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Trigonometry

Angle in Trigonometry B
(=r)
r
The rotation of a ray from one position to c
1 A
another along the circumference of a circle is r
O
known as an angle. The initial position of the
ray is called initial ray and the final position of
the ray is called terminal ray.
180
1 radian  1c  deg ree = 570 16 22 (approx.)
Positive angles: If the rotation of a ray from 
one position to another is in anti-clockwise,   
1deg ree  10     0.01746 radians (approx.)
then the angle is known as positive angle.  180 

Note2: Sexagesimal system. Expression in the

form x 0 y  z  (x degree y minutes z seconds) is
called sexagesimal system.

Negative angles: If the rotation of a ray from Note3:

one position to another is in anti-clockwise,
then the angle is known as positive angle. a) The angle between two consecutive digits
0

in a clock is 30 0 or 
360 
 .
 12 
b) The hour hand subtends an angle of 30 0 or
0
 360 
  in 1 minute.
 12 
1 Right angle  90 deg rees (90 0 )
c) The minute hand subtends an angle of 6 0 or
1  60 min utes (60 )
0
0
 360 
1  60 sec onds (60 )   in 1 minute.
 60 

Radian
Note4: In a regular Polygon
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre
a) All interior angles, exterior angles and all
by a positive arc equal in length to the radius of
sides are equal.
the circle.
b) Sum of all interior angles are equal.
Thus in the circular system, the circular c) Sum of all exterior angles are equal.
0
measure of an angle = the no. of radians  360 
d) Each exterior angle =  
contained in it. It is denoted by ‘c’.  No. of sides 
e) Each interior angle = 180  Exterior angle
1
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Note5: ToVidya
find the angle of a regular polygon Y
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means – find its interior angle.

Degree 30 60 90 120 180 360

P
   2
Radian 6 3 2 3  2 r
y

θ
x X
Arc, Radius and Angle relation. O M
.
l 5
B
opp.side y
sin   
 hypotenuse r
r
adjacent side x
O
r cos   
hypotenuse r
A opp.side y
tan   
adjacent side x
1 r
cos ec  
sin  y
Length of the arc of a circle having radius ‘r’
1 r
and inclination ‘’ radians is  r . sec  
cos  x
Trigonometric Functions: Trigonometric 1 x
cot = cot   
functions are periodic and thus many natural tan  y
phenomena are most readily studies with the
Quotient Relations
help of trigonometric functions. Unlike
algebraic functions, these functions are not sin  cos 
 tan   cot 
represented by single letters, instead the cos  sin 
abbreviation sin is used for sine function, cos is
Phythagoras’ relations
for cosine function, tan is for tangent function,
cosec for cosecant function, sec is for secant i. cos2   sin 2   1
function and cot is for cotangent function. For a a) cos2   1  sin 2 
given angle , it is usual to write sin for sin(),
b) sin 2   1  cos2 
etc.
ii. sec2   tan 2   1
a) sec2   1  tan 2 
b) tan 2   sec2   1
iii. cos ec2  cot 2   1
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a) cos ec2  1  cot 2  Note:
b) cot 2   cos ec2  1 a) Acute angle - angle less than 900 [< 900]
b) Obtuse angle - angle greater than 900 [> 900]
Quadrants
c) Right angle - angle is equal to 900 [ = 900]
Two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane
divide the plane into 4 regions and each region Trigonometric Ratios of particular angles.
is called quadrant. sin 0  cos90  0 cos 0  sin 90  1
tan 0  cot 90  0 cot 0  tan 90  
Y

1 3
II quadrant
sin 30  cos 60  cos 30  sin 60 
I quadrant 2 2
90 + θ 90 − θ
1
180 −θ 360 + θ
tan 30  cot 60  cot 30  tan 60  3
3
X  O
X

1
III quadrant
IV quadrant sin 45  cos 45  tan 45  cot 45 1
180 + θ
2
270 − θ 270 + θ
quadrant
360 − θ
Compound Angles and Reduction Formulae
Y  sin  x  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y

Signs of Trigonometric functions in different sin  x  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y

Quadrants cos  x  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y
Y
cos  x  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y
II quadrant I quadrant
tan x  tan y
sinθ, cosecθ All +ve tan  x  y  
are +ve 1  tan x tan y
tan x  tan y
 X tan  x  y  
X
O
1  tan x tan y
III quadrant IV quadrant
cot x cot y  1
tanθ, cotθ quadrant
cosθ, secθ cot  x  y  
are +ve are +ve cot x  cot y
cot x cot y  1
 cot  x  y  
Y
cot y  cot x
Hint for memory:- 1  tan x
tan(45  x) 
1. All Students Take Coffee 1  tan y
I II III IV 1  tan x
tan(45  x) 
2. After School Tuition Class 1  tan x
sin  x  y  z    sin x cos y cos z  sin x sin y sin z
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cos  x  y  z   cos x cos y cos z   sin x sin y cos z Reduction Formulae.

Reduction Formulae for ()

 tan x  tan x tan y tan z
tan  x  y  z   sin      sin  : cos ec      cos ec
1   tan x tan y
cos     cos : sec     sec
Important Formulae
tan      tan  :
sin  x  y  sin  x  y   sin 2 x  sin 2 y
cot      cot 
cos( x  y) cos  x  y   cos2 x  sin 2 y
Reduction Formulae for (90)
tan 2 x  tan 2 y
tan( x  y) tan  x  y  
1  tan 2 x tan 2 y sin  90     cos : cos  90     sin 
Product Formulae. tan  90     cot  : cot  90     tan 
 x y  x y
i. sin x  sin y  2sin   cos   Reduction Formulae for (90+)
 2   2 
 x y  x y sin  90  θ   cosθ : cos  90  θ    sin θ
ii. sin x  sin y  2cos   sin  
 2   2  tan  90  θ    cot θ : cot  90  θ    tan θ
 x y  x y Reduction Formulae for (180±)
iii. cos x  cos y  2cos   cos  
 2   2 
sin 180     sin  : cos 180      cos
 x y  x y
iv. cos x  cos y  2sin   sin   tan 180      tan  : cot 180      cot 
 2   2 
sin 180      sin  : cos 180      cos
Converse of Product Formulae.
tan 180     tan  : cot 180     cot 
i. 2sin x cos y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y 

ii. 2cos x sin y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y  Hint: Any trigonometric function is in the form

iii. 2cos x cos y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 

 n.90    is numerically equal to:

iv. 2sin x sin y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 

1) the same function if ‘n’ is an even integer
(2,4,6,…)
Related angles & General Reduction
2) the corresponding co-function if ‘n’ is an
Formulae
odd integer (1,3,5, ……)
For any angle , the angles
The algebraic sign in each case is same as
 ,90   ,180   , etc. are known as related the quadrant in which the given angle
angles and the functions expressed in terms of
 n.90    lies.
the related angles are known as General
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Function Co-function 1  cos 2 x  2cos2 x :
sin  cos 
1  cos 2 x  2sin 2 x
cos  sin 
1  sin 2 x   cos x  sin x 
2
:
tan  cot 
1  sin 2 x   cos x  sin x 
2
cot  tan 
cos ec sec  1  cos 2 x
 tan 2 x :
sec  cos ec 1  cos 2 x
 1  tan 2 x  1
tan x 
Examples: tan x
1 5 1 5 1
sin150  sin(1.90  60)   cos 60  (or) sin18  : cos 36 
2 4 4

sin150  sin(2.90  30)   sin 30 

1 10  2 5 10  2 5
2 cos18  : sin 36 
4 4
1 1  cos 2 x
sin 225  sin(2.90  45)   sin 45    cot 2 x :
2 1  cos 2 x
3 1  sin 2 x  
cos330  cos(4.90  30)   cos30   tan 2   x 
2 1  sin 2 x 4 
Note: Since T-functions are circular functions, 1  sin 2 x  
 tan 2   x 
we can add or subtract any number of 360s to 1  sin 2 x 4 
the given function, its value is not changed. For sin 3x  3sin x  4sin3 x
example,
cos3x  4cos3 x  3cos x
3
sin 420  sin(420  360)  sin 60  3tan x  tan 3 x
2 tan 3x 
1  3tan 2 x
sin(765)  sin(765  2.360)  sin(765  720)
sin 2n A
1 cos Acos 2Acos 22 A...cos 2n A 
= sin( 45)   sin 45   2n sin A
2
Sub-Multiple Angles
Multiple Angles x
2 tan
x x 2
sin 2 x  2sin x cos x 
2 tan x sin x  2 sin cos 
2 2 1  tan 2 x
1  tan 2 x
2
cos 2 x  cos2 x  sin 2 x  1  2sin 2 x  2cos 2 x 1 x x x x
cos x  cos 2  sin 2  1  2 sin 2  2 cos 2  1
2 2 2 2
1  tan 2 x x
= 1  tan 2
1  tan 2 x = 2
2 x
2 tan x 1  tan
tan 2 x  2
1  tan 2 x
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3 5  5 5
2 tan tan 90 
tan x  2 3 5  5 5
2 x
1  tan Values of sin150, cos150, tan150
2
x 3 1
1  cos x  2 cos 2 sin150 
2 2 2
x 3 1
1  cos x  2 sin 2 cos150 
2 2 2

2 tan150  2  3
 x x
1  sin x   cos  sin 
 2 2
Values of sin750, cos750, tan750, cot750
2
 x x
1  sin x   cos  sin 
 2 2 3 1
sin 75 
2 2
1  cos x x
 tan2 cos75 
3 1
1  cos x 2 2 2
1  cos x x 3 1
 cot 2 tan 75 
1  cos x 2 3 1
3 1
1  sin x  x cot 75 
 tan2    3 1
1  sin x  4 2     1
sin  sin     sin      sin 3
1  sin x  x  3   3  4
 tan2   
1  sin x  4 2     1
cos  cos     cos      cos3
 3   3  4
1  cos x x 1  tan 2 x  1    
  tan   tan  tan     tan      tan 3
sin x 2 tan x  3   3 
1
1  cos x x 1  tan 2 x  1 cos36  cos72  : cos36cos72  1
  cot   2 4
sin x 2 tan x
Trigonometric Equations.
10 10 10 10
Values of sin 22 ,cos 22 , tan 22 ,cot 22
2 2 2 2
The general value of  if
10 2 2 10 2 2 i. sin=0 is  = n, nZ
sin 22  cos 22 
2 2 2 2 
ii. cos=0 is  = 2n  1. , nZ
2
10 10
tan 22  2 1 cot 22  2 1 iii. tan=0 is  = n , nZ
2 2

The general value of  if

Values of sin90, cos90, tan90
i. sin = sin is  = n + (−1)n. , nZ
3 5  5 5 ii. cos = cos is  = 2n ± , nZ
sin 90 
4
iii. tan = tan is  = n + , nZ
0 3 5  5 5
cos9 
4
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The general value of  if Tips1:

i. sin 2   sin 2  is  = n ±  1. sin   0   0,  , 2 ,3 , ...

ii. cos2   cos2  is  = n ±  2. tan   0   0,  , 2 ,3 , ...

iii. tan 2   tan 2  is  = n ±  3. cos  1   0, 2 , 4 , ...

 3 5
4. cos   0   , , , ...
The general value of  if a cos  b sin   c 2 2 2
5. cos  1     ,3 ,5 , ...
dividing throughout by a 2  b2 then
a b c Tips2:
cos   sin  
a 2  b2 a 2  b2 a 2  b2 
……. (1) Then
knowing the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ we can find 
the value of the angle  such that Then
a b 
cos   and sin   . Also
a b2 2
a b2 2
Then
c 
find the angle  such that cos   .
a b2 2
Then
Then (1) becomes, 
cos  cos  sin  sin   cos  Then
i.e., cos cos   sin  sin   cos  
i.e., cos      cos  Then

     2n   Domain and Range of t-functions:

   2n     f (x) Domain Range

Trigonometric Identities
sin x R  1, 1
i. In any ABC, A+B+C =  cos x R  1, 1
Then A+B =−C tan x

R   2n  1 , n  Z R
2
C =  − (A+B)
cos ecx R  n, n  Z  , 1  1,  
ii. In any ABC, A+B+C = 
A B  C
sec x 
R   2n  1 , n  Z  , 1  1,  
Then =  2
2 2 2
cot x R  n, n  Z R
C   A B 
=  
2 2  2 
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Graph of t-functions

1. f (x)  sin x
0

0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0

1
3  
X
 3 2 5 3 7  4
O  X
4  7  5 2  3 
  2  2 -1 2 2 2
2 2 2

Y

2. f (x)  cos x

1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 - 0 1 0 -1 0 1
1

X 3  2 
X
 3  2 5  3 7  4
O 
4  7  5  3  
  2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2

Y
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3. f (x)  tan x

-1 1 0 0

X  X
 O   3 2

2 2 2

Y

4. f (x)  cot x

X  O   3 X
 2
 2
2 2

Y
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5. f (x)  sec x

  O   3 2

2 2 2

6. f (x)  cos ecx

  O   3 2

2 2 2
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Properties of les

a b c
i. Sine rule: In any ABC,   , where a, b, c are the sides and A, B, C are the
sin A sin B sinC
angles.

ii. Cosine rule: In any  ABC,

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cosA
b2 = c2 + a2 − 2ca cosB
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cosC

iii. Tangent rule (Napier’s Formula)

In any  ABC,
 B C  b c A
tan   cot
 2  bc 2
C  A ca B
tan   cot
 2  ca 2
 A B  a b C
tan   cot
 2  ab 2

Note:
a b c
 In any ABC,   where ‘R’ is the circumradius of the circum circle.
sin A sin B sin C
a  2R sin A b  2R sin B c  2R sin C

a b c
 R = =
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C

 In any ABC,

1. a  2R sin A : b  2R sin B : c  2R sin C

b2  c 2  a 2 c2  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  c 2
2. a 2
: b 
2
:c 
2

2bc 2ca 2ab

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