“ A Seminar Report on Alternatives to Petrol and Diesel “

A report submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted by

IMRAN KHAN

USN: 1NX17MBA15

Under the guidance of

Internal guide

Dr. S. Harish Babu

Professor and Head of the Department
Department of management studies,
NMIT, Bangalore

NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of management studies
P.B.NO 6429, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064
2017-2019

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 Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
(An Autonomous Institute under Visvesvaraya Technology University, Belgavi)
Department Of Management studies
2017-2019

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. IMRAN KHAN, bearing USN

1NX17MBA15, is a Bonafide student of Master of Business Administration
course of the Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology (2017-2019), affiliated to
Visvesvaraya Technology University, Belgavi. An Seminar report at
“Alternatives to Petrol and Diesel” is prepared by him under the Guidance of
Dr.S HARISH BABU, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the award of
the Degree of Master of Business Administration of Visvesvaraya Technology
University, Belgavi.

Dr.S Harish Babu Dr. S. Harish Babu Dr. H. C. Nagaraj

Internal Guide H.O.D of the Department Principal

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Introduction about alternative fuels
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are
any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than
conventional fuels like; fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural
gas), as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, as
well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
Some well-known
alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol, buta
nol), refuse-derived fuel, chemically stored electricity (batteries
and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural
gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomasssources.

What is an Alternative Fuel Vehicle

An alternative fuel vehicle may be defined as a vehicle that is
powered by any fuel other than the conventional petroleum fuels
(diesel or petrol). It also indicates any technology of engine powering
that does not entail solely petroleum (such as solar powered, electric
car or hybrid electric vehicles). Such a vehicle is therefore “cleaner”
and safer for the environment.
A green vehicle (also known as an environmentally friendly vehicle)
is a motor vehicle for the road that produces less environmental
impacts than comparable traditional internal combustion engine
vehicles that are powered by diesel or gasoline, or one that utilizes
specific alternative fuels.

Reasons to use Alternative Fuel

1) Conventional fuels are going to run out
One day, our sources for traditional fuels including
petroleum would be depleted. Owing to the fact that these fuels are typically
not renewable, a lot of people are worried that a day would come when the
demand for these fuels would be more than the supply, triggering a

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 considerable world crisis. Non-environmentalists also concur with the
opinion that the majority of oil fields (situated in the Middle East) in the
world are associated with problems – both political and economic.
Determining a new method or solution with respect to finding different
countries to create new fuels would reduce the unrest and conflict resulting
from the world’s dependence on fuel supply from the Middle East.

2) To reduce pollution
The use of alternative fuels considerably decreases harmful
exhaust emissions (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter
and sulfur dioxide) as well as ozone-producing emissions.

3) To protect against global warming

According to a commonly accepted scientific theory,
burning fossil fuels was causing temperatures to rise in the earth’s
atmosphere (global warming). Though global warming continues to be just a
theory, a lot of people across the globe are of the belief that discovering
sources of cleaner burning fuel is an essential step towards enhancing the
quality of our environment.

4) To save money
Alternative fuels can be less expensive to use not just in
terms of the fuel itself but also in terms of a longer service life. This in turn
means savings for the long term.

5) Can reuse waste

Biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower provide modern and
fresh relevance to the old belief that trash for one person is a treasure for
another. That’s good news considering that Americans produce in excess of 236
million tons of waste each year.

6) More choices
People are different. Each person has his own requirements,
opinions, and preferences. One great thing about alternative fuels and the

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 corresponding vehicles that run on them is that there is something to suit any
lifestyle.

7) Can frequently be produced when needed

Often, alternative fuels can be developed domestically, utilizing
a country’s resources and thereby strengthening the economy.

Types of Alternative Fuels

1.Solar
A solar car is one powered by solar energy got from solar panels present on the
car. It is an electric vehicle. At present, solar panels cannot be utilized to
directly give a car the required amount of power. However, they can be utilized
to increase the range of electric vehicles. They are used for racing in
competitions such as the North American Solar Challenge and the World Solar
Challenge. Frequently, these events are sponsored by the United States
Department of Energy or other government agencies eager to encourage the
growth of alternative energy applying technology such as electric vehicles and
solar cells.
Nuna, a group of manned vehicles running on solar power clinched the World
Solar Challenge held at Australia, three times in succession. This was in the
years 2001, 2003 and 2005. The Nunas are developed by students from the
Delft University of Technology.
A two-seater renewable energy vehicle called Trev was designed by staff and
students from the University of South Australia. This vehicle was first
showcased at the 2005 World Solar Challenge as the idea of an efficient, low-
mass commuter car. With a mass of approximately 300 kg and 3 wheels, the
prototype car’s acceleration was 0-100 km/h in approximately 10 seconds and a
maximum speed of 120 km/h.

2. Electricity
Electricity can be used as a transportation alternative fuel for battery-powered
electric and fuel-cell vehicles. Battery powered electric vehicles store power in
batteries that are recharged by plugging the vehicle into a standard electrical
source. Fuel-cell vehicles run on electricity that is produced through an
electrochemical reaction that occurs when hydrogen and oxygen are

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combined. Positive: Electricity for transportation is highly efficient, and we
already have an extensive electricity network. In the case of fuel cells, they
produce electricity without combustion or pollution. Negative: Much electricity
is generated today from coal or natural gas, leaving a bad carbon footprint.
(Nonetheless, electric vehicles are still the greenest option around when it
comes to cars.)

3.Biofuels
Ethanol and biodiesel are the two major biofuels created from bioenergy.
Ethanol can be developed from sugar cane in Brazil or other tropical countries
and from crops such as soya bean and corn in the United States and other places
where the climate is temperate.
Biodiesel is mostly developed from vegetable oils and may be utilized in any
diesel automobile devoid of modification.
Gasoline comprising 10 percent of ethanol can be utilized in the majority of
modern autos bereft of modification. Higher mixes of ethanol (20 percent and
85 percent) may be utilized in modern FFV (Flexi Fuel Vehicles) available from
the majority of automobile companies.
Compressed biogas can be utilized for Internal Combustion Engines after the
raw gas has been purified. The taking away of H2S, H20 and particles may be
considered as standard creating a gas with the same features as Compressed
Natural Gas. The utilization of biogas is specifically interesting for climates
where a biogas powered power plant’s waste heat could be utilized in the course
of the summer.

4. Hydrogen
As of 2009, Hydrogen fuelled cars for the main market seems to be a distant
happening. As per the 2006-published Hydrogen Posture Plan (from the U.S.
Department of Energy), the chief issue of utilizing hydrogen as fuel for vehicles
is: in spite of the fact that hydrogen is the element available in plenty in the
universe, the form in which it exists on the earth is not naturally elemental. To
get pure hydrogen, it must be created from other compounds that contain
hydrogen such as biomass, water or fossil fuels.

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5.Natural gas
At present, compressed natural gas is utilized in 20 percent of buses and
numerous converted vehicles in the United States. Though natural gas is
typically available only by way of extraction from fossil fuels, it continues to be
regarded as a great fuel alternative owing to its availability in the U.S. In
addition, it is associated with cleaner burning compared to regular petroleum.

6. Propane
Propane (also termed LPG or liquefied petroleum gas) is a fossil fuel that is
domestically available in abundance and which produces less harmful
greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The utilization of propane as a vehicle fuel
provides convenience, enhances energy security, improves the environment and
public health and offers performance benefits.
Usually, with respect to fleet applications, propane is less expensive than
gasoline and provides a comparable driving range to traditional fuel. Despite the
fact that its octane rating is higher than that of gasoline (104 to 112 for the
former as against 87 to 92 for the latter), and possibly more horsepower, its Btu
rating is less than that of gasoline thereby leading to the positive benefit of
lower fuel economy. Thanks to the fuel’s mixture of air and propane being fully
gaseous, cold start issues relating to liquid fuel are decreased.
Propane is insoluble in water, nonpoisonous and non-toxic. When compared
with vehicles powered by conventional gasoline and diesel, propane vehicles
can deliver lower amounts of certain harmful greenhouse gases and air
pollutants, depending on engine calibration, drive cycle and vehicle type.

7. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel based on vegetable oils or animal fats, even those
recycled after restaurants have used them for cooking. Vehicle engines can be
converted to burn biodiesel in its pure form, and biodiesel can also be blended
with petroleum diesel and used in unmodified engines. Positive: Biodiesel is
safe, biodegradable, reduces air pollutants associated with vehicle emissions,
such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Negative:
Limited production and distribution infrastructure.

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Future of alternative fuel vehicles
Cars that run on alternative fuels like biofuels and liquefied natural gas can cost
less, cut emissions, and reduce dependence on foreign fuels, according to a
report by MIT’s Energy Initiative (MITEI).

The report looked at the future of natural gas, biofuels and gasoline as fuels for
light-duty vehicles over the next two to three decades. Specifically, it studied
both “bi-fuel” vehicles able to run on either gasoline or natural gas, and “flex-
fuel” vehicles able to run on a blend of gasoline, ethanol or methanol (or all
three simultaneously).

The report is based on a 2012 MITEI symposium that brought together experts
and policymakers to discuss the prospects for alternative fuel technologies for
light-duty vehicles and how an expanded alternative fuel market might be
achieved.

“Alternative fuel vehicles could have enormous benefits for our wallets and our
health because they are cleaner and potentially cheaper fuels,” says John
Deutch, one of the lead organizers of the symposium. “But there is also
enormous uncertainty and disagreement surrounding the future of these fuels.
This report, and our symposium on the topic, makes this abundantly clear.”

Conclusion
There are many different alternative fuel options being developed right
now.For those who would like to make a change right now, many of the options
are already available and would be suitable for day to day life.But for those who
would like to stay in the mainstream, the future is looking promising with many
alternatives that are inexpensive, efficient, and are environment friendly. By
making the right choices and further developing these technologies will have
the power to save the planet.

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