Remesh’s Maths Coaching RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

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CHAPTER 2
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Ordered Pair

A pair of numbers or elements grouped together in a definite order is known as ordered pair. If a and b are
any two numbers, then (a , b) is called ordered pair a, b. Here ‘a’ is known as first element or x element or x co-
ordinate or abscissa and ‘b’ is known as second element or y element or y co-ordinate or ordinate.

E.g.:  2,3 ,  1,  2  ,  ,  ,  x, y  , etc. are ordered pairs.

1 2
2 3
Note: a , b  b , a but a ,b    b ,a  unless a b

Cartesian product of sets

If A and B be any two non-empty sets, then the Cartesian product or cross product of A × B is the set of all
ordered pairs of elements from A to B and the Cartesian product or cross product of B × A is the set of all ordered
pairs of elements from B to A.
i.e., A × B = { (x , y) : x  A, y  B }.
And B × A = { (x , y) : x  B, y  A }

Note: If either A or B is a null set, then A × B will also be a null set, i.e., A × B =  and B × A = 

Note:

 Two ordered pairs are equal, iff the corresponding first elements are equal and the second elements are also
equal. i.e., if  a, b    c , d   a  c and b  d
 If there are m elements in A and n elements in B, then there will be 'mn' elements in A × B.
i.e., if n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and n(B × A) = nm=mn elements.
 If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then A × B is also infinite.
 If A = B, then A × B becomes A × A and is denoted by A2.
 A × A = {(a, b) : a, b  A}. Here (a, b) is called an ordered doublet.
 A × A × A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c  A}. Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.

 If set A has m elements and set B has n elements, then number of subsets of A  B or A  B  2mn .
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 The Cartesian product R  R   x, y  : x, y  R represents the coordinates of all points in the two

dimensional space and the Cartesian product R  R  R   x, y, z  : x, y, z  R represents the

coordinates of all points in the three dimensional space.

 If a set A has n elements, then n  A  A  n2 elements.

 If a set A has n elements, then n  A  A  A  n3 elements.

RELATIONS
Relation means an association of two objects according to some property possessed by them.
E.g.:
 Trivandrum is the capital of Kerala,
 Sita is the wife of Rama,
 12 is greater than 10,
 {a} is the subset of {a,b}, etc..

Relation R from A to B

A relation R in a set A to a set B is the subset of A × B. If (x,y) is a member of a relation R, then we write xRy and
read x is the relation R to y.
Domain of R from A to B: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in R from A to B is known as domain
of R.
Range of R from A to B: The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R from A to B is known as range of
R.
Co-domain of R: Set B is known as co-domain.
Consider a relation, R   x, y  : y  x  1, x  A and y  B , where A={0,1,2} and B= {1,2,3,4}. Then

R   0,1 , 1, 2  ,  2, 4  .

Domain of R ={0,1,2}
Range of R ={1,2,4}
Co-domain of R = set B ={1,2,3,4}
Note: Range Co  domain

Relation R from B to A
A relation R in a set B to a set A is the subset of B × A. If (x,y) is a member of a relation R, then we write xRy and
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read x is the relation R to y.

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Domain of R from B to A: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in R from B to A is known as domain
of R.
Range of R from B to A: The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R from B to A is known as range of
R.
Co-domain of R: Set A is known as co-domain.

Consider a relation, R   x, y  : y  x2  1, x  B and y  A , where A={1,2,3,5,10} and B= {0,1,2,3}. Then

R   0,1 , 1, 2  ,  2,5 , 3,10  .

Domain of R ={0,1,2,3}
Range of R ={1,2,5,10}
Co-domain of R = set A ={1,2,3,5,10}

Representation of a relation:
A relation can be expressed in:
a) Roster Method,
b) Set-builder Method,
c) Arrow diagram and
d) Graphical method.

E.g.: Let A={1,2,3,4}; B={2,3,4}

R is a relation from A to B such that y  x  2, x  A and y  B .

Roster Method
R  {(1,3), (2, 4)}
Domain ={1,2}
Range = {3,4}

Set-builder Method
R  ( x, y) : y  x  2, x  A and y  B

Arrow diagram:

R
A B
1 2
2
3
3
4
3

4
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Graphical Method

Note: If a set A has m elements and B has n elements, then

No. of relations from A to B  2mn

No. of relations from B to A  2nm  2mn

FUNCTIONS

Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. A relation from A to B is said to be a function if and only if,
i) if every x element has y element,
ii) the x element cannot be repeated.
or

i) If every x in A has image in B,

ii) And no element in A has not more than one image in B
E.g.: Let A  {0,1, 2,3, 4} ; B  {1, 23,5,7,9}

Let R  ( x, y) : y  2 x  1, x  A, y  B

Note: If a set A has ‘m’ elements and set B has ‘n’ elements, then,
n A
i. No. of functions from A to B  n  B   nm

n B 
ii. No. of functions from B to A  n  A  mn
E.g.: If set A has 2 elements and set B has 3 elements, then number of functions from:
2
i. A to B  3  9
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3
ii. B to A  2  8

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Domain, Range and co-domain of a function:

If f : A  B is a function from A to B, then

i) Domain of f = set A
ii) Range of f = set of all images of elements of A is known as range.
iii) Codomain of f = set B

Similarly, If f : B  A is a function from B to A, then

iv) Domain of f = set B
v) Range of f = set of all images of elements of B is known as range.
vi) Codomain of f = set A

Note: Thus range  co  domain .

Equal functions: If two functions f and g are said to be equal, then,

i. domain of f = domain of g
ii. codomain of f = codomain of g

Note: The terms map or mapping are also used to denote function.

If f is a function from A to B, we denote f: A  B or . If f is a function from A to B and (a, b)  f,

then f(a) = b, where ‘b’ is called the image of ‘a’ under f and ‘a’ is called the pre-image of ‘b’ under f.

Types of functions:

Real function: A function f : R  R is said to be a real function, if its domain is a real constant.

Constant function: A function f : R  R is said to be a constant function if f x   c , where ‘c’ is a constant.

Domain : R, Range : c (a constant)
Graph:

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Identity function: A function f : R  R is said to be an identity function if f x   x .
Domain : R
Range : R
Graph:

 x, when x  0
Modulus function: A function f : R  R is said to be a modulus function, if f  x   x   .
 x, when x  0
Domain : R
Range : R+ (Positive real numbers)

Graph:

1, if x  0

Signum Function: A function f : R  R is said to be a signum function,if f  x    0, if x  0
6

 1, if x  0

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| x|
or f  x   , x  0 and 0 for x  0 is known as signum function.
x

Domain : R

Range : {1,0,1} , if x  0, x  0 and x  0

Graph

Greatest Integer Function: A function f : R  R is said to be a greatest integer function, if f  x   [ x] , x  R .

Domain :R
Range : Integer.

Graph

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Note: The above graph is also known as step graph.

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Note:

[1] 0  x 1 0
[2] 1 x  2 1
[0] 1  x  0  1
[1.3] 1  x  1.3  1
[2.999] 2  x  2.999  2
[-2.3] 3  x  2.3  3

Polynomial Functions: A function f : R  R is said to be a greatest integer function, if

n 1 n2
f  x   an x  an 1x
n
 an  2 x 3 2
 ...  a3 x  a2 x  a1x  a0 .

Domain :R
Range :R

E.g.: f  x   x3  2 x  5 ; g  x   2 x2  3x  1 , etc..

Graphs of polynomial functions:

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ax  b d
Rational Function: A function f : R  R is said to be a greatest integer function, if f  x   ,x   .
cx  d c
2x 1 x 5
E.g.: f  x   , x  2 ; g  x  , x  1 , etc..
x2 x 1
2x  3
1. Find the domain of the rational function f  x   :
1 x
f  x  is defined, if 1  x  0  x  1 .
x 2  3x  5
2. Find the domain of the rational function f  x   :
x2  5x  6
f  x  is defined, if x2  5x  6  0   x  3 x  2   0  x  3 or x  2
 domain  R  {2,3}

3. Find the domain and range of the function: f  x   4  x

2

Let f  x   4  x 2

i.e, y  4  x 2 …………….. (1)

In order to find the domain, let 4  x2  0

4  x2  x2  4  x  2
 x  2 and x  2
 domain of f is  2, 2 or  2  x  2
From (1), y  0 ..............(2)

To find the range:

Let y  4  x 2
y 2  4  x2  x2  4  y 2

x  4  y2
In order to define x, let 4  y 2  0
4  y 2  y 2  4  y  2
 y  2 and y  2 ...............(3)
From (2) and (3), we have
Range of f is 0, 2 or 0  x  2
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Algebra of functions:

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Let f  x  and g  x  be any two functions of x , then
1. f  g  f  x  g  x
2. f  g  f  x  g  x
3. f .g  f  x   g  x 
f f  x
4.  , provided g  x   0
g g  x

E.g.: If f  x   x 2 and g  x   2 x  1 , then

f  g  f  x   g  x   x 2  2 x  1   x  1
2

f  g  f  x   g  x   x 2   2 x  1  x 2  2 x  1
f .g  f  x   g  x   x 2  2 x  1  2 x3  x 2

f f  x x2 1
  , x
g g  x  2x 1 2

Objective Questions (Try yourself)

1. If n(A) = 6 and n(B) = 5, then the number of relations on A  B is

a) 249 b) 235 c) 225 d) 270 e) 23535
2. Suppose the number of element in set A is p, number of elements B is q and the number of elements in A  B is
7 then p2+q2?
a) 42 b) 49 c) 50 d) 51 e) 55
3. n(A) =18 , n(B) = 15 and n  A  B  =5 then n  A  B    B  A is
a) 28 b) 38 c) 35 d) 10 e) 25
4. Let A be the set of first 10 natural numbers and let R be a relation on A defined by
 x, y   R  x  2 y  10 then R1 .
a)  2, 4  ,  4,3 ,  6, 2  , 8,1 b)  2, 4 ,  4,3 ,  2,6 , 1,8
c)  4, 2 , 3, 4 ,  2,6 , 1,8 d)  4,8 ,  4,1 ,  2, 6  e) None of these.

5. If R   x, x  : x is a prime number  10 , then Range(R) =

3

a) 125, 27,8,341 b) 27,353,125,7

c) 18,127,125,343 d) 343,125,8, 27
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6. If a set A has 3 elements and set B has 2 elements, then number of relations from B to A is

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a) 32 b) 16 c) 64 d) 32 e) None

 
7. If R  1,1 ,  2,3  , 3,5 , 4,7  is a function and this is described by the formula that g  x    x   ,
then the value of  and  is
a)   2;   1 b)   2;   1 c)   3;   1 d)   2;   1 e)   2;   1
8. If a set A has 3 elements and B has 2 elements, then the number of functions from B to A is ……..
a) 6 b) 9 c) 8 d) 4 e) None of these
 3 3
9. If f  x   x   x  then f     f   is
 2 2
1 3 5
a) 1 b) 2 c) d) e)
2 2 2
1
10. The domain of the function f  x   is
4  x2
a) 2  x  2 b) 2  x  2 c) 4  x  4 d) 4  x  4 e)   x  
 1 x 
11. If f  x   log   , then the value of f  a   f  b  is
 1 x 
 a b   ab   ab   a b 
a) log   b) log   c) log   d) log   e) None of these
 1  ab   1  ab   1  ab   1  ab 
12. The domain of the function x  x  1  x  2 is
a) R  {1} b) R  {2} c) R  {1, 2} d) R e) None of these
13. The range of the function f  x   sin x is
a) 1  y  1 b) 1  x  1 c) 1  y  1 d) 1  x  1 e) None of these
 1 1
14. Let f  x    x 2  2 ,  x  0  , then f  x  equals
 x x
a) x 2 b) x 2  1 c) x 2  1 d) x 2  2 e) None of these
15. The domain of the function f  x   x  1  x 2 is
 1   1   1  1 
a)  1,   ,1 b)  1,1 c)  ,     , 
 2  2   2  2 
 1 
d)  ,1 e) None of these
 2 
16. The domain of x 1  8  x
a) [1,8) b) (8,8) c) [1,8] d) (1,8) e) None of these
x2
17. The range of the function y  is
x  8x  4
2
11

 1  1 1  1
a)  ,   b) R   ,   c)   ,   e) None of these
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