1. I practice English every day. 7. I use the eraser every day.

2. We watch TV every day. 8. John hoses the yard every day.
3. He calls me on Sunday night. 9. We sit in the class every day.
4. Mother cooks right every day. 10. We study English in the afternoon.
5. Mr. Ahmad teaches English every day. 11. Andi plays foot ball on Sunday afternoon.
6. Father reads Kupang Post in the morning. 12. Muslim people perform prayer every day.

Exercise 1: Act out the direction. Describe the action using the PRSENT PROGRESSIVE.
Example: stand.
TEACHER: (Student A), please stand. What are you doing?
STUDENT A: I am standing.
TEACHER: (You two), please stand. What are you doing?
STUDENT A: We are standing.
TEACHER: (Student C), What is student A doing?
STUDENT C: He/She is standing.
TEACHER: (Student D), What are student A and B doing?
STUDENT D: They are standing.

1. Hold a book. 6. Walk around the room.

2. Holding up your right hand. 7. Clap your hands.
3. Touch your. 8. Count your fingers.
4. Studying English 9. Wave your hands.
5. Close the door. 10. Erase the board.
 16

4.2 Spelling of -ing

END OF VERB → -ing FORM

Rule 1 A CONSONANT* + -e → DROP THE -e and ADD -ing

smile → smiling
write → writing

Rule 2 ONE VOWEL* + ONE CONSONANT → DOBBLE THE CONSONANT and ADD -ing**
sit → sitting
run → running

Rule 3 TWO VOWELS + ONE CONSONANT → ADD -ing, DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT
Read → reading
Rain → raining

Rule 4 TWO CONSONANTS → ADD -ing, DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT

stand → standing
push → pushing
* Vowels = a, i, u, e, o. Consonants = b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
** Exception to Rule 2: Do not double w, x, and y.
snow → snowing fix → fixing say → saying

Exercise 2: Write the -ing form of the following words.

1. Ride _____________ 9. dance ________________ 11. Count _______________
2. sleep _____________ 10. plan ________________ 12. Wear ________________
3. stop ______________ 11. sneeze ______________ 13. Come _______________
4. eat _______________ 12. cry _________________ 14. Take ________________
5. bite ______________ 13. dream _______________ 15. Add ________________

4.3 The Present Progressive: Question

Yes/No Question Short Answer (Long Answer)
Be + Subject + verb+ing
(a) Is Mary studying? → Yes, She is. (She is studying).
→ No, She’s not. (She’s not studying).
→ No, She isn’t. (She isn’t studying).

(b) Are you studying English? → Yes, I am. (I am studying English).

No, I’m not (I am not studying English)
Q-Word Question Answer
Q-word + BE + Subject + verb+ing
(c) Where is Mary studying? → In Latansa English course.
(d) Why are you studying English? → Because I want to go abroad.

Exercise 3: Make questions. Give short answer to yes/no question.

1. A: _______________________________________
B: No, _________________ (Ali isn’t reading a book).
2. A: What _________________________________
B: A letter. (I’m writing a letter).
3. A: ______________________________________
B: Yes, ____________________ (Anna is eating lunch).

4. A: Where ________________________________
B: At “Madura Inn”. (She is eating lunch at Madura Inn).
 17

5. A: _________________________________________
B: No, __________________ (Mike isn’t drinking a cup of coffee).

6. A: _________________________________________
B: A cup of tea. (He’s drinking a cup of tea).

7. A: _________________________________________
B: No, __________________ (The girls aren’t playing in the street).

8. A: Where ___________________________________
B: In the park. (They’re playing in the park).

9. A: Why _____________________________________
B: Because they don’t have school today. (They are playing in the park because they don’t
have school today).

10. A: __________________________________________
B: No, ___________________ (I’m not reading a magazine).

Exercise 4: Make questions with where, why, and what.

1. A: __________________________________________
B: A letter. (I’m writing a letter).
2. A: __________________________________________
B: Because I’m happy. (I’m smiling because I’m happy).
3. A: __________________________________________
B: My grammar book. (I’m reading my grammar book).
4. A: __________________________________________
B: Because we’re doing an exercise. (I’m reading my grammar book because we’re doing
an exercise).
5. A: _________________________________________
B: Downtown. (I’m going downtown).
6. A: _________________________________________
B: In the back of the room. (Roberto is sitting in the back of room).
7. A: _________________________________________
B: Because I need to buy some shoes. (I’m going downtown because I need to buy some
shoes).
8. A: _________________________________________
B: Blue jeans and sweatshirt. (Akihito is wearing blue jeans and sweatshirt today).

3.4 Non-action verbs not used in the Present Progressive.

(a) I’m hungry right now. I want an apple. Some verbs are NOT used in the present progressive.
(INCORRECT: I am wanting an apple). They are called “non-action verbs.”
In (a), want is a no-action verb. Want expresses a
(b) I hear a siren. Do you hear it, too? physical or emotional need, not an action. In (b),
(INCORRECT: I’m hearing a siren. Are you hear is a non-action verb. Hear expresses a sensory
hearing it, too? experience, not an action.
NON-ACTION VERBS:
hope want hear understand
forget need see know
remember like smell believe
dislike love taste think (meaning believe)*
seem hate appear
*Sometimes think is used in progressive tense
 18

Exercise 5: Use the words in the parentheses to complete the sentences. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT or
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.

1. Alice is in her room right now. She (read) _________________ a book. She (like)
_________________ the book.

2. I (know) __________________ Arni. She is in my class.

3. The teacher (talk) ___________________ to us now. I (understand) ___________ everything

he is saying.

4. Don is at a restaurant at this moment. He (eat) _______________ lunch. He (like)

_______________ the food. It (taste) _________________ good.

5. (Sniff-sniff). I (smell) ___________ something gas. (you, smell) _____________ it, too?

6. Jason (tell) __________________ us a story right now. I (believe) _____________ his story. I
(think) _______________ that his story is true.

7. Ugh! That cigar (smell) ________________ terrible.

8. I (think) ______________ mother is the kitchen. She (cook) _____________ rice.

9. Mary is in her room right now. She (sleep) _________________. She (need) ____
____________ to take a rest. Don’t disturb her,

10. John (study) ________________ English right now. He (want) ______________ to be an

English teacher.

3.5 NEED and WANT + a Noun or an Infinitive

VERB + NOUN Need is stronger than want. Need gives idea that something is
(a) We need food. very important.
(b) I want some bread
Need and want are followed by a noun or an infinitive.
VERB + INFINITIVE
(c) We need to eat. An infinitive = to + the simple form of a verb.*
(d) I want some bread.
*The simple form of a verb = a verb without -s, -ed, or -ing.
Examples of the simple form of a verb: come, help, answer, write.
Examples of infinitive: to come, to help, to answer, to write.

Exercise 6: Use the words in the list or your own words to complete the sentences. Use an INFINITIVE
(to + verb) in each sentence.
call cash buy
play wash marry
do go watch

1. Ann is sleepy. She wants _________________ to bed.

2. I want ___________ downtown today because I need _____________ new coat.
3. Mike wants _______________ TV. There is a good program on RCTI.
4. I want _________________ Jennifer on the phone.
5. James doesn’t want ________________ his home work tonight.
6. My clothes are dirty. I need _________________ them.
7. John loves Mary. He wants _________________ her.
8. I want ________________ to the bank because I need ______________ a check.
9. Do you want __________________ football with us this afternoon?
 19

Exercise 7: Here some short conversations. Complete the sentences. Use the words in the parentheses and
other necessary words.

1. A: (go\ you\ want) __________________________ downtown this afternoon?

B: Yes, I do. (I\ buy\ need) ______________________ a rain coat.

2. A: Where (you\ go\ want) ____________________________ for dinner tonight?

B: Pelangi Restaurant.

3. A: I’m getting tired. (take\ I\ want) ____________________________ a break for

a few minutes.
B: Okay. Let’s take a break. We can finish the work later.

4. A: (come\ we\ need not) _____________________________________

B: Why not?
C: It’s a holiday.

5. A: (go back\ Peter\ want) ___________________________ to his apartment?

B: Why?
C: Because (he\ change\ want) __________________________ his clothes before
he goes to the party.

3.6 Would like

(a) I’m thirsty. I want a glass of water. (a) and (b) have the same meaning, but would like is
usually more polite than want.
(b) I’m thirsty. I would like a glass of water. I would like is a nice way of saying I want.

(c) I would like

You would like Notice in (c):
She would like a glass of water. There is not a final -s on would.
He would like There is not a final -s on like.
We would like
They would like

(d) CONTRACTIONS
I would = I’d Would is usually contracted to ‘d in speaking.
You would = You’d Contractions of would and pronouns are often used in
She would = She’d writing.
He would = He’d
We would = We’d
They would = They’d

WOULD LIKE + INFINITIVE Notice in (c): would like can be followed by an

(e) I would like to eat some bread. infinitive.

WOULD + SUBJECT + LIKE

In a question, would comes before the subject.
(f) Would you like some tea?
(g) Yes, I would. (I would like some tea). Would is used alone in short answers to questions
with would like.

Exercise 8: Change the sentences by using would like.

1. Tony wants a cup of tea.
→ Tony would like a cup of tea.
2. He wants some sugar in his coffee.
3. They want some sugar in their coffee, too.
4. A: Do you want a cup of coffee?
B: Yes, I do. Thank you.
5. I want to thank you for your kindness and hospitality.
6. My friends want to thank you, too.
 20

3.7 Would like vs. Like

(a) I would like to go to the zoo. In (a): I would like to go to the zoo means I want to go to the zoo.
In (b): I like to go to the zoo means I enjoy the zoo.
(b) I like to go to the zoo Would like indicates that I want to do something now or in the future.
Like indicates that I always, usually, or often enjoy something.
Exercise 9-Oral: Answer the questions.

1. Would you like to go the zoo with me this afternoon?

2. Do you like apples?
3. Would you like an apple right now?
4. Do you like going on picnic?
5. What do you like to do when you have free time?
6. What do need to do in the evening?
7. What would you like to do this evening?

Exercise 10: Complete the sentences with your own words.

1. I need to ______________________________ every day.
2. I want to ______________________________ today.
3. I like to __________________________________ every day.
4. I would like to _____________________________________ today.
5. I don’t like ___________________________________________ every day.
6. I don’t want to _______________________________________ today.
7. Do you like _______________________________________?
8. Would you like to ___________________________________?
9. I need to __________________________ and _______________________ today.

3.8 See, Look at, watch, hear, and Listen to.

SEE, LOOK AT, and WATCH In (a): see = a non-action verb. Seeing happens
(a) I see many things in this room. because my eyes are open. Seeing is a physical
reaction, not a planned action.

(b) I’m looking at the clock. I want to know the time. In (b): look at = an action verb. Looking is a planned
or purposeful action. Looking for a reason.

(c) Bob is watching TV. In (c): watch = an action verb. I watch something for
a long time, but I look at something for a short time.

HEAR and LISTEN TO

(d) I’m in my apartment. I’m trying to study. I hear In (d): hear = a non-action verb. Hearing is an
music from the next apartment. The music is unplanned act. It expresses a physical reaction.
loud.
(e) I’m in my apartment. I’m studying. I have a tape In (e): listen (to) = an action verb. Listening
recorder. I’m listening to music. I like to listen to happens for a purpose.
music when I study.

Exercise 11: Answer the Questions.

1. What do you see in this room?
2. Now look at something. What are you looking?
3. Look at outside. What do you see?
4. Look at the whiteboard. What do you see?
5. What programs do you like to watch on TV?
6. What sports do you like to watch?
7. What do you hear right now?
8. What do you hear at night in the place where you live?
9. What do you listen to when you turn on your radio?
10. What do you see when you go downtown?
 21

CHAPTER IV

EXPRESSING PAST TIME

5.1 The Simple Past Tense

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
(a) I walk to school every day. (b) I walked* to school yesterday.
(c) Iwan walks to school every day. (d) Iwan walked to school yesterday.
(e) We walk to school every day. (f) We walked to school yesterday.

FORM: SUBJECT + VERB-2. (g) I met* Andi yesterday.

The Simple Past is used to talk about activities or (h) Iwan met Andi yesterday.
situations that began and ended in the past. (i) We met Andi yesterday.

Note: walked is called regular verb. (see appendix ).

met is called irregular verb. (see appendix ).

EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences. Use the words in the list. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT or
SIMPLE PAST
ask rain wait
cook shave walk
dream smile watch
erase stay work

1. It often ______________ in the morning. It _____________________ yesterday.

2. I _________________ to school every morning. I _________________ to school yesterday

morning.

3. Sue often ________________ questions. Sue ______________ question in class

yesterday.

4. I ___________________ a movie on television last night. I usually ______________ TV

in the evening because I want to improve my English.

5. Mike ________________ his own dinner every night. Mike _____________ his own dinner
yesterday evening.

6. I usually ________________ home at night because I have to study. I ______________

home last night.

7. I have a job at the library. I _________________ at the library every day. I _________ at the
library yesterday.

8. When I sleep, I often ________________. I ______________ about my family last night.

9. Our teacher is warm, friendly person. He often _________________ when he is talking to us. He
________________ to us yesterday.

10. Linda usually ________________ for the bus in front her house. She ________________ for
the bus there yesterday morning.

11. The teacher __________________ some words from the board a couple of minutes ago. He
used his hand instead of an eraser.

12. Ricky doesn’t have a beard anymore. He __________________ five days ago. Now, he
________________ every morning.
 22

5.2 Spelling of -ed verbs

END OF VERB → END FORM
Rule 1: A CONSONANT + -e → ADD -d
smile smiled
erase erased
Rule 2: ONE VOWEL + ONE CONSONANT* → DOUBLE THE CONSONANT, add -ed
stop stopped
rub rubbed
Rule 3: TWO VOWELS + ONE CONSONANT → ADD -ed
rain rained
need needed
Rule 4: TWO CONSONANTS → ADD -ed
count counted
help helped
Rule 5: -y PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT → CHANGE -y to -i, than ADD -ed
study studied
cry cried
Rule 6: -y PRECEDED BY A VOWEL → ADD –ed
play played
enjoy enjoyed
*EXCEPTIONS: Do not double x (e.g. fix + -ed → fixed). Do not double w (snow + -ed → snowed).
NOTE: For two-syllable verb that end in a vowel and a consonant (e.g. visit, open), see Chart 5-7.

EXERCISE 2: Give the -ed and -ing form of these words.

-ED -ING
1. count ________________________ ____________________________
2. stop ________________________ ____________________________
3. smile ________________________ ____________________________
4. rain ________________________ ____________________________
5. help ________________________ ____________________________
6. dream ________________________ ____________________________
7. clap ________________________ ____________________________
8. erase ________________________ ____________________________
9. rub ________________________ ____________________________
10. yawn ________________________ ____________________________
11. study ________________________ ____________________________
12. stay ________________________ ____________________________

EXERCISE 3: Use the correct form of the words in the list to complete the sentences.

carry finish rub cry smile

enjoy learn stop wait taste

1. I ____________________ my home worked at nine last night.

2. We ______________________ some new words yesterday.
3. I _______________________ the soup before dinner last night. It was delicious.
4. Linda _____________________ for the bus at the corner of the three junctions yesterday.
5. The bus ____________________ at the corner of the three junctions. It was on time.
6. We ____________________ the play at the theatre last night. It was very good.
7. At the theatre last night, the audience ______________________ when the play was over.
8. Ani ___________________ her suitcases to the bus station yesterday. They weren’t heavy.
9. The baby ___________________ her eyes because she was sleepy.
10. Jane ____________________ at the children. She was happy to see them.
 23

5.3 Spelling of -ed and -ing: two-syllable verbs.

VERB SPEAKING STRESS Some verbs have two syllables. In (a): visit has
(a) visit VISit two syllables: vis + it. In the word visit, the stress
(b) admit admit is on the first syllable. In (b): the stress is on the
second syllable of the word admit.
VERB STRESS -ED FORM -ING FORM For two syllable verbs that end in a vowel and a
(c) visit VISit visited visiting consonant:
(d) open Open opened opening  The consonant is not doubled if the stress is
on the first syllable, as in (c) and (d).
(e) admit adMIT admitted admitting  The consonant is doubled if the stress is on
(f) occur ocCUR occurred occurring second syllable, as in (e) and (f).

EXERCISE 4: Write the -ed and -ing of the given verbs.

VERB STRESS -ED FORM -ING FORM

1. answer AN.swer ______________ ________________
2. prefer pre.FER ______________ ________________
3. happen HAP.pen ______________ ________________
4. visit VIS.it ______________ ________________
5. permit per.MIT ______________ ________________
6. listen LIS.ten ______________ ________________
7. offer Of.FER ______________ ________________
8. occur oc.CUR ______________ ________________
9. open O.pen ______________ ________________
10. enter EN.ter ______________ ________________
11. refer re.FER ______________ ________________
12. begin be.GIN ______________ ________________

EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT,
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, or SIMPLE PAST.
1. I (walk) ______________________ to school every day.
2. I (sit) _____________________ in class right now.
3. I usually (go) ______________________ to bed at eleven o’clock every night.
4. Sally (finish) ______________________ her homework at ten o’clock last night.
5. I (study) ________________________ at the library yesterday.
6. I (study) ______________________ English three times a week.
7. I am in class right now. I (study) ____________________ English.
8. I need an umbrella because it (rain) ___________________ right now.
9. It (rain) ____________________ yesterday morning.
10. My roommate (help) __________________ me with my homework last night.
11. We can go outside now. The rained (stop) __________________ a few minutes ago.
12. The children are in the park. They (play) __________________ hide and seek.
13. I and my friends (play) ___________________ football last week.
14. Yesterday morning I (brush) __________________ my teeth, (wash) ___________
my face, and (shave) ___________________.
15. Ann is in her living room now. She (watch) ____________________TV.
16. Ann usually (watch) _______________________ TV in the evening.
17. She (watch) _____________________ a good program on TV last night.
18. We (do) _____________ exercises in class right now. We (use) _________
verb tenses in sentences.
 24

5.4 The Simple Past with Irregular Verbs

Some verbs do not have -ed forms in the past form. The past form is irregular.
PRESENT FORM PAST FORM
come - came (a) I come to class every day.
do - did (b) I came to class yesterday.
eat - ate
get - got (c) I do my homework every night.
go - went (d) I did my homework yesterday night.
have - had
put - put (e) Ann eats breakfast every morning.
see - saw (f) Ann ate break breakfast yesterday morning.

EXERCISE 6-ORAL: Change the sentences into past.

1. Tom gets some mails every day. 8. I eat breakfast every morning.
2. They go downtown every day. 9. Wendy comes to class late every day.
3. We have lunch every day. 10. Andi brings his books to class every day.
4. I see my friends every day. 11. I buy vegetables in the market every day.
5. Hamid sits in the front row every day. 12. We do exercises in class every day.
6. I sleep for eight hours every night. 13. The students stand in line in front of the class.
7. I write a letter to my parents every week. 14. Ida puts his books in his briefcase every day.

5.5 The Simple Past: Negative

I
SUBJECT + DID + NOT + MAIN VERB
You
(a) I did not walk to school yesterday.
She
(b) You did not walk to school yesterday.
He + did not + main verb
(c) Tom did not eat lunch yesterday.
It
(d) They did not come to class yesterday.
We
They
(e) INCORRECT: I did not walked to school every day. Notice that the simple form of the
(f) INCORRECT: Tom did not ate lunch yesterday. verb is used with did not.
(g) I didn’t walk to school yesterday. Negative contraction:
(h) Tom didn’t eat lunch yesterday. did + not = didn’t

EXERCISE 7-ORAL: Use didn’t to make negative sentences.

Example: walk to school.
STUDENT A: I didn’t walk to school yesterday.
TEACHER: Tell me about (Student A).
STUDENT B: He didn’t walk to school yesterday.
1. eat breakfast every morning. 8. work in the garden every afternoon.
2. watch TV every night. 9. watch the Pasola attraction every year.
3. go on picnic every week. 10. go to beach every month.
4. go home every month. 11. cook rice every day.
5. study English every day. 12. wash my clothes every day.
6. do my homework every night. 13. visit my grandparents every week.
7. play football every afternoon. 14. go fishing every week.

5.6 The Simple Past: Yes/No Question

DID + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)

(a) Did Mary come to class? → Yes, she did. (She came to class).
→ No, she didn’t. (She didn’t come to class).
(b) Did you walk to school? → Yes, I did. (I walked to school).
→ No, I didn’t. (I didn’t walk to school).
 25

EXERCISE 8: Make questions. Give short answers.

1. A: Did you go to the market yesterday?
B: Yes, did. (I went to the market yesterday).

2. A: Did it rain last week?

B: No, it didn’t. (It did not rain last week).

3. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: ________________ (I went home last week).

4. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: ________________ (I didn’t see Andi yesterday).

5. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: ________________ (Yeni and Rini did their homework last night).

6. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: ________________ (I ate breakfast this morning).

7. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: ________________ (I didn’t go shopping two days ago).

8. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: ________________ (I talked to Wati yesterday).

EXERCISE 9-ORAL: Ask a classmate a question about her/his activities this morning.
Example: walk to school.
STUDENT A: Did you walk to school this morning?
STUDENT B: Yes, I did. OR: No, I didn’t.
1. get up at six 6. listen to radio
2. eat breakfast 7. read a newspaper
3. walk to school 8. smoke a cigarette
4. have a cup of tea 9. cook rice
5. take a bath 10. meet a friend

EXERCISE 10-ORAL: Ask a question about the present and the past.
Example: walk to school.
STUDENT A: Do you walk to school every day?
STUDENT B: Yes, I do. OR: No, I don’t.
STUDENT A: Did you walk to school yesterday?
STUDENT B: Yes, I did. OR: No, I didn’t.
1. go to Waikabubak 7. work in the garden
2. go shopping 8. play football with your friends
3. ride a motorbike 9. have a party
4. go to the market 10. go to the beach
5. wear uniform 11. cook rice
6. take a bath 12. visit a friend

EXERCISE 11-ORAL: Review of Irregular verbs. Answer all the questions “Yes”. Give both short
answer and long answer.
Example: Did you come to class today?
Response: Yes, I did. I came to class today.

1. Did you eat breakfast this morning?

 26

2. Did (. . . ) come to class yesterday?

3. Did get a letter yesterday?
4. Did ( . . . ) go shopping last week?
5. Did ( . . . ) do his/her homework last night?
6. Did you have a cup of coffee this morning?
7. Did you drink a cup of tea this morning?
8. Did Pak Ahmad teach English last week?
9. Did ( . . . ) ride a motorbike to school yesterday?
10. Did you buy new shoes last week?

5.7 The Simple Past with Question Words (where, when, what time, and why).
QUESTION ANSWER
Q-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
(a) Where did you go? → Waikabubak. (I went to Waikabubak).
(b) Why did you run? → Because I was late
(c) When did Ann come? → At six
What time did Ann come?

(d) What time did Ann come? → At seven. NOTE:

→ Eight o’clock. - What time usually asks specifically
→ Around 9:30. for time on a clock.
(e) When did Ann come? → At seven.
- The answer to when can be various
→ Friday.
expressions of time.
→ July 16th

EXERCISE 12: Make questions. Use where, when, what time, or why.

1. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: To the market. (I went to the market yesterday).

2. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Last month. (Joko arrived in this city last month).

3. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: At 8:15. (My plane arrived at 8:15).

4. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I was tired. (I stayed home last night because I was tired).

5. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: In my room. (I studied in my room last night).

6. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Around midnight. (I finished my homework around midnight).

7. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Two days ago. (I got back from Mataram two days ago).

EXERCISE 13: Complete the questions that begin with Why didn’t.

1. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I was sick.

2. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I didn’t have enough time.

3. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I forgot your phone number.
 27

4. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I had a headache.

5. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I didn’t know.

6. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Because I didn’t want to.

5.8 The Simple Past with BE

PRESENT TIME PAST TIME
(a) I am in class today. (b) I was in class yesterday.
(c) Alice is at home today. (d) Alice was at home yesterday.
(e) My friends are at school today (f) My friends were at school yesterday.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF BE I
Singular: Plural: she
I was We were he + was
You were (one person) You were (more than one person) it
She was They were
He was we
It was you + were
they

EXERCISE 14-ORAL: Change the sentences into Past.

1. Bob is in class today. → Bob was in class yesterday.

2. I’m in class today.
3. Mary is at the library today.
4. The classroom is hot today.
5. We are in class today.
6 An is in her office today.
7. You’re busy today.
8. Tom is in his office today.
9. I’m happy today.
10. 10. Ann and Tom are in their office today.

5.9 Past of BE: Negative.

(a) I was not in class yesterday. NEGATIVE CONTARCTION:
(b) I wasn’t in class yesterday. was + not = wasn’t
were + not = weren’t
(c) They were not at home last night. I we
(d) They weren’t at home last night. She + was not you + were not
He they
It

EXERCISE 15: Study the time expressions. Then complete the sentences. Use was not or were not. Use
past time expression.

PRESENT: PAST:
today → yesterday
this morning* → yesterday morning
this afternoon → yesterday afternoon
tonight → last night
this week → last week
*this morning and this afternoon can be used in the Past Tense with past meaning
 28

1. Ken is here today, but _______________________________________________

2. I’m at home tonight, but _____________________________________________
3. Olga is busy today, but ______________________________________________
4. Tom is at the library this morning, but __________________________________
5. We are in class this afternoon, but _____________________________________
6. It is cold this week, but ______________________________________________
7. Alex and Rita are at work this afternoon, but _____________________________
8. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are at home tonight, but, _____________________________
9. You are in class today, but, ___________________________________________
10. Dr. Rahman is in his office today, but ___________________________________

5.10 Past of BE: Question

YES/NO QUESTION SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
(a) Were you in class yesterday? → Yes, I was. (I was in class yesterday).
(BE) + (SUBJECT) → No, I wasn’t. (I wasn’t in class yesterday).

(b) Was Carlos at home last night? → Yes, he was. (He was at home last night).
(BE) + (SUBJECT) → No, he wasn’t. (He wasn’t at home last night).
INFORMATION QUESTION SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
(c) Where were you yesterday? → In Class. (I was in class yesterday).
(Q-word) + (BE) + (SUBJECT)

(d) Where was Jennifer last night? → At home. (She was at home last night).
(Q-word) + (BE) + (SUBJECT)

EXERCISE 16: Make questions and give short answers.

1. (you\ at home\ last night)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ____________________

2. (Mr. Yamamoto\ absent from class\ yesterday)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, ___________________

3. (Alex and Sue\ at home\ last night)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, ___________________

4. (you\ nervous\ on the first day of class)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ____________________
5. (Ahmad\ at the party\ last night)
A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, ___________________

6. (Mr. Shin\ in class\ yesterday)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, ___________________
A: Where __________________________________________________________
B: At home.

7. (you and your family\ in Jakarta\ last month)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ________________________
A: Where __________________________________________________________
B: In Mataram.
 29

EXERCISE 17: Make Questions and give short answers.

1. (you\ in class\ yesterday)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, _______________________

2. (Anita\ in class\ today)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ________________________. She is absent.

3. (you\ tired\ last night)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, _______________________. I went to bed early.

4. (you\ hungry\ right now)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ________________________, but I’m thirty.
5. (the weather\ hot in New York\ last summer)
A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, _______________________. It was very hot.

6. (Yoko and Muhamad\ here\ yesterday afternoon)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, _______________________

7. (the students\ in the class\ intelligent)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Of course, ____________________! They are very intelligent.

8. (Mr. Takashi\ absent\ today)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, _________________________
A: Where, __________________________________________________________
B: _____________________________

9. (Mr. and Mrs. Rice\ in town\ this week)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ________________________. They are out of town
A: Oh? Where ______________________________________________________
B: ________________________________________________________________

10. (Toni and Benito\ at the party\ last night)

A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, ________________________
A: Where __________________________________________________________
B: ________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 18-ORAL: Pair up with a classmate; ask questions. If Student B answers yes, the exercise
items is finished. If Student B answers no, Student A should follow with a where- question.
Example 1: in class\ now Example 2: at home\ last night
Student A: (. . . ), are you in class now? Student A: (…) were you at home last night?
Student B: Yes, I am. Student B: No, I wasn’t.
Student A: Where
Student B: I was (at home\ in my room\ at a
party, etc).
1. at home\ now
2. at home\ yesterday morning
3. at home\ last night
 30

4. in class two days ago

5. in Waingapu\ last week
6. in Kupang\ last year
7. (name one of one classmate)\ in class\ yesterday
8. (name of two classmates)\ here\ yesterday

Change roles. Student B should now ask Student A questions.

9. in Waikabubak\ yesterday
10. in Mataram\ last year
11. at home\ last night
12. in the market\ this morning
13. (name of one classmate\ in class\ now
14. (name two classmates\ here\ yesterday afternoon
15. (name of your teacher)\ in class\ yesterday
16. in the country\ last month

5.11 Adverb of time of The Simple Past

YESTERDAY LAST AGO
(a) Bob was here . . . (b) Sue was here . . . (c) Tom was here . . .
yesterday. last night. five minutes ago.
yesterday morning. last week. two hours ago.
yesterday afternoon. last month. three days ago.
yesterday evening. last year. a (one) week ago.
two years ago.
last spring. etc.
last summer.

last Monday.
last Tuesday.
etc.
NOTICE:
In (a): yesterday is used with morning, afternoon, and evening.
In (b): last is used with night, with long period of time (week, month, year), with seasons (spring, summer, etc.), and with
days of the week.
In (c): ago means “in the past.” It follows specific length of time (e.g. two minutes + ago, five years
+ ago).

EXRCISE 20: Use yesterday or last.

1. I dreamed about you ________________________ night.
2. I was downtown _______________________ morning.
3. Two students were absent ________________________ Friday.
4. Ann was not at home _________________________ night.
5. Bill was not at home ________________________ evening.
6. Charles was out of town _________________________ week.
7. I visited my aunt and uncle _________________________ fall.
8. Roberto walked home __________________________ afternoon.
9. My sister arrived in Tambolaka ________________________ Sunday.
10. We watched TV ________________________ night.
11. I visited my relatives in Jakarta ____________________ month.
12. My wife and I moved into a new house __________________ year.
 31

EXERCISE 21: Complete the sentences. Use ago in your completion.

1. I’m in class now, but I was at home ______________________________________
2. I am in class today, but I was absent from class, ____________________________
3. I am in this country now, but I was in my country ___________________________
4. Mary was in Kupang __________________________________________________
5. I arrived in this city ___________________________________________________

5.12 Questions with What and Who.

QUESTION ANSWER
(a) What did they see? → A boat. (They saw a boat) What is used to ask questions about things
.
(b) Who did they see? → John. (They saw John) Who is used to ask questions about people.
(c) Who did they see? → John. (They saw John) (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
In (c): Who is usually used in every day English
(informal).
(d) Whom did they see? → John. (They saw John) In (d): Whom is used in very formal English.
(e) Who(m) did they see? → John. (They saw John) In (e): Whom is used to ask the object of the action.
Usual question word order is Who/whom + did +
subject + main verb.
(f) Who saw John? → They. (They saw John) In (f) and (g): is used to ask about subject or doer of
(g) Who came? → Mary. (Mary came) the action. The usual
Question form is Who + verb 2 (past form of a verb).

EXERCISE 22: Make questions. Use what or who/whom.

1. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: His new motorbike. (John talked about his new motorbike).
2. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: A bird. (I am looking at a bird).
3. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Mary. (I saw Mary at the party).
4. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Mary. (Mary came to the party).
5. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: A dictionary. (I bought a dictionary yesterday).
6. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Her uncle. (Mary called her uncle).

EXERCISE 23-ORAL: Ask a classmate a question. Use what and either a past or present verb.
Example: eat.
STUDENT A: What did you eat for breakfast this morning? / What do you usually eat for dinner?
STUDENT B: ( free response)
1. eat 5. look at 9. need to buy
2. wear 6. be interested in 10. go on picnic
3. look at 7. be afraid of 11. go fishing
4. study 8. have 12. go shopping
 32

5.13 Before and After Time Clause

SV A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a
(a) I ate breakfast. = a main clause verb.
S V A main clause is complete sentence. Example (a) is a
(b) before I went to class = a time clause complete sentence. Example (b) is an incomplete
sentence. It must be connected to a main clause, as in
(c) I ate breakfast before I went to class. (c) and (d).
main clause time clause A time clause can begin with before or after:
before + S + V = a time clause
(d) Before I went to class, I ate breakfast. after + S + V = a time clause
time clause main clause
(e) We went to bed after we finished our homework. A time clause can follow a main clause, as in (c) and
main clause time clause (e). A time clause can come in front of a main clause,
as in (d) and (f). There is no difference in meaning
(f) After we finished our homework, we went to bed. between (c) and (d), or between (e) and (f).
time clause main clause
(g) We took a rest after the examination. Before and after don’t always introduce a time clause.
prep. phrase They are always used as prepositions followed by a
(h) I had a cup of tea before class. noun object, as in (g) and (h)
prep. Phrase

EXRECISE 24: Combine the two ideas into one sentence by using before or after to introduce time clauses.
Example: I put on my uniform. I went to school.
→ Before I went to school, I put on my uniform.
I put on my uniform before I went to school.
After I put on my uniform, I went to school.
I went to school after I put on my uniform.

1. I ate banana. I peeled it.

2. We arrived at the airport. The plane landed.
3. The children got home from school. They watch TV.
4. She ate breakfast. She went to work.
5. He did his homework. He went to bed.
6. We moved to this city. We lived in Mataram.
7. I took a bath. I go to class.
8. I got up. I took a walk.

EXRECISE 25: Use the given words to write sentences of your own. Use the SIMPLE PAST.
Example: after I
Written: I went senior high school after I graduated from junior high school.
After I finished dinner I watched TV.
Etc.
1. Before I came here. 5. Before they.
2. After I watched TV last night. 6. Andi … after he …
3. I went … before I … 7. My … before he.
4. After we. 8. The post office … before.

5.14 When in time clause

(a) When the rain stopped, we took a walk. OR: When can introduce a time clause.
We took a walk when the rain stopped. when + S + V = a time clause
In (a): when the rain stopped is a time clause.
(b) When John was a child, he lived with his grandparents. OR: In (b): Notice that the noun (John) comes
John lived with his grandparents when he was a child. before the pronoun (he).
COMPARE: In (c): When introduces a question.
(c) When did the rain stop? = a question It is a complete sentence.
(d) when the rain stopped = a time clause. In (d): when introduces a time clause. It is not
a complete sentence.
 33

EXERCISE 26: Combine the sentences. Then change the position of the time clause.
Example: the phone rang. I answered it.
→ When the phone rang, I answered it.
I answered the phone when it rang.

1. The rain stopped. I closed my umbrella.

2. I was in Mataram. I stayed in a hotel.
3. The antique broke. I dropped it.
4. A stranger grabbed Ani’s wallet. She screamed.
5. Maria was in Jakarta. She bought new shoes.
6. I was in Java. I visited Borobudur temple.
7. I met Iwan yesterday. He said “hello.”
8. The class was over. We went home.

EXERCISE 27: Use the given words and your own words to create sentences. Don’t change the order of
the words.

1. When did …. 3. When were …. 5. I …. when ….

2. When I …. 4. When the …. 6. The …. when ….
 34

HAPTER V

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

6.1 Future Time: Using Will

STATEMENT (a) I will come to class tomorrow. Will is used to express sure activity in the
(b) Mike will come to class tomorrow. future.
The simple form of a verb follows will as in (a)
and (b).
(c) John will be in class tomorrow. Be follows will when there is no verb, as in (c).
NEGATIVE (d) I will not come to class tomorrow. Will + not is contracted won’t.
(e) John will not be in class tomorrow. This contraction is common in both speaking
(f) John won’t be in class tomorrow. and informal writing.
CONTRACTION (g) I will come. → I’ll come Will is contracted to ‘ll with subject pronouns.
You will come. → You’ll come These contractions are common in both
She will come. → She’ll come speaking and informal writing.
He will come. → He’ll come
It will come. → It’ll come
We will come. → We’ll come
They will come. → They’ll come
QUESTION (h) Will you come to class tomorrow? Form:
→ Yes, I will. OR: Will + Subject + verb 1 ….?
→ No, I won’t.
OR
(i) Will John be in Class tomorrow?
→ Yes, will. OR:
Will + Subject + be ….?
→ No, he won’t.

EXERCISE 1-ORAL: Some activities are listed below. Which of these activities will you do tomorrow?
Which ones will you not do tomorrow? Pair up with your classmates.
Example: go to the market
STUDENT A: Will you go to the market tomorrow?
STUDENT B: Yes, I will. I will go to the market tomorrow. OR:
No, I won’t. I will not go to the market tomorrow.
1. get up before six o’clock 9. get up early
2. come to class 10. get up late
3. stay home all day 11. walk to school
4. visit a friend 12. study English
5. eat lunch with a friend 13. do exercises
6. get a haircut 14. go shopping
7. go to bed early 15. go to the beach
8. go to bed late 16. do something interesting and unusual.

EXRECISE 2-ORAL: Answer the questions.

Example: tomorrow
TO STUDENT A: What will you do tomorrow?
STUDENT A: I will go to the market.
TO STUDENT B: What will (….) do tomorrow?
STUDENT B: He will go to the market.

What will you do:

1. tomorrow 6. at noon tomorrow
2. tomorrow morning 7. after class tomorrow
3. tomorrow evening 8. tomorrow afternoon
4. tomorrow night 9. Around 4:00 tomorrow afternoon
5. at 7:00 tomorrow morning 10. After 8:00 tomorrow night.
 35

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences. Use will + the following expressions (or your own words).
call the police go to the bookstore see a dentist
get something to eat lie down and rest for a while take a walk
go to bed go the beach stay in bed today
take it to the post office call the landlord

1. I need to buy a book. I ________________________________________________

2. It’s midnight now. I’m sleepy. I ________________________________________
3. Sue is hungry. She ___________________________________________________
4. I have a toothache. My wisdom tooth hurts. I ______________________________
5. George has to mail a package. He _______________________________________
6. Rosa lives in a boarding house. There is a problem with the plumbing. She ______
__________________________________________________________________
7. Sue and I want to go swimming. We ____________________________________
8. I have a headache. I __________________________________________________
9. It’s late at night. I hear a burglar! I ______________________________________
10. I feel terrible. I thing I’m getting the flu. I ________________________________

6.2 Using will with Question Words

QUESTION ANSWER
Q-WORDS + WILL + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
(a) Will Tom come tomorrow? → Yes, he will.
(b) When will Ann come? → Next Saturday.
(c) What time will the plane arrive? → 3:30.
(d) Where will you be tonight? → At home.

EXERCISE 4: Make questions.

1. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Tomorrow afternoon. (I will see Andi tomorrow afternoon).
2. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: In Malang. (I will continue my study in Malang).
3. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: In a few minutes. (The meeting will begin in a few minutes).
4. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Next year. (Mary and John will get married next year).
5. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, I will. (I will be at home tonight).
6. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Mr. Budi. (Mr. Budi will be the headmaster of this school).
7. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: 4:15. (The plane will arrive at 4:15).
8. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: No, She won’t. (Ann won’t be in class tomorrow).
9. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: By ferry boat. (I will travel to Lombok by ferry boat).
10. A: ________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, ___________________. (I will be ready at 7:00 tomorrow morning).
 36

6.3 Future Time: Using be going to

(a) Mike will come to class tomorrow. (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning.
(b) Mike is going to come to class tomorrow
(c) I am going to come to class tomorrow. Form of be going to:
(d) He is going to come to class tomorrow. am
(e) They are going to come to class tomorrow. is + going to + main verb
are
(f) I’m not going to come to class tomorrow. NEGATIVE:
(g) He’s not going to come to class tomorrow. S + be + not + going to + main verb
(h) They’re not going to come tomorrow.
(i) Are you going to come to class tomorrow? QUESTION:
→ No, I’m not. Yes/No question:
(k) Is he going to come to class tomorrow? Be + Subject + going to.
→ Yes, he is.
(l) What time are you going to come tomorrow? Q-word question:
→ Around seven. Q-word + be + S + going to

EXRECISE 5: Change the sentences by using be going to to express future time.

1. I will come around seven tomorrow.

2. Andi will not come to our party.
3. Sue will be in class tomorrow.
4. They will meet you around ten tomorrow.
5. Jack and Peggy will be there at 4:30.
6. This is an important letter. I will send this letter by express mail.
7. She has a cold, but she won’t stay home.
8. There will be a football match tomorrow afternoon. Will you watch the match?
9. Hurry up, or we’ll be late for the Mr. Rudi’s class.
10. I’ll wash the dishes and clean the kitchen after dinner.

6.4 May/might vs. will

(a) Ann may be at home now. May + simple verb (verb 1) expresses a present
(b) It may rain tomorrow. possibility, as in (a). May can also express a possibility
in the future, as in (b).
(c) Ann might be at home now. Might has the same meaning as may. (a) and (c) have the
(d) It might rain tomorrow. same meaning.
(e) Tom will be here tomorrow. In (e): The speaker uses will because she/he feels sure
about Tom’s presence tomorrow.
(f) Tom may/might be here tomorrow. In (f): The speaker uses may or might to say, “ I don’t
know if Tom will be here tomorrow, but it is possible.
(g) Tom may/might not be here tomorrow. Negative form: S + may/might + not + simple verb
NOTE: (f) and (g) have essentially the same meaning:
Tom may or may not be here tomorrow.

EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences. Use will or won’t if you are sure. Use may/might if
you are not sure.

1. I ____________________ be in class tomorrow.

→ I will be in class tomorrow. = You are sure.
→ I will not (won’t) be in class tomorrow. = You are sure.
→ I may/might be in class tomorrow. (I may/might not be in class tomorrow). =
It’s possible, but you’re not sure.
2. I _____________________ in class next week.
3. We ____________________ have an English test tomorrow.
 37

4. I __________________ eat dinner at a restaurant tonight.

5. It __________________ be cloudy tomorrow.
6. The sun ________________ rise tomorrow morning.
7. I ________________ get a letter from a friend of mine next week.
8. The population of the earth __________________continue to grow.
9. Cities __________________ become more and more crowded.
10. There __________________ be another earthquake in Aceh in the future.

EXERCISE-WRITTEN 7: Complete the sentences. Write about your activities tomorrow.

Use be going to and may/might.

1. I’m going to get up at …. Tomorrow morning. 6. At …. o’clock ….

2. Then …. 7. Then ….
3. After that …. 8. After that ….
4. Around …. 9. Next ….
5. Later …. 10. Then at …. o’clock …

6.5 Maybe (one word) vs. May be (two words)

(a) Tom may be in class tomorrow. May be (two words) is used as the verb of a
subject verb sentence.

(b) Maybe Tom will be in class tomorrow. Maybe (one word) is an adverb, and comes before
adverb subject verb the subject of a sentence.

(c) “Will Tom be in class tomorrow?” The adverb maybe means possibly
→ “I don’t know. Maybe. Maybe Tom will be
in class tomorrow, and maybe he won’t.”

EXERCISE 8: Find the sentences where maybe is used as an adverb and where may is used as part of the
verb.
1. Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
2. It may rain tomorrow.
3. We may go the beach tomorrow.
4. Maybe Ann and Andi will go to the beach with us.
5. He may like to go to the beach.
6. It’s cold and cloudy today. It may cold and cloudy tomorrow. Maybe the weather will be
warm and sunny this weekend.

EXERCISE 9: Use maybe or may/might.

1. A: Is David going to come tomorrow?

B: I don’t know. _____________________.

2. A: What are you going to do tomorrow?

B: I don’t know. _____________________ go swimming.

3. A: What are you going to do tomorrow?

B: I don’t have any plans. _________________ I’ll go swimming.

4. A: Where is Robert?
B: I don’t know. He ___________________ be at his office.

5. A: Where is Robert?
B: I don’t know. ____________________ he is at his office.
 38

6. A: Are Kate and Steve going to get married?

B: ______________________. Who knows?

7. A: Where will you plan to go on your vocation?

B: ____________________ we will go to Mataram. We haven’t decided yet. We
____________________ go to Kupang.

8. A: Do you think it will rain tomorrow?

B: I have no idea. __________________ it will, and _________________it won’t.

9. A: Is Ananda married?
B: Hmmm. I’m not sure. _______________ she is, and _____________ she isn’t.

10. A: Will you be here by seven?

B: It’s hard to say. _________________ I’ll be a little late.

11. A: Will the plane be on time?

B: I think so, but it _________________ a few minutes late.

12. A: Do you want to go to the party tonight?

B: Sure. That sounds like fun.
A: Let’s to Carlos, too. ___________________ he would like to go with us.

EXERCISE 10-ORAL: Answer the questions by using I don’t know + maybe or may/might.
Example: What are you going to do tonight?
Response: I don’t know. Maybe I will watch TV. / I may watch TV. / I might watch TV.

1. What are you going to do tonight?

2. What are you going to do tomorrow morning?
3. What are you going to do tomorrow?
4. What are you going to do after class today?
5. What are you going to do this week?
6. What are you going to do this evening?
7. Who is planning to go on a vocation? Where will you go?
8. Who is going to shopping tomorrow? Where will you go?
9. Who is going to go to the market tomorrow? What will you buy?
10. Who is going to continue his study in university this year? Where will you go?

6.6 Future Time clause with before, after, and when

(a) Before Ann goes to school tomorrow, she In (a): Before Ann goes to school tomorrow is a
will eat breakfast. future time clause’
(b) INCORRECT: Before Ann will go school A future time clause uses the Simple Present Tense,
tomorrow, she will eat breakfast. Future Tense
INCORRECT: Before Ann is going to go
to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast.
(c) I’m going to finish my homework after I eat I (c): after I eat dinner tonight = a future time
dinner tonight. clause.
(d) When I go to Bali next month. I’m going to In (d): When I go to Bali next month = a future time
stay in Hilton Hotel. clause.

EXERCISE 11: Find the time clauses.

1. When we go to Flores next year, we are going to visit Kelimutu lake.

2. After I get home tonight, I am going to go to bed early.
3. Jack will finish his report before he leaves the office today.
4. I will some fresh fruit when I go to the market tomorrow.
5. Before I go to bed tonight, I’m going to write a letter to a friend of mine.
 39

EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with the words in the parentheses.

1. Before I (go) __________ to bed tonight, I (watch) ___________ my favorite program on TV.
2. I (buy) __________ new shoes when I (go) ___________ shopping next week.
3. After I (finish) ___________ my homework this evening, I (go) _________ to bed early.
4. Mary (eat) ___________ breakfast tomorrow morning after she (take) ___________a bath.
5. I (visit) ___________ Bali for the first time when I (go) __________ on vocation next year.
6. When I (meet) __________Eduardo tomorrow, I (ask) _________ him to join us on vocation.
7. Before I (come) ____________to your home tonight, I (call) _____________ you.

6.7 Clauses with IF

(a) If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home. An if-clause begins with if and has a subject and
If-clause main clause a verb.

(b) We will stay home if it rains tomorrow. An if-clause can come before or after a main
main clause if-clause verb.
(c) If it rains tomorrow, we will not go on a picnic. The SIMPLE PRSENT (not will or be going to)
(d) If the weather is nice tomorrow, I will go downtown. is used in an if-clause to express future time.

(e) I’m going to buy a new car next year if I have

enough money. If I don’t have enough money
for a new car, I’m going to buy a used car.

EXERCISE 13: Complete the sentences with the verbs in the parentheses.

1. If Ali (be) ___________________ in class tomorrow, I (ask) _________________ him to join

us for coffee after class.

2. If I (feel, not) ____________________ well tomorrow, I (go, not) _____________ to work.

3. I (stay) _____________________ with my grandparents if I (go) ______________ home next

week.

4. If my friends (be) __________________ busy tomorrow, I (go) _______________ downtown

by myself.

5. I (ask) __________________ my classmates to study in the library, if we (have, not)

________________ class tomorrow.

6. If we (continue) _______________________ to pollute the land and oceans with poisons and
waste, future generations (suffer) _____________________.

EXERCISE 14: In pairs, ask and answer questions.

Example: …if the weather is nice tomorrow?
STUDENT A: What will you do if the weather is nice tomorrow?
STUDENT B: If the weather is nice tomorrow, I will take a walk. OR:
I will take a walk if the weather is nice tomorrow.

switch roles:
1. … if the weather is cold tomorrow? 7. … if it rains tomorrow?
2. … if the weather is hot tomorrow? 8. … if you don’t study tonight?
3. … if the class is canceled tomorrow? 9. … if someone steal your wallet?
4. … if you don’t feel well tomorrow? 10. … if you don’t come to class tomorrow?
5. … if we don’t have class tomorrow? 11. … if your teacher is absent tomorrow?
6. … if you go to Waikabubak? 12. … if you have a car?
 40

CHAPTER VI

EXPRESSING ABILITY

7.1 Using can

(a) I have enough money. I can buy a motorbike. Can expresses ability and possibility.
(b) We have time and money. We can go downtown.
(c) Tom is strong. He can lift the heavy box.
(d) CORRECT: Andi can speak English well. Can is followed by the simple form of the main
(e) INCORRECT: Andi can to speak English well. verb. In (d): speak is the main verb.
(f) INCORRECT: Andi can speaks English well.
(g) Ali cannot come. NEGATIVE: can + not = cannot.
(h) Ali can’t come. CONTRACTION: cannot = can’t.

EXERCISE 1-ORAL: Make sentences from the given words.

Example: A bird \ sing Example: A horse \ sing

Response: A bird can sing. Response: A horse cannot sing.

1. A bird \ fly 7. A fish \ swim

2. A cow \ fly 8. A blind person \ hear
3. A child \ drive a car 9. A blind person \ hear
4. An adult \ drive a car 10. A cat \ climb trees
5. A newborn baby \ walk 11. A boat \ float on water
6. A fish \ breath air 12. A rock \ float on water

7.2 Using can: Questions

QUESTION ANSWER
Yes/ No Question:
CAN + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
(a) Can you speak Arabic? Yes, I can. OR No, I can’t.

(b) Can Tom come to the party? Yes, he can. OR No, he can’t.

Question word Question:

Q-WORD + CAN + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
(c) Where can I buy a hammer? At a hardware store.
(d) When can you help me? Tomorrow afternoon.

EXERCISE 2: Make question. Give short answer.

1. A: _______________________________________________________________
B: _____________________ (I can speak English).

2. A: _______________________________________________________________
B: _____________________ (Jean cannot speak French).

3. A: _______________________________________________________________
B: _____________________ (Jim cannot play the piano).

4. A: _______________________________________________________________
B: _____________________ (I can whistle).

5. A: _______________________________________________________________
B: _____________________ (Elephants can swim).
 41

EXAMPLE 3-ORAL: Pair up with a classmate.

Example: speak Japanese

STUDENT A: Can you speak Japanese?
STUDENT B: Yes, I can. OR: No, I can’t.

1. ride a bicycle 9. play football

2. ride a motorcycle 10. play volleyball
3. ride a horse 11. type
4. play the guitar 12. operate a computer
5. sing 13. stand on your head
6. whistle 14. run quickly
7. swim 15. fix a flat tire
8. drive a car 16. cook rice

EXERCISE 4-ORAL: Pair up with a classmate.

Example: buy a note book
STUDENT A: Where can I buy a notebook?
STUDENT B: At the bookstore?

1. mail a package 5. buy diamond ring 9. get some stamps

2. catch a bus 6. buy a hammer 10. go swimming
3. get a good meal 7. get some medicine 11. buy a pen
4. buy vegetables 8. cash a check 12. buy gasoline

7.3 Using know how to

(a) I can swim. (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning. Know
(b) I know how to swim. how to expresses ability.
(c) Can you cook? (c) and (d) have basically the same meaning.
(d) Do you know how to cook?

EXERCISE 5-ORAL: Pair up with a classmate.

Example: swim
STUDENT A: Do you know how to swim?
STUDENT B: Yes, I do. OR: No, I don’t.

1. cook
2. dance
3. fix a flat tire
4. play the guitar
5. get to the post office from here
6. find the square root of nine

7.4 Using Could: Past of can

(a) I am in Waitabula now. I can go to the market every day. could = the past form of can.
(b) I was in the country last year. I could go to the market
only once a week.
(c) I cannot go to the market today. It is raining heavily. NEGATIVE:
(d) I could not go the market yesterday. I was sick. could not = couldn’t
couldn’t.
(e) Could you speak English before you came here? QUESTION:
could + subject + main verb
 42

EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences by using could not or cannot. Use the expressions in the list or
your own words.
take a bath help you
listen to music watch TV
come to class cal you

1. I ___________________________ today because I am sick.

2. I ___________________________ yesterday because I lost your telephone number.
3. I am sorry, I _______________________ now because I am very busy.
4. Tom ___________________________ last night because his radio didn’t work.
5. We __________________________ last night because the TV set was broken.
6. I ________________________ because the water is too cold.

EXERCISE 7: Pair up with a classmate. Ask questions, and answer the questions with “No, I couldn’t …
because …
Example: finish homework
STUDENT A: Did you finish your homework last night?
STUDENT B: No, I couldn’t finish my homework last night because (I had a headache).

1. study last night

2. go swimming yesterday
3. go downtown last week
4. watch TV last night
5. come to class yesterday
6. wash your clothes yesterday
7. take a bath this morning.

7.5 Using very and too

(a) The box is very heavy, but Tom can lift it. Very and too come in front of adjective; heavy and hot.
(b) The box is too heavy. Bob can’t lift it. Very and too have different meaning.
(c) The coffee is very hot, I can drink it. In (a): very heavy = It is difficult but possible for
(d) The coffee is too hot. I can’t drink it. Tom to lift the box.
In (b): too heavy = It is impossible for Bob to lift it.

(e) The coffee is too hot. In the speaker’s mind, the use of too implies a negative
NEGATIVE RESULT: I can’t drink it. result.
(f) The weather is too cold.
NEGATIVE RESULT: We can’t go to the beach.

EXRCISE 8: Complete the sentences. Use too or very.

1. The tea is ______________ hot, but I can drink it.

2. The tea is ______________ hot. I can’t drink it.
3. I can’t buy a car because it is ________________ expensive.
4. A sport car is _______________ expensive, but Andi can buy one if he wants to.
5. I can’t eat this food because it’s _______________ salty.
6. An elephant is ________________ big. A mouse is ______________ small.
7. We went to Kuta beach in Bali for our vocation. The beach is ________________ beautiful.
8. Amanda doesn’t like her room in the dorm. She thinks it’s _____________ small.
9. I lost your dictionary. I’m ________________ sorry. I’ll buy you a new one.
10. A: Do you like your English course?
B: Yes. It’s _________________ difficult, but I enjoy it.
 43

11. A: Do you like your math course?

B: No, it’s ________________ difficult. I don’t like it because I don’t understand math.
12. A: It’s eight-thirty. Do you want to go to Iwan Fals’ concert?
B: We can’t. It’s ________________ late. The concert stars at seven-thirty.
13. A: Are going to buy that dress?
B: No. It doesn’t fit. It’s ___________________ big.
14. A: My daughter wants to get married.
B: What? But she can’t! She is __________________ young.
15. A: Can you read that sign across the street?
B: No, I can’t. It’s ____________________ far away.

7.6 Using too many and too much + noun

My stomach doesn’t feel good. Too is frequently used with much and many.
(a) I ate too much ice cream. Too much is used in front of uncountable noun, as in (a).
(b) I ate too many corns. Too many is used in front of countable nouns, as in (b).

EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences. Use too many or too much. Use too many with countable nouns,
and use too much with uncountable nouns.
1. I can’t go to the concert tonight. I have ____________________ homework to do.
2. Mr. and Mrs. Alex have ten cars. They have ____________________ cars.
3. Rudi is drunk. He drinks _______________________ alcohol.
4. There are ________________________ students in my chemistry class. I can’t remember all
of their names.
5. Fred is a commuter. He drives to and from work every day. Yesterday afternoon he tried to
get home early, but he couldn’t because there was ________________________ traffic.
There were _______________________ cars on the highway during the rush hour.
6. You use _______________________ salt in your soto. A lot of salt is not good for our health.
7. The restaurant was crowded, so we left. There were _____________ people at the restaurant.
8. Mike is gaining weight because he eats ______________________ food.
9. The travel was canceled because it cost _____________________ money.
10. Ann doesn’t study because she always busy. She has ____________________ boyfriends.

7.7 Using too + adjective + infinitive

(a) Susie can’t go to school because she is too young. (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
(b) Susie is too young to go to school.
(c) Susie is too young to go to school. FORM:
(d) Peggy is too short to reach ceiling. Subject + be + too + adjective + to + main
(e) Bob is too tired to do his homework. verb

EXERCISE 10: Make sentences with the same meaning by using too + adjective + infinitive.

1. Mr. Cook is old. He can’t drive a car anymore.

Mr. Cook is _______________________________________ a car.
2. Susie doesn’t want to go to the party because she is too tired.
Susie is ______________________________________ to party.
3. I couldn’t finish my homework because I was sleepy.
I was ___________________________________ my homework.
4. Jacky is young. He can’ get married.
Jacky is too ……
5. Sam didn’t want to go the party because he was busy.
Sam …
 44

7.8 Using too + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive

(a) Tom can’t lift the box because it is too heavy. (a) and(b) have the same
(b) The box too heavy for Tom to lift. meaning
too + adjective + for (someone) + to + main verb
(c) The box is too heavy for Tom to lift.
(d) The dorm is too noisy for me to study.

EXERCISE 11: Make sentences with the same meaning by using too + adjective + for (someone) +
infinitive.

1. Robert can’t touch the ceiling because is too high.

Robert is ….
2. I can’t do the homework because it is too difficult.
The homework is ….
3. Rosa can’t drink this tea because it is too hot.
The tea is ….
4. Rudi can’t go to school because it is too late.
It is ….
5. Adi can’t carry the suitcase because it is too heavy.
The suitcase is ….
6. Jane can’t swallow the pill. It is too big.

7.9 Using adjective + enough

(a) Susie can’t go to school. She too young. (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
(b) Susie can’t go to school. She is not old enough. NOTICE: enough follows an adjective.

(c) I can’t hear the radio. It’s not loud enough. ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
(d) Bobby can read. He is old enough. old enough
(e) We can go swimming. The weather is warm enough. loud enough
warm enough

EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences. Use too or enough. Use the words in the parentheses.

1. (loud, soft) I can’t hear the music. It is ___________________________. It is not

______________________.

2. (big, small) Jack is gaining weight. He can’t wear his old coat. It is ____________
It is not _______________________.

3. (short, tall) Cindy can’t the book on the top shelf. She is ____________________.
She is not ________________________.

4. (weak, strong) Roy can’t lift the heavy box. He is not ________________________.
He is ________________________.

5. (sweet, sour) I don’t want to finish eating this orange. It is ___________________.

It is not ________________________.

6. (old, fresh) Don’t buy that fruit. It is ____________________________. It is not

_________________________.

7. (young, old) Jimmy is an infant. He can’t talk yet. He’s not __________________.
He is ___________________.
 45

8. (cold, hot) I don’t want to drink that coffee. It is _________________________.

It is not _______________________.

9. (comfortable, I don’t want to sit in that chair. It is __________________________.

uncomfortable) It is ________________________.

10. (wide, narrow, Ann and Sue can’t carry the love seat through the door. The door
large, small) is ________________________. The door is not ________________.
_______________The love seat is ________________________. The love
seat is not _________________________.

EXERCISE 13-ORAL: Answer the question no and explain why by using enough.
Example: Can you touch the ceiling?
Response: No, I’m not tall enough to touch the ceiling.

1. Can ten-year old children go to college?

2. Can you touch the top of the door without standing up?
3. Can a dog learn to read?
4. Can you read a book by moonlight?
5. Can a turtle win a race with a rabbit?
6. Can this room hold (two hundred) people?
7. Can you put your English book in your shirt pocket?

7.10 Using enough + noun and more + noun

(a) I can’t buy this book. I need more money. more = additional.
(b) I can’t buy this book. I don’t have enough money. enough = sufficient.
Notice: more comes in front of a noun:
(c) I can’t finish my work. I need some more time. more money
(d) I can’t finish my work. I don’t have enough time. more time
(e) I can’t finish my work. I don’t have time enough.
Notice: enough may come in front or after a
noun, as in (d) or (e). However, In every day
English, enough comes in front of a noun.

EXERCISE 13: Complete the sentences. Use your own words.

1. I can’t ________________________________ because I don’t have enough money.

2. I can’t ________________________________ because I don’t have enough time.
3. I couldn’t __________________________________ because I didn’t have enough money.
4. I couldn’t __________________________________ because I didn’t have enough time.
5. I don’t want to _____________________________________ because I don’t have enough
time.
6. I would like to ______________________________________, but I can’t because I don’t have
enough money.

7.11 Using enough + infinitive

(a) Susie can go to school because she is old enough. (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO + MAIN VERB
(b) Susie is old enough to go to school.
(c) I can’t buy this book because I don’t have enough money. (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
ENOUGH + NOUN + TO + MAIN VERB
(d) I don’t have enough money to buy this book.
 46

EXERCISE 14: Make sentences with the same meaning by using an infinitive.

1. Richard can reach the top of the shelf because she is tall enough.
Richard is ….
2. I can’t finish my work because I don’t enough time.
3. Mustafa can buy a new car because he has enough money.
4. Johnny can’t get married because he is not old enough.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Ryan can’t feed their family because they don’t earn enough money.
6. Did you finish your homework last night? Do you have enough time?
7. Can you buy ticket show? Do you have enough money?

7.12 Polite Question: May I, Could I, and Can I

(a) May I borrow your pen? (a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning; I want to borrow
(b) Could I borrow your pen? your pen. I am asking politely to borrow your pen.
(c) Can I borrow your pen?
(d) May I please borrow your pen? Please is often use in polite question.
(e) Could I please borrow your pen?
(f) Can I please borrow your pen?
TYPICAL RESPONSES: TYPICAL CONVERSATION:
(g) Yes, of course. A: May I please borrow your pen?
(h) Of course. B: Yes, of course. Here it is.
(i) Certainly. A: Thank you. / Thanks.
(j) Sure. (informal)
(k) No problem. (informal)

EXERCISE 15: Ask and answer questions using May I, Can I, or Could I.
Example: ( . . . ) has a pencil. You want to borrow it.
STUDENT A: ( . . . ), may I (please) borrow your pencil?
STUDENT B: Certainly. Here it is.
STUDENT A: Thank you.

1. (…) has a dictionary. You want to borrow it.

2. (…) has a pencil. You want to use it for a minute.
3. (…) has an eraser. You want to use it for a minute.
4. (…) has a pencil sharpener. You want to borrow it.
5. (…) has a book. You want to see it.
6. You are at (…)’s house. You want a glass of water.
7. You are at a restaurant. (…) is a waiter/waitress. You want a cup of tea.

7.13 Polite Request:

(a) Could you (please) open the door? (a) and (b) have the same meaning; I want you to open the
(b) Would you (please) open the door? door. I am politely asking you to open the door.
TYPICAL RESPONSES: TYPICAL CONVERSATION:
(c) Yes, of course. A: Could you please open the door?
(d) Certainly. B: I’d be glad to.
(e) I’d be glad to. A: Thank you. / Thanks
(f) I’d be happy to.
(g) Sure. (informal)
(h) No problem. (informal)
(i) Let’s watch TV. Let’s (let + us) + main verb is used to make an inclusive
(j) Let’s not watch TV. request.
 47

EXERCISE 16-ORAL: Ask and answer questions using could you or would you.
Example: open the window.
STUDENT A: Could you please open the window?
STUDENT B: Certainly.
STUDENT A: thank you.

1. close the door. 6. tell me the time.

2. pass the salt. 7. lend me some money.
3. hold my books for a minute. 8. turn down the television.
4. turn on the light. 9. turn up the television.
5. turn off the light. 10. give me that book.

EXERCISE 17: Form request sentences that include the speaker.

Example: sing a song. → Let’s sing a song.
watch TV. → Let’s watch TV.

1. speak English 6. visit Andi in the hospital

2. go to class 7. study together
3. go to the new restaurant 8. go downtown
4. play football 9. have breakfast
5. play ping pong 10. have something to drink

EXRECISE 18: Form affirmative and negative request sentences that include the speaker.

Example: open the window.

STUDENT A: Let’s open the window.
STUDENT B: No, let’s not open the window.
Let’s open the door.

1. speak rapidly. 5. go to the market. 9. go to beach.

2. study in the afternoon. 6. play volleyball. 10. watch TV.
3. walk to school. 7. study English . 11. go swimming.
4. eat lunch now. 8. buy something to eat. 12. let’s go home now.

7.14 Imperative Sentences

(a) + “Close the door, Jimmy. It’s cold outside.” In (a): Close the door is an imperative sentence. The
- “Okay, Mom.” sentence means, “Jimmy, I want you to close the door.
I am telling you to close the door.
POSITIVE
(b) Sit down. An imperative sentence uses the simple form of a verb
(c) Be careful! (close, sit, be).
NEGATIVE (d) Don’t open the door. A negative request, as in (f), follows the pattern:
(e) Don’t be late. don’t + simple verb
(f) ORDERS: Stop, thief! Imperative sentences give orders, directions, and
(g) DIRECTIONS: Open your book to page 30. advice. With the addition of please, as in (i), the
(h) ADVICE: Don’t worry. imperative sentences are used to make polite requests.
(i) REQUEST: Please close the door.

EXERCISE 19: Underline the IMPERATIVE VERBS in the following dialogues.

1. CINDY: We’re leaving.

BETH: Wait for me!
CINDY: Hurry up! We’ll be late.
BETH: Okay. Okay. I’m ready. Let’s go.
 48

2. ANDI: (knock, knock.) May I come in?

TEACHER: Certainly. Come in. Please have a seat.
ANDI: Thanks.
TEACHER: What can I help you?
ANDI: I would like to ask you about today’s lesson.
TEACHER: Okay. What is the question?

3. MARY: We need to leave soon.

IVAN: I’m ready.
MARY: Don’t forget your house key.
IVAN: I have it.
MARY: Okay.

4. YUDI: Do we have any homework for tomorrow?

ERIC: Yes. Read pages 24 through 30, and answer the questions on page 37 and 38.
YUDI: Is that all?
ERIC: Yes.
 49

CHAPTER VII

NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS

8.1 Modifying Nouns with Adjectives and Nouns

ADJECTIVE + NOUN Adjectives can modify nouns, as in (a). Adjectives
(a) I bought an expensive book. come before nouns.
OUN + NOUN Nouns can modify other nouns. In (b): shoe is a noun
(b) He works at a shoe store. that is used as an adjective to modify another nouns
(c) I bought a grammar book. (store).
A noun that is used as an adjective is always in its
(d) INCORRECT: - He works at a store shoes. singular form. In (b): the store sells shoes, but it is
- I bought a book grammar. called a shoe (singular form) store.
ADJECTIVE + NOUN + NOUN Both an adjective and a noun can modify a noun; the
(e) He works at a big shoe store. adjective comes first, the noun second.
(f) I bought an expensive grammar book.

EXERCISE 1: Find the ADJECTIVES and identify the nouns they modify.

1. I drank some hot tea.

2. My father is a wise man.
3. Indonesian is not my native language.
4. The busy waitress poured some sugar into the hot tea.
5. A young man carried the heavy suitcase for Mr. Rudi.
6. I sat in a suitable chair at the restaurant.
7. There is always political news on the front page of the newspaper.
8. My uncle is a hardworking man.

EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences. Use the information in the first part of the sentence. Use a
NOUN THAT MODIFY ANOTHER NOUN in the completion.

1. Rooms in hotels are called ___________________________________________________

2. A cup that is used for tea is called _____________________________________________
3. Vases that are used for flower are called ________________________________________
4. A story that appears on a newspaper is called ____________________________________
5. A room that contains computers is called _______________________________________
6. Seats on airplanes are called _________________________________________________
7. A bench that is found in a park is called ________________________________________
8. Soup that is made of meat is called ____________________________________________
9. A worker in an office is called ________________________________________________
10. Schools in a city are called ___________________________________________________

EXERERCISE 3: Each item has two NOUNS and one ADJECTIVE. Put them in the correct order.

1. homework The teacher gave us a ______________________________________

long
assignment

2. program I watched a ______________________________________________

good
television

3. motorbike John had ________________________________________________

bad
accident
 50

4. article I read ___________________________________________________

magazine
interesting
5. delicious My mother made some _____________________________________
chicken
soup

6. expensive Andi studied in a __________________________________________

school
private

8.2 Word order of Adjectives

(a) a large red car. In (a): two adjectives (large and red) modify a noun (car).
(b) INCORECT: a red large car. Adjectives follow a particular order. In (a): an adjective
describing size (large) comes before color (red).
(c) a beautiful young girl. The adjective beautiful expresses an opinion. Opinion adjectives
(d) a beautiful red car. usually come before all other adjectives.
(e) a beautiful Indonesian island. In (c): opinion precedes age; In (d): opinion precedes color; and
In (e): opinion precedes nationality.
(f) OPINION ADJECTIVES: There are many opinion adjectives. The words in (f) are
dangerous favorite important examples of common opinion adjectives.
difficult good interesting
dirty happy strong
USUAL WORDORDER ADJECTIVES:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
OPINION SIZE AGE COLOR NATIONALITY MATERIAL
beautiful large young red Indonesian metal
interesting tall old blue Chinese glass
(g) some delicious Chinese food. A noun is usually by only one or two adjectives, as in (g)
(h) a small glass vase. and (h); although sometimes there are three, as in (i).
(i) a kind old Indonesian man.
(j) RARE:
a beautiful small old brown Chinese metal coin.
NOTE: Adjectives that describe nationality are capitalized: Malaysian, Indonesian, Japanese, Chinese, etc.

EXERCISE 4: Put the italicized words in the correct order.

1. delicious some _______________________________________________ food.

Indonesian
2. red some ___________________________________________ tomatoes.
small
3. old some _______________________________________________ caws.
big
white
4. young a ________________________________________________ woman.
serious
5. long ____________________________________________________ hair.
black
beautiful
6. Chinese a/an __________________________________________ work of art.
famous
beautiful
 51

EXERCISE 5: Add ADJECTIVES or NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES to the sentences below.

1. We have some hot _____________________________________ food.
2. We bought a blue _____________________________________ blanket.
3. Mary has ________________________________________ earrings.
4. Tom has short _______________________________________ hair.
5. Mr. Roy is a/an ________________________________________ young man.
6. Jack lives in a large ________________________________________ house.
7. I bought a big ________________________________________ suitcase.

EXERCISE 6-NALYSIS: Many, but not all, of the following sentences contain mistakes in the word
order of modifiers. Find and correct the mistakes. Make changes in the use of a and an as
necessary.
an old wood
1. Ms. Rini has a wood old desk in her office.
2. She put the flowers in a blue glass vase. (no change).
3. The great wall is a Chinese landmark famous.
4. I read a newspaper article interesting this morning.
5. Sue gave me a wonderful small black Greek box as a birthday present
6. “Soto Lamongan” is my favorite Indonesian food.
7. Jack usually wears brown old comfortable shoes leather.
8. James is a middle-aged man with brown short hair.
9. Tony has a noisy electric fan in his bedroom window.
10. When John traveled to Java last year, he stayed in a luxury expensive hotel.

8.3 Expression of Quantity: all of, most of, some of.

(a) Rita ate all of the food on her plate. All of, most of, and some of expresses quantity.
(b) Mike ate most of his food. all of = 100%
(c) Susi ate some of her food most of = a large part, but not all.
some of = a small or medium part.
(d) Jack ate almost all of his food. all of = 100%
(f) INCORRECT: Jack ate almost of his food. almost all of = 95-99%
almost is used with all; all cannot be omitted.

EXERCISE 7: Complete the sentences with (almost) all of, most of, or some of.
1. 2, 4, 6, 8: ______________________________ these numbers are even.
2. 1, 3, 5, 7: ______________________________ these numbers are odd.
3. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9: ______________________________ these numbers are odd.
4. 1, 3, 4, 6. 7, 8: ______________________________ these numbers are odd.
5. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9: ______________________________ these numbers are odd.
6. ___________________________ students in this class cannot speak English.
7. ___________________________ students in this class can speak Indonesian.

8.4 Expressions of Quantity: Subject-Verb Agreement

(a) All of my work is finished. In (a): all of + singular noun + singular verb.
(b) All of my friends are kind. In (b): all of + plural noun + plural verb.
(c) Some of my work is finished. In (c): some of + singular noun + singular verb.
(d) Some of my friends are coming to the party. In (d): some of + plural noun + plural verb.
When a subject includes an expression of quantity, the
verb agrees with the noun that immediately follows of.
COMMON EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY:
all of most of half of
almost all of a lot of some of
 52

EXERCISE 8: Choose the correct VERB.

( is
1. All of that money \ are ) mine.
( is \ are )
2. All of the windows open.
( was \ were )
3. We saw a movie last night. Some of the movie interesting.

( was \ were )
4. We saw five movies last month. Some of the movies interesting.
( is
5. Half of the glasses \ are ) empty, and half the glasses ( is
\ are ) full.
( is
6. Half of the glass \ are is empty.
( is
7. A lot those words \ are ) new to me.
( is
8. A lot of that vocabulary \ are ) new to me.
( is
9. Almost of the air in the city \ are ) polluted.
( is
10. Almost of the oceans in the world \ are ) polluted.
( comes \ come )
11. Most of the students on time.

8.5 Expressions of Quantity: one of, none of

ONE OF + PURAL NOUN One of is followed by a specific plural noun, as in (a).
(a) Sam is one of my friends.
It is INCORRECT to follow one of with a singular noun, as
(b) INCORRECT: Sam is one of my friend.
in (b).
ONE OF + PL. NOUN + SING. VERB When one of + a plural noun is the subject of a sentence, it
(c) One of my friends is here. is followed by a singular verb, as in (c).
(d) INCORRE: One of my friends are here.
(e) None of the students was late. In (e): none of (not one of) + Pl. noun + Sing. Verb.
However, in everyday English, both singular and plural
verbs are used

EXERCISE 9: Make sentences from the given words and phrases.

1. One of \ my teacher \ be \ Ms. Yenny.

________________________________________________________________________

2. Cici \ be \ one of \ classmate.

________________________________________________________________________

3. One of my \ book \ be \ red.

________________________________________________________________________

4. English \ one of my favorite \ lesson.

________________________________________________________________________

5. One of my \ friend \ live \ in Mataram.

________________________________________________________________________

6. One of my biggest problem \ be \ my inability to understand spoken English.

________________________________________________________________________

7. None of the \ student \ in my class \ speak \ English.

________________________________________________________________________
 53

8.6 Using every

(a) Ever student has a book. (a) and (b) have essential the same meaning.
(b) All of the students have books. In (a): every + singular noun + singular verb.
(c) INCORRECT: Every of the students has a book.
(d) INCORRECT: Every students have books. Every is not immediately followed by of.
Every is immediately followed by a singular noun,
NOT a plural noun.
(e) Everyone has a book. (e) and (f) have the same meaning.
(f) Everybody has a book. Everyone and everybody are followed by a singular
verb
(g) I look at everything room. In (g): everything = each thing.
(h) Everything is okay. In (h): everything is followed by a singular verb.

EXERCISE 10: Choose the correct completion.

( book \ books) ( is \ are)
1. All of the on the table mine.
( book \ books ( is \ are)
2. Every on the table mine.
( student \ students )
3. All of the present today.
( student \ students ) ( is \ are)
4. Every . present today.
( teacher \ teachers ) ( give \ gives
5. Every at my school ) test regularly.
( teacher \ teachers ) ( give \ gives
6. All of the at my school ) a lot of tests.
( child \ children ) ( play \ plays )
7. Every in my hometown marbles.
( child \ children ) ( play \ plays )
8. All of the in my hometown marbles.
( person \ people ) ( is \ are )
9. All of the in this class studying English.
( want \ wants )
10. Everyone in this class to learn English.
( Do \ does ) ( student \ students )
11. all of the in this class speak English well?
( Do \ Does )
12. everyone in this class speak Indonesian?

8.7 Possessive Nouns

SIGULAR POSSESSIVE To show that a person possesses something,
NOUN NOUN add an apostrophe (’) and
(a) My friend has a car. friend friend’s -s to a singular noun:
My friend’s car is new.
(b) The student has a book. student student’s singular noun + apostrophe (’) + -s
The student’s book is red.
PLURAL POSSESSIVE Add an apostrophe (’) at the end of a plural
NOUN NOUN noun (after the -s):
(c) My friends have a car. friends friends’
My friends’ car is new. plural noun + -s + apostrophe (’).
(d) The students have books. students students’
The students’ books are red.
POSSESSIVE Irregular plural nouns (e.g. children, men,
NOUN women) have an irregular plural possessive
(e) I like to know other people’s lives. people’s form. The apostrophe (’) comes before the
(f) The children’s toys are on the floor. children’s final -s:
Irregular plural noun + apostrophe (’) + -s

EXERCISE 11: Add APOSTROPHE to the POSSESSIVE NOUNS.

Example: John horse lost last week. John’s horse lost last week.
Agus cat likes to sleep on the sofa. Agus’ cat likes to sleep on the sofa.
 54

1. My mother first name is Maria.

2. My uncle Rudy is my father brother.
3. Mary and Susi are girl names.
4. Tom and Jack are men name
5. Do you like Andi Shirt?
6. Do you know Tom brother?
7. Career women live are busy?
8. Alex friend visited him last week.
9. I don’t know Mr. Roy address.

8.8 Possessive Pronouns

(a) This book belongs to me. POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE A possessive adjective is used in
It is my book. ADJECTIVE PRONOUN front of a noun: e.g. my book.
It is mine. my mine
(b) That book belongs to you. your yours A possessive pronoun is used alone
her hers , without a noun following it: e.g.
It is your book.
his his That book is mine.
It is yours.
our ours
their theirs INCORRECT: That is mine book.

EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences. Use OBJECT PRONOUNS, POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE, and POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS.

1. I own this book. 4. She owns this pen.

This book belongs to _____________. This pen belongs to ___________.
This is _____________ book. This is ___________ pen.
This book is _____________. This pen is ___________.

2. They own these books. 5. He owns that pen.

These books belong to ____________. That pen belongs to ___________.
These are ____________ book. That is ____________ pen.
These books are ____________. That pen is ___________.

3. You own that book. 6. We own those books.

That book belongs to ____________. Those books belong to _________.
That is ____________ book. Those are ____________ books.
That book is ____________. Those books are __________.

EXERCISE 13: Choose the correct completion.

( your \ yours )
1. Is this pen?
( her \ hers )
2. Please give this book to Mary. It’s .
( your \ yours)
3. A: Don’t forget hat. Here.
( my \ mine) ( my \ mine )
B: No, that’s not hat. is green.

4. A: Isn’t that John’s motorbike? That one over there. The blue one.
( him \ his ) ( him \ his )
B: No, that’s not . motorbike is red.

( you \ your )
5. A: When do classes begin?
( you \y ours ) ( you \ yours )
B: July fifteenth. How about ? When do begin?
( our \ ours )
A: begin on July the twenty-first.
 55

CHAPTER VIII

EXPLETIVE THERE AND IT

A Notice the use of expletive there

Singular Plural

INDEFINITE INDEFINITE
NOUN PHRASE NOUN PHRASE
A A book is on the table A Some books are on the table
B There is a book on the table B There are some books on the table

COMMENTS:
1). The expletive there has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position.
2). Pattern A and B express the same meaning. A, however, is not very common. To express the meaning of A,
use the form of B.

NOTE: The expletive there is different from the adverb there, which is used to indicate place:
There's a book there.
Expletive Adverb
The expletive is always unstressed there, however, when it occurs in initial position, is stressed.
Where's the pen?
There it is on the table.
Adverb

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:
With an adverbial of place (on the table, etc):
There are a few books on the table.
There are a lot of students in the classroom.
There were several chairs in the room.
There are three elephants in the city Zoo.
There was a good film on RCTI last night.
There will be a meeting here tonight.

With an adverbial of time (tomorrow, etc):

There will be a party tomorrow.
There were several parties last week.

NOTE. In marking a negative statement, put 'not' after be (is, are, was, etc):
There weren't many students here yesterday.
There isn't much milk in that glass.
There aren't many chairs here.
There isn't much water in the bathtub.

Exercise 1. Observe the negative statement. Make an affirmative statement. In your response, use the
adverbial of place if one is given" but change the time to today.

There wasn't a pen here yesterday. But there is one here today
There weren't any apples on the table yesterday. But there is one here today

1. There wasn't any ice here yesterday.

2. There weren't any chairs here yesterday.
3. There wasn't any coffee here yesterday.
4. There weren't any books on the table yesterday.
 56

5. There wasn't any sugar in the jug yesterday.

6. There weren't any officers in the office yesterday.
7. There wasn't a meeting yesterday.
8. There wasn't any bread on the table yesterday.
9. There wasn't any ice cream in the refrigerator yesterday.
10. There weren't any chalks in the box yesterday.

Note: In order to make a question, put the form of be before the expletive there. For example:
Statement: There is a book here
Yes / No Question: Is there a book here?
Short Answer: Yes, there is.
No, there isn't.

Statement: There will be a music at the party.

Yes / No Question: Will there be a music at the party?
Short Answer: Yes, there will.
No, there won't.

Statement: There are many students in the class room

Yes / No Question: Are there many students in the class room?
Short Answer: Yes, there are.
No, there aren't.

B.l. Notice the uses of it in sentences about time and weather.

IT + BE + NOUN PHRASE
It is ten o’clock
It is Tuesday

IT + BE + ADJECTIVE
Time : It is late
Weather : It is nice today

IT + VERB
It rains in the morning.
It snows in the winter.

COMMENTS:

1) In sentences about time, it is used with be and a following noun phrase or the adjective (early
or late)
2) In sentences about weather, it is used with be and adjective or with a verb such as rain, snow,
freeze, thaw, warm up, cool off, clear up.
3) In this pattern, it has no meaning and doesn’t necessarily refer to anything. It is used only to
fill the subject position in the sentences.

Note: The word it is usually contracted to it's.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:

What time is it?

It's a quarter past eight.
It's nine thirty.
It's l0 A.M.
It's a quarter to twelve.
It's 12 noon.
It's 12 midnight.

What day is it today?

It's Tuesday.
 57

What it's the date today?

It's August the First.

What month is it?

It's July.

Do we have much time?

No, it's late.
Yes, it's early.
No, it's getting late.
How is the weather?
It's nice (wonderful, beautiful).
It's cold (cool, warm, hot).
It's cloudy (windy, sunny).
It's seems cool and it's getting windy.

How is the weather now?

It's raining.

Exercise 2. Notice the question. Give a true answer beginning with it.
What day is it? It's Monday.
What day was yesterday? It was Sunday.

1. What day will it be tomorrow? 7. What season is it?

2. What time is it? 8. What day was it two days ago?
3. What time was it an hour ago? 9. What year is it?
4. What month is it? 10. What year was it last year?
5. What month will be next month? 11. What year will be next year?
6. What month was it last month? 12. What year was it when East Timor got its
independence day.

Note: It may be used in sentences which identify persons.

Who is at the door? It’s Bill.
Who is on the phone? It’s Wati.
Who was that? It’s my cosine.
Who is at the door? It’s John and Iwan.
Who is the man in the car? It’s look like Jack.

B.2. Notice the use of it in sentences about distance.

EXAMPLE 1

A From Waitabula to Waikabubak is 34 kilometers.

B It is 34 kilometers from Waitabula to Waikabubak.

EXAMPLE 2

A From here to the post office is 1 kilometer.

B It is 1 kilometer from here to the post office.
C It is 1 kilometer to the post office.

COMMENTS:
l) Pattern A and B have the same meaning. Pattern d however, is not as common or useful as B. A is
introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. In other words, when you want
to express the meaning of A use the form of B.
2) The phrase from here may be omitted (pattern C).
 58

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:

It's not far to the post office.

lt's a long way to Malolo.
It's two hours by car from here to Waikabubak.
It's only ten minutes by 'Bemo’ from here to Kori.
It's only l5 minutes walk.

B.3 Notice the use it

A To understand this lesson is easy.

B This lesson is easy to understand.
C It is easy to understand this lesson.

COMMENTS :
l) A and C mean the same thing, but sentence A is not as common or useful as C.
It was introduced manly to make the meaning of C easier to understand. When you
want to express the meaning of A, use from of C.
2) Sentence B is similar to A and C, but B is special because we say the noun phrase
this lesson first. In this way we can emphasize the fact that this lesson is the
"topic” of our discussion.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.

It is pleasant to watch musical programs.
To get up early is sometimes difficult.
It is sometimes difficult to get up early.
To come early is good.
It is good to come early.
To arrive in class on time is important.
It is important to arrive on time in class.
To learn a new language can be very interesting.
It is very interesting to learn a new language.

Exercise 3. Give short replies using it is.

Example : Tell me something that is interesting to do. It is interesting to visit tourism objects.
It is interesting to meet travel abroad.

Tell me something that is ……

1. ………. difficult to do. 8. ………. hard to do.

2. ………. easy to do. 9. ………. nice to do.
3. ………. dangerous to do. 10. ……… simple to do.
4. ………. exciting to do. 11. ……… necessary to do.
5. ………. important to do. 12. ……… polite to do.
6. ………. good to do. 13. ……… unusual to do.
7. ………. impossible to do. 14. ……… impolite to do.
 59

CHAPTER IX

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A The Present Perfect with have/has + been

SITUATION: I came to this town on January 1st. It is Have/has been expresses the idea that a situation
now May 1st. I am still in this town. began in the past and still exists at present.
a. I have been here since January 1st. Have/has been is used with since and for to tell
b. I have been here for four months. how long the situation has existed. (a) and (b) have
the same meaning.
SITUATION: John came to this town on February 1st. It
is now May 1st. John is still in this town. Has been is used with third person singular, as in
c. John has been here since February 1st. (c) and (d).
d. John has been here for three months.

SITUATION: We came to classroom at four o’clock. Since is followed by a specific time:

We are in the classroom right now. It is Since January (specific month)
four-thirty now. Since eight o’clock (specific clock time)
e. We have been here since four o’clock. Since 2003 (specific year).
f. We have been here for 30 minutes.
SITUATION: Andi lives in another town. He came to For is followed by a length of time:
visit me Saturday afternoon, Now it is For four months (number of months)
Monday afternoon. He is still here. For thirty minutes (number of clock time)
g. Andi has been here since Saturday afternoon. For three days (number of days)
h. Andi has been here for three days. For five years (number of years)

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with since or for.

1. I came to this village seven months ago. I am still here. I have been in this city …………..
seven months.
2. Kim has been in this city …………. January.
3. It is now five o’clock. Rudy has been in class ………………. four o’clock.
4. Rud has been in class …………….. one hour.
5. Budi has been a teacher ……………… 2000.
6. Mr. Jody has been a driver …………… ten years.
7. My parents are visiting me this week. They have been here ………………. Five days.
8. They have been here ……………. last Saturday.
9. Timor Leste has been an independent nation ………………. 2001.
10. I have been awake ……………… five o’clock this morning.
11. My friend is very. She has been in the hospital ……………..four weeks.

Exercise 2. Complete the following with your own words.

1. a. I am in the classroom. The time right now is ______________________________.
b. The time I entered the classroom today was _______________________________.
c. I have been in this room since _____________________________.
d. I have been in this room for _____________________________.

2. a. We began our English course on May 2012.

b. Wet are students of this English course now.
c. We have been students of this English course since ___________________________.
d. We have been students of this English course for _____________________________.

3. a. I started to go to school in (year). ____________________. I am still a student.

b. I have been a student since ________________________.
c. I have been a student for _________________________.
 60

B. The Present Perfect with Verb (have/has + verb)

REGULAR VERB: IRREGULAR VERB:
VERB 1 (V-1) VERB 2 (V-2) VERB 3 (V-3) VERB 1 (V-1) VERB 2 (V-2) VERB 3 (V-3)
live lived lived know knew known
own owned owned teach taught taught
work worked worked have had had
study studied studied eat ate eaten
a) I have known Latif for two years. Notice in the examples:
b) Tomy has had a bad cold for five days. The Present Perfect is formed by:
c) I have lived in Kodi for nine years. S + have/has + V-3
d) Wati has owned her motor bike since 2000. has follows the subject He, she, it (third person
singular), as in (b) and (d).
I have → I’ve In informal situation (like talking/writing to close
You have → You’ve friend or family, have/has are contracted with subject
We have → We’ve pronouns as shown in the examples.
They have → they’ve
He has → He’s
She has → She’s
It has → it’s
SUMMARY : Time adverbial of Present Perfect Tense :
a. Present Perfect Tense is used to indicate that This week yet
an accident or action has happened in This month already
unspecific time in the past. This year up to now/ up to the present
E.g. I have read that story. Several times so far
Father has gone to work. Twice recently
We have met him before. many times all day
b. It is also used to indicate that an accident or over and over just
action has happened over and over in the past. before during the past few days
E.g. I have told him about it several times. for during the past few months
My mother has visited Bali many times. since during the past few years
They have read that book three times.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the given verbs. Use Present Perfect Tense.
1. teach Mr. Ahmad is a teacher. He _______________________ English for ten years.
2. Know I _______________________ Budi since I was a child.
3. Be Mary and John _________________________ good friends for a long time.
4. Live My parents live in a suburb of Surabaya city. They ________________________
There for more than twenty years.
5. Work My brother ______________________ lawyer for fifteen years.
6. Be We _________________________ in class since nine o’clock this morning.
7. Have Mr. Jodi ____________________ his new car sine tree days ago.
8. Wait John _____________________ for twenty minutes.

Exercise 4. Practice using since and for with Present Perfect expressing state or situation.
Example : I know John. I met him last year. I have known John since last year.
Mary needed a new car two years ago. Mary has needed a new Gar for two years.
She needs one now

1. I stopped smoking. And I haven't 6. I Began to work here two years ago,
smoked again. and I still work here now.
2. I liked fish when I was a child, and I 7. He began to study English since he was
like it now. junior high school, and he still studies
it now
3. George has a cold. He caught it three 8. John owes me 10.000. He borrowed it
weeks ago. last month.
4. Bill owns this house. He bought it in 9. I liked Chinese films four years ago. I
March. like them now.
5. Paul lives in Mataram. He moved there 10. I played football in 1986. I still play it
last year. now
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Exercise 5-Oral. Complete the sentences with the given words and your own words.
Example : know I … (name of a person) for ...
 I have known Andi for ten years.
 My best friend is Rudy. I have known him for a long time.
1. Be I … in class today since …
2. Live Right now I am living in Pero. I … since …
3. Have I have (name of something you own). I … it since …
4. Be I … afraid of … since …
5. Work My father … as a/an … since …

C. The Present Perfect with Questions and Negatives

(a) Have you lived in Pero for a long time?
Yes, I have. Question form of the Present Perfect :
No, I haven’t. Have/has + subject + V-3…?
(b) Has Kim been in the class since the beginning of the term?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
(c) I have not (haven’t) lived here for a long time. Negative form of Present Perfect :
(d) Kim has not (hasn’t) been in the class since the beginning of Subject + have/has + not + V-3
the term.
Negative contraction:
have not = haven’t
has not = hasn’t

Exercise 6. Practice the following questions and give a true answer

Example : Have you visited Jakarta? No, I haven’t.
Have you studied English? Yes, I have.
1. Have you eaten lunch? 6. Has your sister called you?
2. Have you learned any new words today? 7. Have you made the bed?
3. Have you seen the Soekarno’s grave? 8. Have you received any news from
4. Has Mary studied? your family this week?
5. Has your father gone to work? 9. Have you finished your home work?

Exercise 7. Change the sentences into negatives

Example : Mary has come. Mary has not come.
I have eaten breakfast. I have not eaten breakfast.

1. My parents have moved to Kupang. 6. The plane has landed.

2. I have taken Rudy to the air port. 7. The post office has closed.
3. The students have submitted their home work. 8. Budi and Wati have married.
4. Our teacher has gone home. 9. He has opened the window.
5. We have finished exercise six. 10. They have returned the book.

D. The Present Perfect with yet, already, just and recently

e.g. The class always begins at 2 p.m. Yet indicates an activity that is later than expected.
a. It is 2.15 but the teacher hasn’t come yet. It is always placed at the end of a sentence.
b. Have you bought the tuition yet? It is used in the negative and question.
c. It is only 1.50 but the class has already begun. Already indicates an activity that is faster than expected.
d. Have the police caught the thief already? It is used in the positive and interrogative.
It can be placed in the middle or end of a sentence.
a. Andi has just gone out. Just and recently indicate something that has happened;
b. I have just had lunch. however, recently has been longer than just.
c. Mary has recently come home.
d. We have bought a new car recently.
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Exercise 8. Change the sentences into Present Perfect tense. Use appropriate adverbial when necessary.
Example : Rudy didn’t come to class this morning. Rudy hasn’t come to class yet.
I studied English last year. I have studied English over and over.
My sister went to work this morning. My sister has gone to work.
John bought a new car last week. John has bought a new car recently.

1. I ate breakfast this morning.

2. He mailed the letter yesterday.
3. We visited Bali last year.
4. John went out at seven o'clock this morning.
5. Mary broke the glass last night.

E. The use of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. Mary has studied. S + have + V3.

2. Mary is studying. S + am/is/are + V1 + ing.
3. Mary has been studying for an hour. S + have/has + been + V1 + ing.

COMMENTS:
1) Sentence 1 states that Mary studied and this is relevant in the present (Present Perfect)
2) Sentence 2 states that Mary is studying now (Present Continuous).
3) Sentence 3 states that Mar’s studying began in the past and is continuing in the
present. The fact that the studying continues (is in progress) in the present time is
emphasized (Present Perfect Continuous).

Exercise 9. Notice the sentences in the present Continuous. Make sentences in the Present Perfect
Continuous. Include “for two hours” in your sentences. For example :

John is watching TV. John has been watching TV for two hours.
The teacher is explaining about The teacher has been explaining about Present Perfect
Present Perfect continuous tense. Tense for two hours.

1. Roy is working in the garden. 6. We are studying present perfect continuous.

2. Rudy is listening to the radio. 7. John and Rudy are swimming.
3. Cak Nur is giving a talk. 8. They are playing football.
4. George is painting a picture. 9. Our teachers are having meeting.
5. My father is reading a newspaper. 10. You are watching TV.
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CHAPTER X

PASSIVE VOICE

A Notice the active and passive sentences

ACTIVE : They mail letters every day

Subject V1 object adverb

PASSIVE : Letters are mailed every day

Subject be V3 adverb

COMMENTS :
a) The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the corresponding passive
sentence.
b) In a passive sentence, a form of be appears before the main verb.
c) In the active form, the tense is shown by the main verb (Present: write; Past: wrote). In
the passive form, the tense is shown by the form of be (Present: am, is, are; Past: was,
were).
d) The main verb of a passive sentence is in the participle form (V3).

A.1 Passive sentence of Simple Present and Present Continuous

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Tense O + be + V3 + by + S + adv
a) John writes a letter every day. A letter is written by John every day.
b) The postman delivers mails every day. Mails are delivered by the postman every day.
c) People all over the world speak English. English is spoken all over the world.
Past Tense O + be + V3 + by + S + adv
d) We visited the museum last week. The museum was visited by us last week.
e) Fire destroyed the building yesterday. The building was destroyed by fire yesterday.
f) They wrote letters yesterday. Letters were written yesterday.

Exercise 1. Change the following sentences into passive form

Example : Mary sweeps the floor every morning. The floor is swept by Mary every morning.
John bought a new book last week. A new book was bought by John last week.

1. Mother cooks rice in the morning.

2. Mary cooked rice yesterday morning.
3. The students study English three times a week.
4. We held a farewell party last Sunday.
5. He took the books from the desk.
6. Andi sent a letter to his sister last month.
7. My sister makes the bed every morning.
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A.2 Passive sentence of Present Continuous and Future tense

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Continuous O + be + being + V3 + S + Adv
a) Andi is typing the letter. The letter is being typed.
b) Rini is cooking rice. Rice is being cooked.
c) They are taking the victims to the hospital. The victims are being taken to the hospital.

Future Tense O + will + be + V3 + S + Adv

d) I will send the letter tomorrow. The letter will be sent tomorrow.
e) He will sell this car next month. This car will be sent next month.
f) We will publish the book next year. The book will be published next year.

Exercise 2. Change the following sentences into passive form

Example : Roy is calling a friend. A friend is being called by Roy.
They will write letters tomorrow. Letters will be written tomorrow.

1. She is reading the book right now. 6. He will repair the car next month.
2. The teacher explained the lesson last week. 7. She will return the book to the library.
3. They painted the house last Sunday. 8. They are destroying the building.
4. He is mowing the lawn now. 9. Police will catch the thief in two days.
5. Ali is sharpening the knife right now. 10. Rini will get the letter tomorrow.

A.3 Passive sentence of Present Perfect and Modals

Active Passive
Present Perfect O + have + been + V3 + S + adv
They have written letters. Letters have been written (by them).
She has returned the book to the library. The book has been returned to the library.

Modals O + modal + be + V3 +S + adv

They should write letters. Letters should be written (by them).
She has to write a letter. A letter has to be written by her.
Exercise 3. Change the sentences into passive form

Example : Mother has cooked the rice. The rice has been cooked by mother.
The students should by books. Books should be bought by the students.

1. You should answer the question now. 6. We have to clean the bathtub once a week.
2. They have closed the windows. 7. She has broken the door.
3. We must water the garden every day. 8. We must practice English.
4. Students have done their homework. 9. They have released new product.
5. You have to buy a new bike. 10. We must clean our hands before eating.

A.4 Notice the Passive sentence in question

Yes/No Question : Is the book given to you?

Answer : Yes, the book is given to me.
No, the book is not given to me.

Wh-Question : How was the building destroyed?

Answer : The building was destroyed by fire.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES: Are you taught by Mr. Rudy?

Were you invited to the party?
Has the letter been sent?
What is being built near your house?
Where was the money put?
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CHAPTER XI

EXPRESSIONS OF COMPARISON

A Notice the use of same as and different from

A My book and your book are the same.

There is no different.
My book is the same as yours.

B Iwan’s book is new and expensive.

Paul’s book is old and cheap.
Iwan’s book is different from Paul’s.

COMMENTS :
The same as and different from are used to compare two things, person, places, etc

Exercise 1. Make sentences using the same as or different from

Example : Iwan’s address is Jl. Langko no. 3 Iwan’s address is the same as John’s.
John lives there, too.
This book is green. It’s very small. This book is different from that one.
That one is black. It’s big.

1. This is an English book. That book is too.

2. This building is small, but that one is large.
3. Two times three is six, and three times two is too.
4. John car’s is new. Mary’s is old.
5. Your shoes are black and size 40 and mine are too. There is no different.

NOTE: 1) The word like can be used, but means similar or almost the same
Example :
My coat is like yours.
Your book is like mine.
John’s father is like my father.
2) Other patterns may be used such as: the same as ………… or as ………. As
The same as …… is used with nouns, and as ……. as is used with adjectives or adverbs :
This book is the same thickness as that one.
This book is as thick as that that one.
This chair is as big as that one.
Your suit isn’t as big as mine.
Iwan does not study as hard as Mary.
Demi More is as beautiful as Madonna.
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B. Notice the comparative form with er and more

Iwan is tall. Iwan is careful.

Rudy is very tall. Rudy is very careful.
Rudy is taller than Iwan. Rudy is more careful than Iwan

COMMENTS :

The suffix er is used The word more is used

(a) With adjectives and adverbs of one (a) with most adjectives and adverbs of two or more
Syllable syllables
tall taller careful more careful
clear clearer beautiful more beautiful
fast faster expensive more expensive
hard harder interesting more interesting
nice nice important more important
soon sooner necessary more necessary
quick quicker often more often

(b) With adjectives that end in –y (two (b) with adverbs that have the adverbs suffix –ly
busy busier carefully more carefully
easy easier clearly more clearly
happy happier easily more easily
heavy heavier quickly more quickly
early earlier rapidly more rapidly
pretty prettier
lazy lazier

Note : The following irregular forms :

good better
well better
bad worse
badly worse
far farther (further)

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES :

Is your brother tall? Yes, he is taller than I am.

Did Iwan come early? Yes, he came earlier than I did.
Did George answer quickly? Yes, he answered more quickly than I did.
Does Mary speak slowly? Yes, she speaks more slowly than I do.

This pen is not long enough. Let me get a longer one.

This shirt is not good enough. Let me get you a better one.

Exercise 2. Practice the use of adjectives and adverbs in expression of comparison. Use er …. . than or
more …… than
John is 166 meters tall. Rudy is only John is taller than Rudy.
155 meters tall.
Dewi is very interesting, but her sister isn’t. Dewi is more interesting than her sister.

1. The post office is very far, but the bookstore isn’t.

2. This lesson is very difficult, but the other one isn’t
3. Iwan speaks English very fluently, but Rudy doesn’t.
4. A race car is very expensive, but a public bus isn’t.
5. A plane is very quicker, but a ship isn’t.
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C. Notice the superlative forms, which are made with -est and most

Rudy is taller than Iwan. Rudy is more careful than Iwan.

But John is the tallest. But Jihn is the most careful.

COMMENTS :

1) The suffix –est is used with the same words that –er is used with.
(a) Adjectives and adverbs of one syllable :
tall taller the tallest
clear clearer the clearest
fast faster the fastest
hard harder the hardest
nice nicer the nicest
quick quicker the quickest

(b) Adjectives that end in –y (two syllables)

busy busier the busiest
easy easier the easiest
happy happier the happiest
heavy heavier the heaviest
lazy lazier the laziest
pretty prettier the prettiest
early earlier the earliest

Note the following irregular forms :

good better the best
well better the best
bad worse the worst
badly worse the worst
far farther the farthest

2) The word most is used with the same words that more is used with.
(a) Adjectives of two or syllables :
careful more careful the most careful
beautiful more careful the most careful
expensive more expensive the most expensive
interesting more interesting the most interesting
important more important the most important
necessary more necessary the most necessary

(b) Adjectives of two or more syllables :

carefully more carefully the most carefully
clearly more clearly the most clearly
easily more easily the most easily
quickly more quickly the most quickly

rapidly
more rapidly the most rapidly
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES :

John is taller than Peter. But George is the tallest.

John is more careful than Peter. But George is the most careful.
John is friendlier than Peter. But George is the friendliest.

NOTE :
1. The expression more …….. than and the most are used also with nouns :
Mary has more books than Alice.
Helen has the most books.
Mary has more money than Alice.
Helen has the most money.
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2. Less is the opposite if more.

Least is the opposite of most.

In general, less and least are used with the same words that more and most are used.
ADJECTIVE :
John and Paul are more careful than George.
John is less careful than John and Paul.
George is the least careful.

ADVERB :
John and Paul write more carefully than George.
George writes less carefully than John and Paul.
George writes the least carefully.

NON-COUNT NOUN :
John and Paul have more time than George.
George has less time than John and Paul.
George has the least time.

COUNT NOUN :
John and Paul have more books than George.
George has fewer books than John and Paul.
George has the least books.
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CHAPTER XII

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A Compare the conditional sentence, which are parts of possible answers to the questions

QUESTIONS :
A Will he tell Mary the answer? Maybe …………
B Will he tell Mary the answer? No, but …………
C Did he tell Mary the answer? No, but …………

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES :

AA If he knows it, he will tell her.

BB If he knew it, he tell her.
CC If he had known it he would have told her.

COMMENTS :

1) Sentence AA describes a possible situation of present or future time. If he knows

implies ‘he might know’.
2) Sentence BB describes hypothetical situation, one that is either contrary to the real facts
of the present, or unlikely to occur in the future. If he knew implies he does not know.
3) Sentence CC describes a regretted situation, one that is contrary to the real facts of the
past.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLEs OF FIRST TYPE :

If I have much money, I will buy a car.
If I go to Jakarta, I will visit ‘MONAS’.
If he goes to Bali, I will go with him.
If you study hard, you will be clever.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES OF THE SECOND TYPE :

If I had a car, I would take a trip to Bali.
If I went abroad, I would go by plane.
If I were the moo, you would be the star.
If were the bird, I would fly to the world all over.
If I were him I wouldn’t do that.

Exercise 1. Give complete answers to the following questions. Use were for all subjects in the if Clause
of the non-verbs

Examples : What would you do if someone If someone stole my car, I will call the police.
stole your car?
What would you do if you were sick? If I were sick, I would go to the doctor.

1. What would you do if you were a millionaire?

2. What would you do if you were a president?
3. What would you do if you had a vocation next week?
4. What would you do if you found Rp. 100.000 on the street?
5. What would you do if you had a car?

ADDITIONAL EXEMPLES OF THE THIRD TYPE :

If I had seen you yesterday, I would have told you the news
If I had told her the truth, she would have been angry.
If you had attended the class yesterday, you would have done the exercises.