Republic Act No. 10142: July 18, 2010

(1)
July 18, 2010
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10142
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REHABILITATION OR LIQUIDATION OF

FINANCIALLY DISTRESSED ENTERPRISES AND INDIVIDUALS
CHAPTER I
General Provisions
SECTION 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the "Financial

Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act (FRIA) of 2010". ADECcI
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. — It is the policy of the State to

encourage debtors, both juridical and natural persons, and their creditors to
collectively and realistically resolve and adjust competing claims and property rights.
In furtherance thereof, the State shall ensure a timely, fair, transparent, effective and
efficient rehabilitation or liquidation of debtors. The rehabilitation or liquidation shall
be made with a view to ensure or maintain certainty and predictability in commercial
affairs, preserve and maximize the value of the assets of these debtors, recognize
creditor rights and respect priority of claims, and ensure equitable treatment of
creditors who are similarly situated. When rehabilitation is not feasible, it is in the
interest of the State to facilitate a speedy and orderly liquidation of these debtors'
assets and the settlement of their obligations.
SECTION 3. Nature of Proceedings. — The proceedings under this Act

shall be in rem. Jurisdiction over all persons affected by the proceedings shall be
considered as acquired upon publication of the notice of the commencement of the
proceedings in any newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines in the manner
prescribed by the rules of procedure to be promulgated by the Supreme Court.
The proceedings shall be conducted in a summary and non-adversarial manner
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consistent with the declared policies of this Act and in accordance with the rules of
procedure that the Supreme Court may promulgate.
SECTION 4. Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act, the term:
(a) Administrative expenses shall refer to those reasonable and necessary

expenses:
(1) incurred or arising from the filing of a petition under the

provisions of this Act;
(2) arising from, or in connection with, the conduct of the

proceedings under this Act, including those incurred for the
rehabilitation or liquidation of the debtor;
(3) incurred in the ordinary course of business of the debtor after the
commencement date;
(4) for the payment of new obligations obtained after the

commencement date to finance the rehabilitation of the debtor;
(5) incurred for the fees of the rehabilitation receiver or liquidator

and of the professionals engaged by them; and
(6) that are otherwise authorized or mandated under this Act or such
other expenses as may be allowed by the Supreme Court in its
rules.
(b) Affiliate shall refer to a corporation that directly or indirectly, through

one or more intermediaries, is controlled by, or is under the common
control of another corporation.
(c) Claim shall refer to all claims or demands of whatever nature or

character against the debtor or its property, whether for money or
otherwise, liquidated or unliquidated, fixed or contingent, matured or
unmatured, disputed or undisputed, including, but not limited to: (1) all
claims of the government, whether national or local, including taxes,
tariffs and customs duties; and (2) claims against directors and officers
of the debtor arising from acts done in the discharge of their functions
falling within the scope of their authority: Provided, That, this inclusion
does not prohibit the creditors or third parties from filing cases against
the directors and officers acting in their personal capacities. ECaITc
(d) Commencement date shall refer to the date on which the court issues the
Commencement Order, which shall be retroactive to the date of filing of
the petition for voluntary or involuntary proceedings.
(e) Commencement Order shall refer to the order issued by the court under
Section 16 of this Act.
(f) Control shall refer to the power of a parent corporation to direct or

govern the financial and operating policies of an enterprise so as to
obtain benefits from its activities. Control is presumed to exist when the
parent owns, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries or affiliates,
more than one-half (1/2) of the voting power of an enterprise unless, in
exceptional circumstances, it can clearly be demonstrated that such
ownership does not constitute control. Control also exists even when the
parent owns one-half (1/2) or less of the voting power of an enterprise
when there is power:
(1) over more than one-half (1/2) of the voting rights by virtue of an
agreement with investors;
(2) to direct or govern the financial and operating policies of the

enterprise under a statute or an agreement;
(3) to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of

directors or equivalent governing body; or
(4) to cast the majority votes at meetings of the board of directors or

equivalent governing body.
(g) Court shall refer to the court designated by the Supreme Court to hear
and determine, at the first instance, the cases brought under this Act.
(h) Creditor shall refer to a natural or juridical person which has a claim
against the debtor that arose on or before the commencement date.
(i) Date of liquidation shall refer to the date on which the court issues the
Liquidation Order.
(j) Days shall refer to calendar days unless otherwise specifically stated in
this Act.
(k) Debtor shall refer to, unless specifically excluded by a provision of this
Act, a sole proprietorship duly registered with the Department of Trade
and Industry (DTI), a partnership duly registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC), a corporation duly organized and existing
under Philippine laws, or an individual debtor who has become
insolvent as defined herein.
(l) Encumbered property shall refer to real or personal property of the

debtor upon which a lien attaches.
(m) General unsecured creditor shall refer to a creditor whose claim or a

portion thereof is neither secured, preferred nor subordinated under this
Act.
(n) Group of debtors shall refer to and can cover only: (1) corporations that
are financially related to one another as parent corporations, subsidiaries
or affiliates; (2) partnerships that are owned more than fifty percent
(50%) by the same person; and (3) single proprietorships that are owned
by the same person. When the petition covers a group of debtors, all
reference under these rules to debtor shall include and apply to the
group of debtors. DSAEIT
(o) Individual debtor shall refer to a natural person who is a resident and
citizen of the Philippines that has become insolvent as defined herein.
(p) Insolvent shall refer to the financial condition of a debtor that is

generally unable to pay its or his liabilities as they fall due in the
ordinary course of business or has liabilities that are greater than its or
his assets.
(q) Insolvent debtor's estate shall refer to the estate of the insolvent debtor,
which includes all the property and assets of the debtor as of
commencement date, plus the property and assets acquired by the
rehabilitation receiver or liquidator after that date, as well as all other
property and assets in which the debtor has an ownership interest,
whether or not these property and assets are in the debtor's possession as
of commencement date: Provided, That trust assets and bailment, and
other property and assets of a third party that are in the possession of the
debtor as of commencement date, are excluded therefrom.
(r) Involuntary proceedings shall refer to proceedings initiated by creditors.
(s) Liabilities shall refer to monetary claims against the debtor, including
stockholder's advances that have been recorded in the debtor's audited
financial statements as advances for future subscriptions.
(t) Lien shall refer to a statutory or contractual claim or judicial charge on

real or personal property that legally entitles a creditor to resort to said
property for payment of the claim or debt secured by such lien.
(u) Liquidation shall refer to the proceedings under Chapter V of this Act.
(v) Liquidation Order shall refer to the Order issued by the court under
Section 112 of this Act.
(w) Liquidator shall refer to the natural person or juridical entity appointed
as such by the court and entrusted with such powers and duties as set
forth in this Act: Provided, That, if the liquidator is a juridical entity, it
must designate a natural person who possesses all the qualifications and
none of the disqualifications as its representative, it being understood
that the juridical entity and the representative are solidarily liable for all
obligations and responsibilities of the liquidator.
(x) Officer shall refer to a natural person holding a management position

described in or contemplated by a juridical entity's articles of
incorporation, bylaws or equivalent documents, except for the corporate
secretary, the assistant corporate secretary and the external auditor.
(y) Ordinary course of business shall refer to transactions in the pursuit of

the individual debtor's or debtor's business operations prior to
rehabilitation or insolvency proceedings and on ordinary business terms.
(z) Ownership interest shall refer to the ownership interest of third parties
in property held by the debtor, including those covered by trust receipts
or assignments of receivables.
(aa) Parent shall refer to a corporation which has control over another
corporation either directly or indirectly through one or more
intermediaries. AaHTIE
(bb) Party to the proceedings shall refer to the debtor, a creditor, the
unsecured creditors' committee, a stakeholder, a party with an ownership
interest in property held by the debtor, a secured creditor, the
rehabilitation receiver, liquidator or any other juridical or natural person
who stands to be benefited or injured by the outcome of the proceedings
and whose notice of appearance is accepted by the court.
(cc) Possessory lien shall refer to a lien on property, the possession of which
has been transferred to a creditor or a representative or agent thereof.
(dd) Proceedings shall refer to judicial proceedings commenced by the

court's acceptance of a petition filed under this Act.
(ee) Property of others shall refer to property held by the debtor in which
other persons have an ownership interest.
(ff) Publication notice shall refer to notice through publication in a

newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines on a business day for
two (2) consecutive weeks.
(gg) Rehabilitation shall refer to the restoration of the debtor to a condition

of successful operation and solvency, if it is shown that its continuance
of operation is economically feasible and its creditors can recover by
way of the present value of payments projected in the plan, more if the
debtor continues as a going concern than if it is immediately liquidated.
(hh) Rehabilitation receiver shall refer to the person or persons, natural or

juridical, appointed as such by the court pursuant to this Act and which
shall be entrusted with such powers and duties as set forth herein.
(ii) Rehabilitation Plan shall refer to a plan by which the financial

well-being and viability of an insolvent debtor can be restored using
various means including, but not limited to, debt forgiveness, debt
rescheduling, reorganization or quasi-reorganization, dacion en pago,
debt-equity conversion and sale of the business (or parts of it) as a going
concern, or setting-up of new business entity as prescribed in Section 62
hereof, or other similar arrangements as may be approved by the court
or creditors.
(jj) Secured claim shall refer to a claim that is secured by a lien.
(kk) Secured creditor shall refer to a creditor with a secured claim.
(ll) Secured party shall refer to a secured creditor or the agent or

representative of such secured creditor.
(mm) Securities market participant shall refer to a broker, dealer, underwriter,

transfer agent or other juridical persons transacting securities in the
capital market.
(nn) Stakeholder shall refer, in addition to a holder of shares of a

corporation, to a member of a nonstock corporation or association or a
partner in a partnership.
(oo) Subsidiary shall refer to a corporation more than fifty percent (50%) of
the voting stock of which is owned or controlled directly or indirectly
through one or more intermediaries by another corporation, which
thereby becomes its parent corporation.
(pp) Unsecured claim shall refer to a claim that is not secured by a lien. HScaCT
(qq) Unsecured creditor shall refer to a creditor with an unsecured claim.
(rr) Voluntary proceedings shall refer to proceedings initiated by the debtor.
(ss) Voting creditor shall refer to a creditor that is a member of a class of

creditors, the consent of which is necessary for the approval of a
Rehabilitation Plan under this Act.
SECTION 5. Exclusions. — The term debtor does not include banks,

insurance companies, pre-need companies, and national and local government
agencies or units.
For purposes of this section:
(a) Bank shall refer to any duly licensed bank or quasi-bank that is
potentially or actually subject to conservatorship, receivership or
liquidation proceedings under the New Central Bank Act (Republic Act
No. 7653) or successor legislation;
(b) Insurance company shall refer to those companies that are potentially or
actually subject to insolvency proceedings under the Insurance Code
(Presidential Decree No. 1460) or successor legislation; and
(c) Pre-need company shall refer to any corporation authorized/licensed to

sell or offer to sell pre-need plans.
Provided, That government financial institutions other than banks and

government-owned or -controlled corporations shall be covered by this Act, unless
their specific charter provides otherwise.
SECTION 6. Designation of Courts and Promulgation of Procedural

Rules. — The Supreme Court shall designate the court or courts that will hear and
resolve cases brought under this Act and shall promulgate the rules of pleading,
practice and procedure to govern the proceedings brought under this Act.
SECTION 7. Substantive and Procedural Consolidation. — Each

juridical entity shall be considered as a separate entity under the proceedings in this
Act. Under these proceedings, the assets and liabilities of a debtor may not be
commingled or aggregated with those of another, unless the latter is a related
enterprise that is owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same interests:
Provided, however, That the commingling or aggregation of assets and liabilities of
the debtor with those of a related enterprise may only be allowed where:
(a) there was commingling in fact of assets and liabilities of the debtor and
the related enterprise prior to the commencement of the proceedings;
(b) the debtor and the related enterprise have common creditors and it will
be more convenient to treat them together rather than separately;
(c) the related enterprise voluntarily accedes to join the debtor as party
petitioner and to commingle its assets and liabilities with the debtor's;
and
(d) The consolidation of assets and liabilities of the debtor and the related
enterprise is beneficial to all concerned and promotes the objectives of
rehabilitation.
Provided, finally, That nothing in this section shall prevent the court from
joining other entities affiliated with the debtor as parties pursuant to the rules of
procedure as may be promulgated by the Supreme Court.
SECTION 8. Decisions of Creditors. — Decisions of creditors shall be

made according to the relevant provisions of the Corporation Code in the case of
stock or nonstock corporations or the Civil Code in the case of partnerships that are
not inconsistent with this Act.
SECTION 9. Creditors' Representatives. — Creditors may designate

representatives to vote or otherwise act on their behalf by filing notice of such
representation with the court and serving a copy on the rehabilitation receiver or
liquidator. IaTSED
SECTION 10. Liability of Individual Debtor, Owner of a Sole

Proprietorship, Partners in a Partnership, or Directors and Officers. — Individual
debtor, owner of a sole proprietorship, partners in a partnership, or directors and
officers of a debtor shall be liable for double the value of the property sold, embezzled
or disposed of or double the amount of the transaction involved, whichever is higher,
to be recovered for the benefit of the debtor and the creditors, if they, having notice of
the commencement of the proceedings, or having reason to believe that proceedings
are about to be commenced, or in contemplation of the proceedings, willfully commit
the following acts:
(a) Dispose or cause to be disposed of any property of the debtor other than
in the ordinary course of business or authorize or approve any
transaction in fraud of creditors or in a manner grossly disadvantageous
to the debtor and/or creditors; or
(b) Conceal, or authorize or approve the concealment, from the creditors, or

embezzles or misappropriates, any property of the debtor.
The court shall determine the extent of the liability of an owner, partner,
director or officer under this section. In this connection, in case of partnerships and
corporations, the court shall consider the amount of the shareholding or partnership or
equity interest of such partner, director or officer, the degree of control of such
partner, director or officer over the debtor, and the extent of the involvement of such
partner, director or debtor in the actual management of the operations of the debtor.
SECTION 11. Authorization to Exchange Debt for Equity. —

Notwithstanding applicable banking legislation to the contrary, any bank, whether
universal or not, may acquire and hold an equity interest or investment in a debtor or
its subsidiaries when conveyed to such bank in satisfaction of debts pursuant to a
Rehabilitation or Liquidation Plan approved by the court: Provided, That such
ownership shall be subject to the ownership limits applicable to universal banks for
equity investments and: Provided, further, That any equity investment or interest
acquired or held pursuant to this section shall be disposed by the bank within a period
of five (5) years or as may be prescribed by the Monetary Board.
CHAPTER II
Court-Supervised Rehabilitation
(A) Initiation Proceedings.
(1) Voluntary Proceedings. HEDSIc
SECTION 12. Petition to Initiate Voluntary Proceedings by Debtor. —

When approved by the owner in case of a sole proprietorship, or by a majority of the
partners in case of a partnership, or, in case of a corporation, by a majority vote of the
board of directors or trustees and authorized by the vote of the stockholders
representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, or in case of
nonstock corporation, by the vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members, in a
stockholder's or member's meeting duly called for the purpose, an insolvent debtor
may initiate voluntary proceedings under this Act by filing a petition for rehabilitation
with the court and on the grounds hereinafter specifically provided. The petition shall
be verified to establish the insolvency of the debtor and the viability of its
rehabilitation, and include, whether as an attachment or as part of the body of the
petition, as a minimum, the following:
(a) Identification of the debtor, its principal activities and its addresses;
(b) Statement of the fact of and the cause of the debtor's insolvency or
inability to pay its obligations as they become due;
(c) The specific relief sought pursuant to this Act;
(d) The grounds upon which the petition is based;
(e) Other information that may be required under this Act depending on the
form of relief requested;
(f) Schedule of the debtor's debts and liabilities including a list of creditors
with their addresses, amounts of claims and collaterals, or securities, if
any;
(g) An inventory of all its assets including receivables and claims against
third parties;
(h) A Rehabilitation Plan;
(i) The names of at least three (3) nominees to the position of rehabilitation
receiver; and
(j) Other documents required to be filed with the petition pursuant to this
Act and the rules of procedure as may be promulgated by the Supreme
Court.
A group of debtors may jointly file a petition for rehabilitation under this Act
when one or more of its members foresee the impossibility of meeting debts when
they respectively fall due, and the financial distress would likely adversely affect the
financial condition and/or operations of the other members of the group and/or the
participation of the other members of the group is essential under the terms and
conditions of the proposed Rehabilitation Plan.
(2) Involuntary Proceedings.
SECTION 13. Circumstances Necessary to Initiate Involuntary

Proceedings. — Any creditor or group of creditors with a claim of, or the aggregate of
whose claims is, at least One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) or at least twenty-five
percent (25%) of the subscribed capital stock or partners' contributions, whichever is
higher, may initiate involuntary proceedings against the debtor by filing a petition for
rehabilitation with the court if:
(a) there is no genuine issue of fact or law on the claim/s of the petitioner/s,
and that the due and demandable payments thereon have not been made
for at least sixty (60) days or that the debtor has failed generally to meet
its liabilities as they fall due; or
(b) a creditor, other than the petitioner/s, has initiated foreclosure

proceedings against the debtor that will prevent the debtor from paying
its debts as they become due or will render it insolvent.
SECTION 14. Petition to Initiate Involuntary Proceedings. — The

creditor/s' petition for rehabilitation shall be verified to establish the substantial
likelihood that the debtor may be rehabilitated, and include:
(a) identification of the debtor, its principal activities and its address;
(b) the circumstances sufficient to support a petition to initiate involuntary

rehabilitation proceedings under Section 13 of this Act;
(c) the specific relief sought under this Act;
(d) a Rehabilitation Plan;
(e) the names of at least three (3) nominees to the position of rehabilitation
receiver;
(f) other information that may be required under this Act depending on the
form of relief requested; and
(g) other documents required to be filed with the petition pursuant to this
Act and the rules of procedure as may be promulgated by the Supreme
Court. CIETDc
(B) Action on the Petition and Commencement of Proceedings.
SECTION 15. Action on the Petition. — If the court finds the petition for
rehabilitation to be sufficient in form and substance, it shall, within five (5) working
days from the filing of the petition, issue a Commencement Order. If, within the same
period, the court finds the petition deficient in form or substance, the court may, in its
discretion, give the petitioner/s a reasonable period of time within which to amend or
supplement the petition, or to submit such documents as may be necessary or proper to
put the petition in proper order. In such case, the five (5) working days provided
above for the issuance of the Commencement Order shall be reckoned from the date
of the filing of the amended or supplemental petition or the submission of such
documents.
SECTION 16. Commencement of Proceedings and Issuance of a

Commencement Order. — The rehabilitation proceedings shall commence upon the
issuance of the Commencement Order, which shall:
(a) identify the debtor, its principal business or activity/ies and its principal
place of business;
(b) summarize the ground/s for initiating the proceedings;
(c) state the relief sought under this Act and any requirement or procedure
particular to the relief sought;
(d) state the legal effects of the Commencement Order, including those
mentioned in Section 17 hereof;
(e) declare that the debtor is under rehabilitation;
(f) direct the publication of the Commencement Order in a newspaper of

general circulation in the Philippines once a week for at least two (2)
consecutive weeks, with the first publication to be made within seven
(7) days from the time of its issuance;
(g) if the petitioner is the debtor, direct the service by personal delivery of a
copy of the petition on each creditor holding at least ten percent (10%)
of the total liabilities of the debtor as determined from the schedule
attached to the petition within five (5) days; if the petitioner/s is/are
creditor/s, direct the service by personal delivery of a copy of the
petition on the debtor within five (5) days;
(h) appoint a rehabilitation receiver who may or may not be from among the
nominees of the petitioner/s, and who shall exercise such powers and
duties defined in this Act as well as the procedural rules that the
Supreme Court will promulgate;
(i) summarize the requirements and deadlines for creditors to establish their
claims against the debtor and direct all creditors to file their claims with
the court at least five (5) days before the initial hearing;
(j) direct the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) to file and serve on the
debtor its comment on or opposition to the petition or its claim/s against
the debtor under such procedures as the Supreme Court may hereafter
provide;
(k) prohibit the debtor's suppliers of goods or services from withholding the
supply of goods and services in the ordinary course of business for as
long as the debtor makes payments for the services or goods supplied
after the issuance of the Commencement Order;
(l) authorize the payment of administrative expenses as they become due;
(m) set the case for initial hearing, which shall not be more than forty (40)
days from the date of filing of the petition for the purpose of
determining whether there is substantial likelihood for the debtor to be
rehabilitated;
(n) make available copies of the petition and rehabilitation plan for
examination and copying by any interested party;
(o) indicate the location or locations at which documents regarding the

debtor and the proceedings under this Act may be reviewed and copied;
(p) state that any creditor or debtor, who is not the petitioner, may submit
the name or nominate any other qualified person to the position of
rehabilitation receiver at least five (5) days before the initial hearing;
(q) include a Stay or Suspension Order which shall:
(1) suspend all actions or proceedings, in court or otherwise, for the

enforcement of claims against the debtor;
(2) suspend all actions to enforce any judgment, attachment or other

provisional remedies against the debtor;
(3) prohibit the debtor from selling, encumbering, transferring or

disposing in any manner any of its properties except in the
ordinary course of business; and
(4) prohibit the debtor from making any payment of its liabilities
outstanding as of the commencement date except as may be
provided herein. TDAcCa
SECTION 17. Effects of the Commencement Order. — Unless otherwise

provided for in this Act, the court's issuance of a Commencement Order shall, in
addition to the effects of a Stay or Suspension Order described in Section 16 hereof:
(a) vest the rehabilitation receiver with all the powers and functions
provided for in this Act, such as the right to review and obtain all
records to which the debtor's management and directors have access,
including bank accounts of whatever nature of the debtor, subject to the
approval by the court of the performance bond filed by the rehabilitation
receiver;
(b) prohibit, or otherwise serve as the legal basis for rendering null and void
the results of any extrajudicial activity or process to seize property, sell
encumbered property, or otherwise attempt to collect on or enforce a
claim against the debtor after the commencement date unless otherwise
allowed in this Act, subject to the provisions of Section 50 hereof;
(c) serve as the legal basis for rendering null and void any set-off after the
commencement date of any debt owed to the debtor by any of the
debtor's creditors;
(d) serve as the legal basis for rendering null and void the perfection of any
lien against the debtor's property after the commencement date; and
(e) consolidate the resolution of all legal proceedings by and against the
debtor to the court: Provided, however, That the court may allow the
continuation of cases in other courts where the debtor had initiated the
suit.
Attempts to seek legal or other recourse against the debtor outside these
proceedings shall be sufficient to support a finding of indirect contempt of court.
SECTION 18. Exceptions to the Stay or Suspension Order. — The Stay or

Suspension Order shall not apply:
(a) to cases already pending appeal in the Supreme Court as of

commencement date: Provided, That any final and executory judgment
arising from such appeal shall be referred to the court for appropriate
action;
(b) subject to the discretion of the court, to cases pending or filed at a

specialized court or quasi-judicial agency which, upon determination by
the court, is capable of resolving the claim more quickly, fairly and
efficiently than the court: Provided, That any final and executory
judgment of such court or agency shall be referred to the court and shall
be treated as a non-disputed claim;
(c) to the enforcement of claims against sureties and other persons

solidarily liable with the debtor, and third party or accommodation
mortgagors as well as issuers of letters of credit, unless the property
subject of the third party or accommodation mortgage is necessary for
the rehabilitation of the debtor as determined by the court upon
recommendation by the rehabilitation receiver;
(d) to any form of action of customers or clients of a securities market

participant to recover or otherwise claim moneys and securities
entrusted to the latter in the ordinary course of the latter's business as
well as any action of such securities market participant or the
appropriate regulatory agency or self-regulatory organization to pay or
settle such claims or liabilities;
(e) to the actions of a licensed broker or dealer to sell pledged securities of

a debtor pursuant to a securities pledge or margin agreement for the
settlement of securities transactions in accordance with the provisions of
the Securities Regulation Code and its implementing rules and
regulations; SETAcC
(f) the clearing and settlement of financial transactions through the

facilities of a clearing agency or similar entities duly authorized,
registered and/or recognized by the appropriate regulatory agency like
the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and the SEC as well as any form
of actions of such agencies or entities to reimburse themselves for any
transactions settled for the debtor; and
(g) any criminal action against the individual debtor or owner, partner,
director or officer of a debtor shall not be affected by any proceeding
commenced under this Act.
SECTION 19. Waiver of Taxes and Fees Due to the National Government
and to Local Government Units (LGUs). — Upon issuance of the Commencement
Order by the court, and until the approval of the Rehabilitation Plan or dismissal of
the petition, whichever is earlier, the imposition of all taxes and fees, including
penalties, interests and charges thereof, due to the national government or to LGUs
shall be considered waived, in furtherance of the objectives of rehabilitation.
SECTION 20. Application of Stay or Suspension Order to Government

Financial Institutions. — The provisions of this Act concerning the effects of the
Commencement Order and the Stay or Suspension Order on the suspension of rights
to foreclose or otherwise pursue legal remedies shall apply to government financial
institutions, notwithstanding provisions in their charters or other laws to the contrary.
SECTION 21. Effectivity and Duration of Commencement Order. —

Unless lifted by the court, the Commencement Order shall be effective for the
duration of the rehabilitation proceedings for as long as there is a substantial
likelihood that the debtor will be successfully rehabilitated. In determining whether
there is substantial likelihood for the debtor to be successfully rehabilitated, the court
shall ensure that the following minimum requirements are met:
(a) The proposed Rehabilitation Plan submitted complies with the minimum
contents prescribed by this Act;
(b) There is sufficient monitoring by the rehabilitation receiver of the

debtor's business for the protection of creditors;
(c) The debtor has met with its creditors to the extent reasonably possible in
attempts to reach a consensus on the proposed Rehabilitation Plan;
(d) The rehabilitation receiver submits a report, based on preliminary

evaluation, stating that the underlying assumptions and the financial
goals stated in the petitioner's Rehabilitation Plan are realistic, feasible
and reasonable; or, if not, there is, in any case, a substantial likelihood
for the debtor to be successfully rehabilitated because, among others:
(1) there are sufficient assets with which to rehabilitate the debtor;
(2) there is sufficient cash flow to maintain the operations of the

debtor;
(3) the debtor's owner/s, partners, stockholders, directors and officers

have been acting in good faith and with due diligence; IaDTES
(4) the petition is not a sham filing intended only to delay the
enforcement of the rights of the creditor/s or of any group of
creditors; and
(5) the debtor would likely be able to pursue a viable Rehabilitation

Plan;
(e) The petition, the Rehabilitation Plan and the attachments thereto do not
contain any materially false or misleading statement;
(f) If the petitioner is the debtor, that the debtor has met with its creditor/s
representing at least three-fourths (3/4) of its total obligations to the
extent reasonably possible and made a good faith effort to reach a
consensus on the proposed Rehabilitation Plan; if the petitioner/s is/are
a creditor or group of creditors, that the petitioner/s has/have met with
the debtor and made a good faith effort to reach a consensus on the
proposed Rehabilitation Plan; and
(g) The debtor has not committed acts of misrepresentation or in fraud of its
creditor/s or a group of creditors.
SECTION 22. Action at the Initial Hearing. — At the initial hearing, the
court shall:
(a) determine the creditors who have made timely and proper filing of their
notice of claims;
(b) hear and determine any objection to the qualifications or the

appointment of the rehabilitation receiver and, if necessary, appoint a
new one in accordance with this Act;
(c) direct the creditors to comment on the petition and the Rehabilitation
Plan, and to submit the same to the court and to the rehabilitation
receiver within a period of not more than twenty (20) days; and
(d) direct the rehabilitation receiver to evaluate the financial condition of

the debtor and to prepare and submit to the court within forty (40) days
from the initial hearing the report provided in Section 24 hereof.
SECTION 23. Effect of Failure to File Notice of Claim. — A creditor

whose claim is not listed in the schedule of debts and liabilities and who fails to file a
notice of claim in accordance with the Commencement Order but subsequently files a
belated claim shall not be entitled to participate in the rehabilitation proceedings but
shall be entitled to receive distributions arising therefrom.
SECTION 24. Report of the Rehabilitation Receiver. — Within forty (40)

days from the initial hearing, and with or without the comments of the creditors or any
of them, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit a report to the court stating his
preliminary findings and recommendations on whether:
(a) the debtor is insolvent and if so, the causes thereof and any unlawful or
irregular act or acts committed by the owner/s of a sole proprietorship,
partners of a partnership, or directors or officers of a corporation in
contemplation of the insolvency of the debtor or which may have
contributed to the insolvency of the debtor; cIECTH
(b) the underlying assumptions, the financial goals and the procedures to
accomplish such goals as stated in the petitioner's Rehabilitation Plan
are realistic, feasible and reasonable;
(c) there is a substantial likelihood for the debtor to be successfully

rehabilitated;
(d) the petition should be dismissed; and
(e) the debtor should be dissolved and/or liquidated.
SECTION 25. Giving Due Course to or Dismissal of Petition, or

Conversion of Proceedings. — Within ten (10) days from receipt of the report of the
rehabilitation receiver mentioned in Section 24 hereof, the court may:
(a) give due course to the petition upon a finding that:
(1) the debtor is insolvent; and
(2) there is a substantial likelihood for the debtor to be successfully

rehabilitated;
(b) dismiss the petition upon a finding that:
(1) debtor is not insolvent;
(2) the petition is a sham filing intended only to delay the

enforcement of the rights of the creditor/s or of any group of
creditors;
(3) the petition, the Rehabilitation Plan and the attachments thereto
contain any materially false or misleading statements; or
(4) the debtor has committed acts of misrepresentation or in fraud of

its creditor/s or a group of creditors;
(c) convert the proceedings into one for the liquidation of the debtor upon a
finding that:
(1) the debtor is insolvent; and
(2) there is no substantial likelihood for the debtor to be successfully

rehabilitated as determined in accordance with the rules to be
promulgated by the Supreme Court.
SECTION 26. Petition Given Due Course. — If the petition is given due
course, the court shall direct the rehabilitation receiver to review, revise and/or
recommend action on the Rehabilitation Plan and submit the same or a new one to the
court within a period of not more than ninety (90) days.
The court may refer any dispute relating to the Rehabilitation Plan or the
rehabilitation proceedings pending before it to arbitration or other modes of dispute
resolution, as provided for under Republic Act No. 9285, or the Alternative Dispute
Resolution Act of 2004, should it determine that such mode will resolve the dispute
more quickly, fairly and efficiently than the court.
SECTION 27. Dismissal of Petition. — If the petition is dismissed

pursuant to paragraph (b) of Section 25 hereof, then the court may, in its discretion,
order the petitioner to pay damages to any creditor or to the debtor, as the case may
be, who may have been injured by the filing of the petition, to the extent of any such
injury. EIDaAH
(C) The Rehabilitation Receiver, Management Committee and Creditors'

Committee.
SECTION 28. Who May Serve as a Rehabilitation Receiver. — Any

qualified natural or juridical person may serve as a rehabilitation receiver: Provided,
That if the rehabilitation receiver is a juridical entity, it must designate a natural
person/s who possess/es all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications as its
representative, it being understood that the juridical entity and the representative/s are
solidarily liable for all obligations and responsibilities of the rehabilitation receiver.
SECTION 29. Qualifications of a Rehabilitation Receiver. — The

rehabilitation receiver shall have the following minimum qualifications:
(a) A citizen of the Philippines or a resident of the Philippines in the six (6)
months immediately preceding his nomination;
(b) Of good moral character and with acknowledged integrity, impartiality

and independence;
(c) Has the requisite knowledge of insolvency and other relevant

commercial laws, rules and procedures, as well as the relevant training
and/or experience that may be necessary to enable him to properly
discharge the duties and obligations of a rehabilitation receiver; and
(d) Has no conflict of interest: Provided, That such conflict of interest may
be waived, expressly or impliedly, by a party who may be prejudiced
thereby.
Other qualifications and disqualifications of the rehabilitation receiver shall be

set forth in procedural rules, taking into consideration the nature of the business of the
debtor and the need to protect the interest of all stakeholders concerned.
SECTION 30. Initial Appointment of the Rehabilitation Receiver. — The

court shall initially appoint the rehabilitation receiver, who may or may not be from
among the nominees of the petitioner. However, at the initial hearing of the petition,
the creditors and the debtor who are not petitioners may nominate other persons to the
position. The court may retain the rehabilitation receiver initially appointed or appoint
another who may or may not be from among those nominated.
In case the debtor is a securities market participant, the court shall give priority
to the nominee of the appropriate securities or investor protection fund.
If a qualified natural person or entity is nominated by more than fifty percent

(50%) of the secured creditors and the general unsecured creditors, and satisfactory
evidence is submitted, the court shall appoint the creditors' nominee as rehabilitation
receiver.
SECTION 31. Powers, Duties and Responsibilities of the Rehabilitation

Receiver. — The rehabilitation receiver shall be deemed an officer of the court with
the principal duty of preserving and maximizing the value of the assets of the debtor
during the rehabilitation proceedings, determining the viability of the rehabilitation of
the debtor, preparing and recommending a Rehabilitation Plan to the court, and
implementing the approved Rehabilitation Plan. To this end, and without limiting the
generality of the foregoing, the rehabilitation receiver shall have the following
powers, duties and responsibilities: DIETcC
(a) To verify the accuracy of the factual allegations in the petition and its
annexes;
(b) To verify and correct, if necessary, the inventory of all of the assets of
the debtor, and their valuation;
(c) To verify and correct, if necessary, the schedule of debts and liabilities
of the debtor;
(d) To evaluate the validity, genuineness and true amount of all the claims
against the debtor;
(e) To take possession, custody and control, and to preserve the value of all
the property of the debtor;
(f) To sue and recover, with the approval of the court, all amounts owed to,
and all properties pertaining to the debtor;
(g) To have access to all information necessary, proper or relevant to the

operations and business of the debtor and for its rehabilitation;
(h) To sue and recover, with the approval of the court, all property or
money of the debtor paid, transferred or disbursed in fraud of the debtor
or its creditors, or which constitute undue preference of creditor/s;
(i) To monitor the operations and the business of the debtor to ensure that
no payments or transfers of property are made other than in the ordinary
course of business;
(j) With the court's approval, to engage the services of or to employ persons
or entities to assist him in the discharge of his functions;
(k) To determine the manner by which the debtor may be best rehabilitated,
to review, revise and/or recommend action on the Rehabilitation Plan
and submit the same or a new one to the court for approval;
(l) To implement the Rehabilitation Plan as approved by the court, if so

provided under the Rehabilitation Plan;
(m) To assume and exercise the powers of management of the debtor, if

directed by the court pursuant to Section 36 hereof;
(n) To exercise such other powers as may, from time to time, be conferred
upon him by the court; and
(o) To submit a status report on the rehabilitation proceedings every quarter

or as may be required by the court motu proprio, or upon motion of any
creditor, or as may be provided, in the Rehabilitation Plan. aEcTDI
Unless appointed by the court, pursuant to Section 36 hereof, the rehabilitation

receiver shall not take over the management and control of the debtor but may
recommend the appointment of a management committee over the debtor in the cases
provided by this Act.
SECTION 32. Removal of the Rehabilitation Receiver. — The

rehabilitation receiver may be removed at any time by the court, either motu proprio
or upon motion by any creditor/s holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the total
obligations of the debtor, on such grounds as the rules of procedure may provide
which shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) Incompetence, gross negligence, failure to perform or failure to exercise

the proper degree of care in the performance of his duties and powers;
(b) Lack of a particular or specialized competency required by the specific

case;
(c) Illegal acts or conduct in the performance of his duties and powers;
(d) Lack of qualification or presence of any disqualification;
(e) Conflict of interest that arises after his appointment; and
(f) Manifest lack of independence that is detrimental to the general body of

the stakeholders.
SECTION 33. Compensation and Terms of Service. — The rehabilitation

receiver and his direct employees or independent contractors shall be entitled to
compensation for reasonable fees and expenses from the debtor according to the terms
approved by the court after notice and hearing. Prior to such hearing, the rehabilitation
receiver and his direct employees shall be entitled to reasonable compensation based
on quantum meruit. Such costs shall be considered administrative expenses.
SECTION 34. Oath and Bond of the Rehabilitation Receiver. — Prior to
entering upon his powers, duties and responsibilities, the rehabilitation receiver shall
take an oath and file a bond, in such amount to be fixed by the court, conditioned
upon the faithful and proper discharge of his powers, duties and responsibilities.
SECTION 35. Vacancy. — In case the position of rehabilitation receiver is

vacated for any reason whatsoever, the court shall direct the debtor and the creditors
to submit the name/s of their nominee/s to the position. The court may appoint any of
the qualified nominees, or any other person qualified for the position.
SECTION 36. Displacement of Existing Management by the Rehabilitation

Receiver or Management Committee. — Upon motion of any interested party, the
court may appoint and direct the rehabilitation receiver to assume the powers of
management of the debtor, or appoint a management committee that will undertake
the management of the debtor, upon clear and convincing evidence of any of the
following circumstances:
(a) Actual or imminent danger of dissipation, loss, wastage or destruction of

the debtor's assets or other properties;
(b) Paralyzation of the business operations of the debtor; or
(c) Gross mismanagement of the debtor, or fraud or other wrongful conduct

on the part of, or gross or willful violation of this Act by, existing
management of the debtor or the owner, partner, director, officer or
representative/s in management of the debtor.
In case the court appoints the rehabilitation receiver to assume the powers of
management of the debtor, the court may: TDEASC
(1) require the rehabilitation receiver to post an additional bond;
(2) authorize him to engage the services or to employ persons or entities to

assist him in the discharge of his managerial functions; and
(3) authorize a commensurate increase in his compensation.
SECTION 37. Role of the Management Committee. — When appointed

pursuant to the foregoing section, the management committee shall take the place of
the management and the governing body of the debtor and assume their rights and
responsibilities.
The specific powers and duties of the management committee, whose members
shall be considered as officers of the court, shall be prescribed by the procedural rules.
SECTION 38. Qualifications of Members of the Management Committee.

— The qualifications and disqualifications of the members of the management
committee shall be set forth in the procedural rules, taking into consideration the
nature of the business of the debtor and the need to protect the interest of all
stakeholders concerned.
SECTION 39. Employment of Professionals. — Upon approval of the

court, and after notice and hearing, the rehabilitation receiver or the management
committee may employ specialized professionals and other experts to assist each in
the performance of their duties. Such professionals and other experts shall be
considered either employees or independent contractors of the rehabilitation receiver
or the management committee, as the case may be. The qualifications and
disqualifications of the professionals and experts may be set forth in procedural rules,
taking into consideration the nature of the business of the debtor and the need to
protect the interest of all stakeholders concerned.
SECTION 40. Conflict of Interest. — No person may be appointed as a

rehabilitation receiver, member of a management committee, or be employed by the
rehabilitation receiver or the management committee if he has a conflict of interest.
An individual shall be deemed to have a conflict of interest if he is so situated

as to be materially influenced in the exercise of his judgment for or against any party
to the proceedings. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, an individual
shall be deemed to have a conflict of interest if:
(a) he is a creditor, owner, partner or stockholder of the debtor;
(b) he is engaged in a line of business which competes with that of the

debtor;
(c) he is, or was, within five (5) years from the filing of the petition, a
director, officer, owner, partner or employee of the debtor or any of the
creditors, or the auditor or accountant of the debtor;
(d) he is, or was, within two (2) years from the filing of the petition, an
underwriter of the outstanding securities of the debtor;
(e) he is related by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree to

any individual creditor, owner/s of a sole proprietorship-debtor, partners
of a partnership-debtor or to any stockholder, director, officer, employee
or underwriter of a corporation-debtor; or CEaDAc
(f) he has any other direct or indirect material interest in the debtor or any
of the creditors.
Any rehabilitation receiver, member of the management committee or persons

employed or contracted by them possessing any conflict of interest shall make the
appropriate disclosure either to the court or to the creditors in case of out-of-court
rehabilitation proceedings. Any party to the proceeding adversely affected by the
appointment of any person with a conflict of interest to any of the positions
enumerated above may however waive his right to object to such appointment and, if
the waiver is unreasonably withheld, the court may disregard the conflict of interest,
taking into account the general interest of the stakeholders.
SECTION 41. Immunity. — The rehabilitation receiver and all persons

employed by him, and the members of the management committee and all persons
employed by it, shall not be subject to any action, claim or demand in connection with
any act done or omitted to be done by them in good faith in connection with the
exercise of their powers and functions under this Act or other actions duly approved
by the court.
SECTION 42. Creditors' Committee. — After the creditors' meeting called

pursuant to Section 63 hereof, the creditors belonging to a class may formally
organize a committee among themselves. In addition, the creditors may, as a body,
agree to form a creditors' committee composed of a representative from each class of
creditors, such as the following:
(a) Secured creditors;
(b) Unsecured creditors;
(c) Trade creditors and suppliers; and
(d) Employees of the debtor.
In the election of the creditors' representatives, the rehabilitation receiver or his

representative shall attend such meeting and extend the appropriate assistance as may
be defined in the procedural rules.
SECTION 43. Role of Creditors' Committee. — The creditors' committee

when constituted pursuant to Section 42 of this Act shall assist the rehabilitation
receiver in communicating with the creditors and shall be the primary liaison between
the rehabilitation receiver and the creditors. The creditors' committee cannot exercise
or waive any right or give any consent on behalf of any creditor unless specifically
authorized in writing by such creditor. The creditors' committee may be authorized by
the court or by the rehabilitation receiver to perform such other tasks and functions as
may be defined by the procedural rules in order to facilitate the rehabilitation process.
(D) Determination of Claims.
SECTION 44. Registry of Claims. — Within twenty (20) days from his
assumption into office, the rehabilitation receiver shall establish a preliminary registry
of claims. The rehabilitation receiver shall make the registry available for public
inspection and provide publication notice to the debtor, creditors and stakeholders on
where and when they may inspect it. All claims included in the registry of claims must
be duly supported by sufficient evidence. DTEAHI
SECTION 45. Opposition or Challenge of Claims. — Within thirty (30)

days from the expiration of the period stated in the immediately preceding section, the
debtor, creditors, stakeholders and other interested parties may submit a challenge to
claim/s to the court, serving a certified copy on the rehabilitation receiver and the
creditor holding the challenged claim/s. Upon the expiration of the thirty (30)-day
period, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit to the court the registry of claims which
shall include undisputed claims that have not been subject to challenge.
SECTION 46. Appeal. — Any decision of the rehabilitation receiver

regarding a claim may be appealed to the court.
(E) Governance.
SECTION 47. Management. — Unless otherwise provided herein, the

management of the juridical debtor shall remain with the existing management subject
to the applicable law/s and agreement/s, if any, on the election or appointment of
directors, managers or managing partner. However, all disbursements, payments or
sale, disposal, assignment, transfer or encumbrance of property, or any other act
affecting title or interest in property, shall be subject to the approval of the
rehabilitation receiver and/or the court, as provided in the following subchapter.
(F) Use, Preservation and Disposal of Assets and Treatment of Assets and
Claims after Commencement Date.
SECTION 48. Use or Disposition of Assets. — Except as otherwise

provided herein, no funds or property of the debtor shall be used or disposed of except
in the ordinary course of business of the debtor, or unless necessary to finance the
administrative expenses of the rehabilitation proceedings.
SECTION 49. Sale of Assets. — The court, upon application of the

rehabilitation receiver, may authorize the sale of unencumbered property of the debtor
outside the ordinary course of business upon a showing that the property, by its nature
or because of other circumstance, is perishable, costly to maintain, susceptible to
devaluation or otherwise in jeopardy.
SECTION 50. Sale or Disposal of Encumbered Property of the Debtor and

Assets of Third Parties Held by Debtor. — The court may authorize the sale, transfer,
conveyance or disposal of encumbered property of the debtor, or property of others
held by the debtor where there is a security interest pertaining to third parties under a
financial, credit or other similar transactions if, upon application of the rehabilitation
receiver and with the consent of the affected owners of the property, or secured
creditor/s in the case of encumbered property of the debtor and, after notice and
hearing, the court determines that:
(a) such sale, transfer, conveyance or disposal is necessary for the

continued operation of the debtor's business; and
(b) the debtor has made arrangements to provide a substitute lien or

ownership right that provides an equal level of security for the
counter-party's claim or right.
Provided, That properties held by the debtor where the debtor has authority to
sell such as trust receipt or consignment arrangements may be sold or disposed of by
the debtor, if such sale or disposal is necessary for the operation of the debtor's
business, and the debtor has made arrangements to provide a substitute lien or
ownership right that provides an equal level of security for the counter-party's claim or
right. AHCTEa
Sale or disposal of property under this section shall not give rise to any
criminal liability under applicable laws.
SECTION 51. Assets of Debtor Held by Third Parties. — In the case of

possessory pledges, mechanic's liens or similar claims, third parties who have in their
possession or control property of the debtor shall not transfer, convey or otherwise
dispose of the same to persons other than the debtor, unless upon prior approval of the
rehabilitation receiver. The rehabilitation receiver may also:
(a) demand the surrender or the transfer of the possession or control of such
property to the rehabilitation receiver or any other person, subject to
payment of the claims secured by any possessory lien/s thereon;
(b) allow said third parties to retain possession or control, if such an

arrangement would more likely preserve or increase the value of the
property in question or the total value of the assets of the debtor; or
(c) undertake any other disposition of the said property as may be beneficial
for the rehabilitation of the debtor, after notice and hearing, and
approval of the court.
SECTION 52. Rescission or Nullity of Sale, Payment, Transfer or

Conveyance of Assets. — The court may rescind or declare as null and void any
sale, payment, transfer or conveyance of the debtor's unencumbered property or any
encumbering thereof by the debtor or its agents or representatives after the
commencement date which are not in the ordinary course of the business of the
debtor: Provided, however, That the unencumbered property may be sold, encumbered
or otherwise disposed of upon order of the court after notice and hearing:
(a) if such are in the interest of administering the debtor and facilitating the
preparation and implementation of a Rehabilitation Plan;
(b) in order to provide a substitute lien, mortgage or pledge of property

under this Act;
(c) for payments made to meet administrative expenses as they arise;
(d) for payments to victims of quasi delicts upon a showing that the claim is
valid and the debtor has insurance to reimburse the debtor for the
payments made;
(e) for payments made to repurchase property of the debtor that is auctioned
off in a judicial or extrajudicial sale under this Act; or
(f) for payments made to reclaim property of the debtor held pursuant to a
possessory lien.
SECTION 53. Assets Subject to Rapid Obsolescence, Depreciation and

Diminution of Value. — Upon the application of a secured creditor holding a lien
against or holder of an ownership interest in property held by the debtor that is subject
to potentially rapid obsolescence, depreciation or diminution in value, the court shall,
after notice and hearing, order the debtor or rehabilitation receiver to take reasonable
steps necessary to prevent the depreciation. If depreciation cannot be avoided and
such depreciation is jeopardizing the security or property interest of the secured
creditor or owner, the court shall: ADSTCa
(a) allow the encumbered property to be foreclosed upon by the secured

creditor according to the relevant agreement between the debtor and the
secured creditor, applicable rules of procedure and relevant legislation:
Provided, That the proceeds of the sale will be distributed in accordance
with the order prescribed under the rules of concurrence and preference
of credits; or
(b) upon motion of, or with the consent of the affected secured creditor or
interest owner, order the conveyance of a lien against or ownership
interest in substitute property of the debtor to the secured creditor:
Provided, That other creditors holding liens on such property, if any, do
not object thereto, or, if such property is not available;
(c) order the conveyance to the secured creditor or holder of an ownership

interest of a lien on the residual funds from the sale of encumbered
property during the proceedings; or
(d) allow the sale or disposition of the property: Provided, That the sale or
disposition will maximize the value of the property for the benefit of the
secured creditor and the debtor, and the proceeds of the sale will be
distributed in accordance with the order prescribed under the rules of
concurrence and preference of credits.
SECTION 54. Post-commencement Interest. — The rate and term of

interest, if any, on secured and unsecured claims shall be determined and provided for
in the approved Rehabilitation Plan.
SECTION 55. Post-commencement Loans and Obligations. — With the
approval of the court upon the recommendation of the rehabilitation receiver, the
debtor, in order to enhance its rehabilitation, may:
(a) enter into credit arrangements; or
(b) enter into credit arrangements, secured by mortgages of its

unencumbered property or secondary mortgages of encumbered property
with the approval of senior secured parties with regard to the
encumbered property; or
(c) incur other obligations as may be essential for its rehabilitation.
The payment of the foregoing obligations shall be considered administrative

expenses under this Act.
SECTION 56. Treatment of Employees, Claims. — Compensation of

employees required to carry on the business shall be considered an administrative
expense. Claims of separation pay for months worked prior to the commencement
date shall be considered a pre-commencement claim. Claims for salary and separation
pay for work performed after the commencement date shall be an administrative
expense.
SECTION 57. Treatment of Contracts. — Unless cancelled by virtue of a

final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction issued prior to the issuance of the
Commencement Order, or at anytime thereafter by the court before which the
rehabilitation proceedings are pending, all valid and subsisting contracts of the debtor
with creditors and other third parties as at the commencement date shall continue in
force: Provided, That within ninety (90) days following the commencement of
proceedings, the debtor, with the consent of the rehabilitation receiver, shall notify
each contractual counter-party of whether it is confirming the particular contract.
Contractual obligations of the debtor arising or performed during this period, and
afterwards for confirmed contracts, shall be considered administrative expenses.
Contracts not confirmed within the required deadline shall be considered terminated.
Claims for actual damages, if any, arising as a result of the election to terminate a
contract shall be considered a pre-commencement claim against the debtor. Nothing
contained herein shall prevent the cancellation or termination of any contract of the
debtor for any ground provided by law. ESAHca
(G) Avoidance Proceedings.
SECTION 58. Rescission or Nullity of Certain Pre-commencement

Transactions. — Any transaction occurring prior to commencement date entered into
by the debtor or involving its funds or assets may be rescinded or declared null and
void on the ground that the same was executed with intent to defraud a creditor or
creditors or which constitute undue preference of creditors. Without limiting the
generality of the foregoing, a disputable presumption of such design shall arise if the
transaction:
(a) provides unreasonably inadequate consideration to the debtor and is

executed within ninety (90) days prior to the commencement date;
(b) involves an accelerated payment of a claim to a creditor within ninety

(90) days prior to the commencement date;
(c) provides security or additional security executed within ninety (90) days
prior to the commencement date;
(d) involves creditors, where a creditor obtained, or received the benefit of,
more than its pro rata share in the assets of the debtor, executed at a
time when the debtor was insolvent; or
(e) is intended to defeat, delay or hinder the ability of the creditors to

collect claims where the effect of the transaction is to put assets of the
debtor beyond the reach of creditors or to otherwise prejudice the
interests of creditors.
Provided, however, That nothing in this section shall prevent the court from
rescinding or declaring as null and void a transaction on other grounds provided by
relevant legislation and jurisprudence: Provided, further, That the provisions of the
Civil Code on rescission shall in any case apply to these transactions.
SECTION 59. Actions for Rescission or Nullity. — (a) The rehabilitation

receiver or, with his conformity, any creditor may initiate and prosecute any action to
rescind, or declare null and void any transaction described in Section 58 hereof. If the
rehabilitation receiver does not consent to the filing or prosecution of such action, any
creditor may seek leave of the court to commence said action.
(b) If leave of court is granted under subsection (a), the rehabilitation receiver
shall assign and transfer to the creditor all rights, title and interest in the chose in
action or subject matter of the proceeding, including any document in support thereof.
(c) Any benefit derived from a proceeding taken pursuant to subsection (a), to
the extent of his claim and the costs, belongs exclusively to the creditor instituting the
proceeding, and the surplus, if any, belongs to the estate.
(d) Where, before an order is made under subsection (a), the rehabilitation
receiver (or liquidator) signifies to the court his readiness to institute the proceeding
for the benefit of the creditors, the order shall fix the time within which he shall do so
and, in that case, the benefit derived from the proceeding, if instituted within the time
limits so fixed, belongs to the estate.
(H) Treatment of Secured Creditors.
SECTION 60. No Diminution of Secured Creditor Rights. — The issuance

of the Commencement Order and the Suspension or Stay Order, and any other
provision of this Act, shall not be deemed in any way to diminish or impair the
security or lien of a secured creditor, or the value of his lien or security, except that his
right to enforce said security or lien may be suspended during the term of the Stay
Order.
The court, upon motion or recommendation of the rehabilitation receiver, may

allow a secured creditor to enforce his security or lien, or foreclose upon property of
the debtor securing his/its claim, if the said property is not necessary for the
rehabilitation of the debtor. The secured creditor and/or the other lien holders shall be
admitted to the rehabilitation proceedings only for the balance of his claim, if any. HaECDI
SECTION 61. Lack of Adequate Protection. — The court, on motion or

motu proprio, may terminate, modify or set conditions for the continuance of
suspension of payment, or relieve a claim from the coverage thereof, upon showing
that:
(a) a creditor does not have adequate protection over property securing
its claim; or
(b) the value of a claim secured by a lien on property which is not

necessary for rehabilitation of the debtor exceeds the fair market
value of the said property.
For purposes of this section, a creditor shall be deemed to lack adequate

protection if it can be shown that:
(a) the debtor fails or refuses to honor a pre-existing agreement with the
creditor to keep the property insured;
(b) the debtor fails or refuses to take commercially reasonable steps to

maintain the property; or
(c) the property has depreciated to an extent that the creditor is under
secured.
Upon showing of a lack of protection, the court shall order the debtor or the
rehabilitation receiver to make arrangements to provide for the insurance or
maintenance of the property; or to make payments or otherwise provide additional or
replacement security such that the obligation is fully secured. If such arrangements are
not feasible, the court may modify the Stay Order to allow the secured creditor lacking
adequate protection to enforce its security claim against the debtor: Provided,
however, That the court may deny the creditor the remedies in this paragraph if the
property subject of the enforcement is required for the rehabilitation of the debtor.
(I) Administration of Proceedings.
SECTION 62. Contents of a Rehabilitation Plan. — The Rehabilitation

Plan shall, as a minimum:
(a) specify the underlying assumptions, the financial goals and the
procedures proposed to accomplish such goals;
(b) compare the amounts expected to be received by the creditors under the
Rehabilitation Plan with those that they will receive if liquidation ensues
within the next one hundred twenty (120) days;
(c) contain information sufficient to give the various classes of creditors a

reasonable basis for determining whether supporting the Plan is in their
financial interest when compared to the immediate liquidation of the
debtor, including any reduction of principal interest and penalties
payable to the creditors;
(d) establish classes of voting creditors;
(e) establish subclasses of voting creditors if prior approval has been

granted by the court;
(f) indicate how the insolvent debtor will be rehabilitated including, but not
limited to, debt forgiveness, debt rescheduling, reorganization or
quasi-reorganization, dacion en pago, debt-equity conversion and sale
of the business (or parts of it) as a going concern, or setting-up of a new
business entity or other similar arrangements as may be necessary to
restore the financial well-being and viability of the insolvent debtor;
(g) specify the treatment of each class or subclass described in subsections

(d) and (e);
(h) provide for equal treatment of all claims within the same class or
subclass, unless a particular creditor voluntarily agrees to less favorable
treatment; AICEDc
(i) ensure that the payments made under the plan follow the priority
established under the provisions of the Civil Code on concurrence and
preference of credits and other applicable laws;
(j) maintain the security interest of secured creditors and preserve the
liquidation value of the security unless such has been waived or
modified voluntarily;
(k) disclose all payments to creditors for pre-commencement debts made

during the proceedings and the justifications thereof;
(l) describe the disputed claims and the provisioning of funds to account
for appropriate payments should the claim be ruled valid or its amount
adjusted;
(m) identify the debtor's role in the implementation of the Plan;
(n) state any rehabilitation covenants of the debtor, the breach of which
shall be considered a material breach of the Plan;
(o) identify those responsible for the future management of the debtor and
the supervision and implementation of the Plan, their affiliation with the
debtor and their remuneration;
(p) address the treatment of claims arising after the confirmation of the
Rehabilitation Plan;
(q) require the debtor and its counter-parties to adhere to the terms of all
contracts that the debtor has chosen to confirm;
(r) arrange for the payment of all outstanding administrative expenses as a

condition to the Plan's approval unless such condition has been waived
in writing by the creditors concerned;
(s) arrange for the payment of all outstanding taxes and assessments, or an
adjusted amount pursuant to a compromise settlement with the BIR or
other applicable tax authorities;
(t) include a certified copy of a certificate of tax clearance or evidence of a

compromise settlement with the BIR;
(u) include a valid and binding resolution of a meeting of the debtor's

stockholders to increase the shares by the required amount in cases
where the Plan contemplates an additional issuance of shares by the
debtor;
(v) state the compensation and status, if any, of the rehabilitation receiver
after the approval of the Plan; and
(w) contain provisions for conciliation and/or mediation as a prerequisite to

court assistance or intervention in the event of any disagreement in the
interpretation or implementation of the Rehabilitation Plan.
SECTION 63. Consultation with Debtor and Creditors. — If the court

gives due course to the petition, the rehabilitation receiver shall confer with the debtor
and all the classes of creditors, and may consider their views and proposals in the
review, revision or preparation of a new Rehabilitation Plan.
SECTION 64. Creditor Approval of Rehabilitation Plan. — The

rehabilitation receiver shall notify the creditors and stakeholders that the Plan is ready
for their examination. Within twenty (20) days from the said notification, the
rehabilitation receiver shall convene the creditors, either as a whole or per class, for
purposes of voting on the approval of the Plan. The Plan shall be deemed rejected
unless approved by all classes of creditors whose right are adversely modified or
affected by the Plan. For purposes of this section, the Plan is deemed to have been
approved by a class of creditors if members of the said class holding more than fifty
percent (50%) of the total claims of the said class vote in favor of the Plan. The votes
of the creditors shall be based solely on the amount of their respective claims based on
the registry of claims submitted by the rehabilitation receiver pursuant to Section 44
hereof. cTECHI
Notwithstanding the rejection of the Rehabilitation Plan, the court may confirm
the Rehabilitation Plan if all of the following circumstances are present:
(a) The Rehabilitation Plan complies with the requirements specified in this
Act;
(b) The rehabilitation receiver recommends the confirmation of the

(c) The shareholders, owners or partners of the juridical debtor lose at least
their controlling interest as a result of the Rehabilitation Plan; and
(d) The Rehabilitation Plan would likely provide the objecting class of
creditors with compensation which has a net present value greater than
that which they would have received if the debtor were under
liquidation.
SECTION 65. Submission of Rehabilitation Plan to the Court. — If the

Rehabilitation Plan is approved, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit the same to
the court for confirmation. Within five (5) days from receipt of the Rehabilitation
Plan, the court shall notify the creditors that the Rehabilitation Plan has been
submitted for confirmation, that any creditor may obtain copies of the Rehabilitation
Plan and that any creditor may file an objection thereto.
SECTION 66. Filing of Objections to Rehabilitation Plan. — A creditor

may file an objection to the Rehabilitation Plan within twenty (20) days from receipt
of notice from the court that the Rehabilitation Plan has been submitted for
confirmation. Objections to a Rehabilitation Plan shall be limited to the following:
(a) The creditors' support was induced by fraud;
(b) The documents or data relied upon in the Rehabilitation Plan are
materially false or misleading; or
(c) The Rehabilitation Plan is in fact not supported by the voting creditors.
SECTION 67. Hearing on the Objections. — If objections have been
submitted during the relevant period, the court shall issue an order setting the time and
date for the hearing or hearings on the objections.
If the court finds merit in the objection, it shall order the rehabilitation receiver
or other party to cure the defect, whenever feasible. If the court determines that the
debtor acted in bad faith, or that it is not feasible to cure the defect, the court shall
convert the proceedings into one for the liquidation of the debtor under Chapter V of
this Act.
SECTION 68. Confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan. — If no objections

are filed within the relevant period or, if objections are filed, the court finds them
lacking in merit, or determines that the basis for the objection has been cured, or
determines that the debtor has complied with an order to cure the objection, the court
shall issue an order confirming the Rehabilitation Plan.
The court may confirm the Rehabilitation Plan notwithstanding unresolved

disputes over claims if the Rehabilitation Plan has made adequate provisions for
paying such claims.
For the avoidance of doubt, the provisions of other laws to the contrary
notwithstanding, the court shall have the power to approve or implement the
Rehabilitation Plan despite the lack of approval, or objection from the owners,
partners or stockholders of the insolvent debtor: Provided, That the terms thereof are
necessary to restore the financial well-being and viability of the insolvent debtor.
SECTION 69. Effect of Confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan. — The

confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan by the court shall result in the following:
(a) The Rehabilitation Plan and its provisions shall be binding upon the
debtor and all persons who may be affected by it, including the
creditors, whether or not such persons have participated in the
proceedings or opposed the Rehabilitation Plan or whether or not their
claims have been scheduled;
(b) The debtor shall comply with the provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan
and shall take all actions necessary to carry out the Plan;
(c) Payments shall be made to the creditors in accordance with the

provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan; DSCIEa
(d) Contracts and other arrangements between the debtor and its creditors
shall be interpreted as continuing to apply to the extent that they do not
conflict with the provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan;
(e) Any compromises on amounts or rescheduling of timing of payments by

the debtor shall be binding on creditors regardless of whether or not the
Plan is successfully implemented; and
(f) Claims arising after approval of the Plan that are otherwise not treated
by the Plan are not subject to any Suspension Order.
The Order confirming the Plan shall comply with Rule 36 of the Rules of
Court: Provided, however, That the court may maintain jurisdiction over the case in
order to resolve claims against the debtor that remain contested and allegations that
the debtor has breached the Plan.
SECTION 70. Liability of General Partners of a Partnership for Unpaid

Balances Under an Approved Plan. — The approval of the Plan shall not affect the
rights of creditors to pursue actions against the general partners of a partnership to the
extent they are liable under relevant legislation for the debts thereof.
SECTION 71. Treatment of Amounts of Indebtedness or Obligations

Forgiven or Reduced. — Amounts of any indebtedness or obligations reduced or
forgiven in connection with a Plan's approval shall not be subject to any tax, in
furtherance of the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 72. Period for Confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan. — The

court shall have a maximum period of one (1) year from the date of the filing of the
petition to confirm a Rehabilitation Plan.
If no Rehabilitation Plan is confirmed within the said period, the proceedings

may, upon motion or motu proprio, be converted into one for the liquidation of the
debtor.
SECTION 73. Accounting Discharge of Rehabilitation Receiver. — Upon

the confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan, the rehabilitation receiver shall provide a
final report and accounting to the court. Unless the Rehabilitation Plan specifically
requires and describes the role of the rehabilitation receiver after the approval of the
Rehabilitation Plan, the court shall discharge the rehabilitation receiver of his duties.
(J) Termination of Proceedings.
SECTION 74. Termination of Proceedings. — The rehabilitation

proceedings under Chapter II shall, upon motion by any stakeholder or the
rehabilitation receiver, be terminated by order of the court either declaring a
successful implementation of the Rehabilitation Plan or a failure of rehabilitation.
There is failure of rehabilitation in the following cases:
(a) Dismissal of the petition by the court;
(b) The debtor fails to submit a Rehabilitation Plan;
(c) Under the Rehabilitation Plan submitted by the debtor, there is no

substantial likelihood that the debtor can be rehabilitated within a
reasonable period;
(d) The Rehabilitation Plan or its amendment is approved by the court but in
the implementation thereof, the debtor fails to perform its obligations
thereunder, or there is a failure to realize the objectives, targets or goals
set forth therein, including the timelines and conditions for the
settlement of the obligations due to the creditors and other claimants;
(e) The commission of fraud in securing the approval of the Rehabilitation

Plan or its amendment; and
(f) Other analogous circumstances as may be defined by the rules of

procedure.
Upon a breach of, or upon a failure of the Rehabilitation Plan, the court, upon
motion by an affected party, may: EIcSDC
(1) issue an order directing that the breach be cured within a specified
period of time, failing which the proceedings may be converted to a
liquidation;
(2) issue an order converting the proceedings to a liquidation;
(3) allow the debtor or rehabilitation receiver to submit amendments to the

Rehabilitation Plan, the approval of which shall be governed by the
same requirements for the approval of a Rehabilitation Plan under this
subchapter;
(4) issue any other order to remedy the breach consistent with the present
regulation, other applicable law and the best interests of the creditors; or
(5) enforce the applicable provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan through a

writ of execution.
SECTION 75. Effects of Termination. — Termination of the proceedings

shall result in the following:
(a) The discharge of the rehabilitation receiver, subject to his submission of

a final accounting; and
(b) The lifting of the Stay Order and any other court order holding in
abeyance any action for the enforcement of a claim against the debtor.
Provided, however, That if the termination of proceedings is due to failure of

rehabilitation or dismissal of the petition for reasons other than technical grounds, the
proceedings shall be immediately converted to liquidation as provided in Section 92
of this Act.
CHAPTER III
Pre-Negotiated Rehabilitation
SECTION 76. Petition by Debtor. — An insolvent debtor, by itself or

jointly with any of its creditors, may file a verified petition with the court for the
approval of a pre-negotiated Rehabilitation Plan which has been endorsed or approved
by creditors holding at least two-thirds (2/3) of the total liabilities of the debtor,
including secured creditors holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the total secured
claims of the debtor and unsecured creditors holding more than fifty percent (50%) of
the total unsecured claims of the debtor. The petition shall include, as a minimum:
(a) a schedule of the debtor's debts and liabilities;
(b) an inventory of the debtor's assets;
(c) the pre-negotiated Rehabilitation Plan, including the names of at least

three (3) qualified nominees for rehabilitation receiver; and
(d) a summary of disputed claims against the debtor and a report on the
provisioning of funds to account for appropriate payments should any
such claims be ruled valid or their amounts adjusted.
SECTION 77. Issuance of Order. — Within five (5) working days, and
after determination that the petition is sufficient in form and substance, the court shall
issue an Order which shall:
(a) identify the debtor, its principal business or activity/ies and its principal
place of business;
(b) declare that the debtor is under rehabilitation;
(c) summarize the ground/s for the filing of the petition;
(d) direct the publication of the Order in a newspaper of general circulation

in the Philippines once a week for at least two (2) consecutive weeks,
with the first publication to be made within seven (7) days from the time
of its issuance;
(e) direct the service by personal delivery of a copy of the petition on each
creditor who is not a petitioner holding at least ten percent (10%) of the
total liabilities of the debtor, as determined in the schedule attached to
the petition, within three (3) days; DCcSHE
(f) state that copies of the petition and the Rehabilitation Plan are available
for examination and copying by any interested party;
(g) state that creditors and other interested parties opposing the petition or
Rehabilitation Plan may file their objections or comments thereto within
a period of not later than twenty (20) days from the second publication
of the Order;
(h) appoint a rehabilitation receiver, if provided for in the Plan; and
(i) include a Suspension or Stay Order as described in this Act.
SECTION 78. Approval of the Plan. — Within ten (10) days from the date
of the second publication of the Order, the court shall approve the Rehabilitation Plan
unless a creditor or other interested party submits an objection to it in accordance with
the next succeeding section.
SECTION 79. Objection to the Petition or Rehabilitation Plan. — Any
creditor or other interested party may submit to the court a verified objection to the
petition or the Rehabilitation Plan not later than eight (8) days from the date of the
second publication of the Order mentioned in Section 77 hereof. The objections shall
be limited to the following:
(a) The allegations in the petition or the Rehabilitation Plan, or the

attachments thereto, are materially false or misleading;
(b) The majority of any class of creditors do not in fact support the
(c) The Rehabilitation Plan fails to accurately account for a claim against
the debtor and the claim is not categorically declared as a contested
claim; or
(d) The support of the creditors, or any of them, was induced by fraud.
Copies of any objection to the petition or the Rehabilitation Plan shall be

served on the debtor, the rehabilitation receiver (if applicable), the secured creditor
with the largest claim and who supports the Rehabilitation Plan, and the unsecured
creditor with the largest claim and who supports the Rehabilitation Plan.
SECTION 80. Hearing on the Objections. — After receipt of an objection,

the court shall set the same for hearing. The date of the hearing shall be no earlier than
twenty (20) days and no later than thirty (30) days from the date of the second
publication of the Order mentioned in Section 77 hereof. If the court finds merit in the
objection, it shall direct the debtor, when feasible, to cure the defect within a
reasonable period. If the court determines that the debtor or creditors supporting the
Rehabilitation Plan acted in bad faith, or that the objection is non-curable, the court
may order the conversion of the proceedings into liquidation. A finding by the court
that the objection has no substantial merit, or that the same has been cured, shall be
deemed an approval of the Rehabilitation Plan.
SECTION 81. Period for Approval of Rehabilitation Plan. — The court

shall have a maximum period of one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of the
filing of the petition to approve the Rehabilitation Plan. If the court fails to act within
the said period, the Rehabilitation Plan shall be deemed approved.
SECTION 82. Effect of Approval. — Approval of a Plan under this chapter

shall have the same legal effect as confirmation of a Plan under Chapter II of this Act.
cAEDTa
CHAPTER IV
Out-of-Court or Informal Restructuring Agreements or Rehabilitation Plans
SECTION 83. Out-of-Court or Informal Restructuring Agreements and

Rehabilitation Plans. — An out-of-court or informal restructuring agreement or
Rehabilitation Plan that meets the minimum requirements prescribed in this chapter is
hereby recognized as consistent with the objectives of this Act.
SECTION 84. Minimum Requirements of Out-of-Court or Informal

Restructuring Agreements and Rehabilitation Plans. — For an out-of-court or
informal restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan to qualify under this
chapter, it must meet the following minimum requirements:
(a) The debtor must agree to the out-of-court or informal

restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan;
(b) It must be approved by creditors representing at least sixty-seven

percent (67%) of the secured obligations of the debtor;
(c) It must be approved by creditors representing at least seventy-five

percent (75%) of the unsecured obligations of the debtor; and
(d) It must be approved by creditors holding at least eighty-five percent

(85%) of the total liabilities, secured and unsecured, of the debtor.
SECTION 85. Standstill Period. — A standstill period that may be agreed

upon by the parties pending negotiation and finalization of the out-of-court or
informal restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan contemplated herein
shall be effective and enforceable not only against the contracting parties but also
against the other creditors: Provided, That (a) such agreement is approved by creditors
representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the total liabilities of the debtor; (b)
notice thereof is published in a newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines
once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks; and (c) the standstill period does not
exceed one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of effectivity. The notice must
invite creditors to participate in the negotiation for out-of-court rehabilitation or
restructuring agreement and notify them that said agreement will be binding on all
creditors if the required majority votes prescribed in Section 84 of this Act are met.
SECTION 86. Cram Down Effect. — A restructuring/workout agreement

or Rehabilitation Plan that is approved pursuant to an informal workout framework
referred to in this chapter shall have the same legal effect as confirmation of a Plan
under Section 69 hereof. The notice of the Rehabilitation Plan or restructuring
agreement or Plan shall be published once a week for at least three (3) consecutive
weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines. The Rehabilitation
Plan or restructuring agreement shall take effect upon the lapse of fifteen (15) days
from the date of the last publication of the notice thereof.
SECTION 87. Amendment or Modification. — Any amendment of an

out-of-court restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan must be made in
accordance with the terms of the agreement and with due notice on all creditors.
SECTION 88. Effect of Court Action or Other Proceedings. — Any court

action or other proceedings arising from, or relating to, the out-of-court or informal
restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan shall not stay its
implementation, unless the relevant party is able to secure a temporary restraining
order or injunctive relief from the Court of Appeals.
SECTION 89. Court Assistance. — The insolvent debtor and/or creditor

may seek court assistance for the execution or implementation of a Rehabilitation Plan
under this chapter, under such rules of procedure as may be promulgated by the
Supreme Court.
CHAPTER V
Liquidation of Insolvent Juridical Debtors
SECTION 90. Voluntary Liquidation. — An insolvent debtor may apply

for liquidation by filing a petition for liquidation with the court. The petition shall be
verified, shall establish the insolvency of the debtor and shall contain, whether as an
attachment or as part of the body of the petition:
(a) a schedule of the debtor's debts and liabilities including a list of

creditors with their addresses, amounts of claims and collaterals, or
securities, if any; DTAESI
(b) an inventory of all its assets including receivables and claims against
third parties; and
(c) the names of at least three (3) nominees to the position of liquidator.
At any time during the pendency of court-supervised or pre-negotiated

rehabilitation proceedings, the debtor may also initiate liquidation proceedings by
filing a motion in the same court where the rehabilitation proceedings are pending to
convert the rehabilitation proceedings into liquidation proceedings. The motion shall
be verified, shall contain or set forth the same matters required in the preceding
paragraph, and state that the debtor is seeking immediate dissolution and termination
of its corporate existence.
If the petition or the motion, as the case may be, is sufficient in form and
substance, the court shall issue a Liquidation Order mentioned in Section 112 hereof.
SECTION 91. Involuntary Liquidation. — Three (3) or more creditors the

aggregate of whose claims is at least either One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) or at
least twenty-five percent (25%) of the subscribed capital stock or partner's
contributions of the debtor, whichever is higher, may apply for and seek the
liquidation of an insolvent debtor by filing a petition for liquidation of the debtor with
the court. The petition shall show that:
(a) there is no genuine issue of fact or law on the claim/s of the petitioner/s,
and that the due and demandable payments thereon have not been made
for at least one hundred eighty (180) days or that the debtor has failed
generally to meet its liabilities as they fall due; and
(b) there is no substantial likelihood that the debtor may be rehabilitated.
At any time during the pendency of or after a rehabilitation court-supervised or

pre-negotiated rehabilitation proceedings, three (3) or more creditors whose claims is
at least either One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) or at least twenty-five percent
(25%) of the subscribed capital or partner's contributions of the debtor, whichever is
higher, may also initiate liquidation proceedings by filing a motion in the same court
where the rehabilitation proceedings are pending to convert the rehabilitation
proceedings into liquidation proceedings. The motion shall be verified, shall contain
or set forth the same matters required in the preceding paragraph, and state that the
movants are seeking the immediate liquidation of the debtor. IcEaST
If the petition or motion is sufficient in form and substance, the court shall
issue an Order:
(1) directing the publication of the petition or motion in a newspaper of

general circulation once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks; and
(2) directing the debtor and all creditors who are not the petitioners to file
their comment on the petition or motion within fifteen (15) days from
the date of last publication.
If, after considering the comments filed, the court determines that the petition
or motion is meritorious, it shall issue the Liquidation Order mentioned in Section 112
hereof.
SECTION 92. Conversion by the Court into Liquidation Proceedings. —

During the pendency of court-supervised or pre-negotiated rehabilitation proceedings,
the court may order the conversion of rehabilitation proceedings to liquidation
proceedings pursuant to: (a) Section 25 (c) of this Act; or (b) Section 72 of this Act; or
(c) Section 75 of this Act; or (d) Section 90 of this Act; or at any other time upon the
recommendation of the rehabilitation receiver that the rehabilitation of the debtor is
not feasible. Thereupon, the court shall issue the Liquidation Order mentioned in
Section 112 hereof.
SECTION 93. Powers of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

— The provisions of this chapter shall not affect the regulatory powers of the SEC
under Section 6 of Presidential Decree No. 902-A, as amended, with respect to any
dissolution and liquidation proceeding initiated and heard before it.
CHAPTER VI
Insolvency of Individual Debtors
(A) Suspension of Payments.
SECTION 94. Petition. — An individual debtor who, possessing sufficient

property to cover all his debts but foreseeing the impossibility of meeting them when
they respectively fall due, may file a verified petition that he be declared in the state of
suspension of payments by the court of the province or city in which he has resided
for six (6) months prior to the filing of his petition. He shall attach to his petition, as a
minimum: (a) a schedule of debts and liabilities; (b) an inventory of assets; and (c) a
proposed agreement with his creditors.
SECTION 95. Action on the Petition. — If the court finds the petition
sufficient in form and substance, it shall, within five (5) working days from the filing
of the petition, issue an Order:
(a) calling a meeting of all the creditors named in the schedule of debts and
liabilities at such time not less than fifteen (15) days nor more than forty
(40) days from the date of such Order and designating the date, time and
place of the meeting;
(b) directing such creditors to prepare and present written evidence of their
claims before the scheduled creditors' meeting;
(c) directing the publication of the said order in a newspaper of general

circulation published in the province or city in which the petition is filed
once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks, with the first publication to
be made within seven (7) days from the time of the issuance of the
Order;
(d) directing the clerk of court to cause the sending of a copy of the Order
by registered mail, postage prepaid, to all creditors named in the
schedule of debts and liabilities;
(e) forbidding the individual debtor from selling, transferring, encumbering

or disposing in any manner of his property, except those used in the
ordinary operations of commerce or of industry in which the petitioning
individual debtor is engaged, so long as the proceedings relative to the
suspension of payments are pending; AEcIaH
(f) prohibiting the individual debtor from making any payment outside of
the necessary or legitimate expenses of his business or industry, so long
as the proceedings relative to the suspension of payments are pending;
and
(g) appointing a commissioner to preside over the creditors' meeting.
SECTION 96. Actions Suspended. — Upon motion filed by the individual

debtor, the court may issue an order suspending any pending execution against the
individual debtor: Provided, that properties held as security by secured creditors shall
not be the subject of such suspension order. The suspension order shall lapse when
three (3) months shall have passed without the proposed agreement being accepted by
the creditors or as soon as such agreement is denied.
No creditor shall sue or institute proceedings to collect his claim from the
debtor from the time of the filing of the petition for suspension of payments and for as
long as proceedings remain pending except:
(a) those creditors having claims for personal labor, maintenance, expense
of last illness and funeral of the wife or children of the debtor incurred
in the sixty (60) days immediately prior to the filing of the petition; and
(b) secured creditors.
SECTION 97. Creditors' Meeting. — The presence of creditors holding

claims amounting to at least three-fifths (3/5) of the liabilities shall be necessary for
holding a meeting. The commissioner appointed by the court shall preside over the
meeting and the clerk of court shall act as the secretary thereof, subject to the
following rules:
(a) The clerk shall record the creditors present and amount of their
respective claims;
(b) The commissioner shall examine the written evidence of the claims. If
the creditors present hold at least three-fifths (3/5) of the liabilities of
the individual debtor, the commissioner shall declare the meeting open
for business;
(c) The creditors and individual debtor shall discuss the propositions in the
proposed agreement and put them to a vote;
(d) To form a majority, it is necessary:
(1) that two-thirds (2/3) of the creditors voting unite upon the same
proposition; and
(2) that the claims represented by said majority vote amount to at

least three-fifths (3/5) of the total liabilities of the debtor
mentioned in the petition; and
(e) After the result of the voting has been announced, all protests made
against the majority vote shall be drawn up, and the commissioner and
the individual debtor together with all creditors taking part in the voting
shall sign the affirmed propositions.
No creditor who incurred his credit within ninety (90) days prior to the filing of
the petition shall be entitled to vote.
SECTION 98. Persons Who May Refrain from Voting. — Creditors who
are unaffected by the Suspension Order may refrain from attending the meeting and
from voting therein. Such persons shall not be bound by any agreement determined
upon at such meeting, but if they should join in the voting they shall be bound in the
same manner as are the other creditors.
SECTION 99. Rejection of the Proposed Agreement. — The proposed

agreement shall be deemed rejected if the number of creditors required for holding a
meeting do not attend thereat, or if the two (2) majorities mentioned in Section 97
hereof are not in favor thereof. In such instances, the proceeding shall be terminated
without recourse and the parties concerned shall be at liberty to enforce the rights
which may correspond to them.
SECTION 100. Objections. — If the proposal of the individual debtor, or

any amendment thereof made during the creditors' meeting, is approved by the
majority of creditors in accordance with Section 97 hereof, any creditor who attended
the meeting and who dissented from and protested against the vote of the majority
may file an objection with the court within ten (10) days from the date of the last
creditors' meeting. The causes for which objection may be made to the decision made
by the majority during the meeting shall be: (a) defects in the call for the meeting, in
the holding thereof, and in the deliberations had thereat which prejudice the rights of
the creditors; (b) fraudulent connivance between one or more creditors and the
individual debtor to vote in favor of the proposed agreement; or (c) fraudulent
conveyance of claims for the purpose of obtaining a majority. The court shall hear and
pass upon such objection as soon as possible and in a summary manner. TaDCEc
In case the decision of the majority of creditors to approve the individual

debtor's proposal or any amendment thereof made during the creditors' meeting is
annulled by the court, the court shall declare the proceedings terminated and the
creditors shall be at liberty to exercise the rights which may correspond to them.
SECTION 101. Effects of Approval of Proposed Agreement. — If the

decision of the majority of the creditors to approve the proposed agreement or any
amendment thereof made during the creditors' meeting is upheld by the court, or when
no opposition or objection to said decision has been presented, the court shall order
that the agreement be carried out and all parties bound thereby to comply with its
terms.
The court may also issue all orders which may be necessary or proper to
enforce the agreement on motion of any affected party. The Order confirming the
approval of the proposed agreement on any amendment thereof made during the
creditors' meeting shall be binding upon all creditors whose claims are included in the
schedule of debts and liabilities submitted by the individual debtor and who were
properly summoned, but not upon: (a) those creditors having claims for personal
labor, maintenance, expenses of last illness and funeral of the wife or children of the
debtor incurred in the sixty (60) days immediately prior to the filing of the petition,
and (b) secured creditors who failed to attend the meeting on refrained from voting
therein.
SECTION 102. Failure of Individual Debtor to Perform Agreement. — If

the individual debtor fails, wholly or in part, to perform the agreement decided upon
at the meeting of the creditors, all the rights which the creditors had against the
individual debtor before the agreement shall revest in them. In such case the
individual debtor may be made subject to the insolvency proceedings in the manner
established by this Act.
(B) Voluntary Liquidation.
SECTION 103. Application. — An individual debtor whose properties are

not sufficient to cover his liabilities, and owing debts exceeding Five hundred
thousand pesos (Php500,000.00), may apply to be discharged from his debts and
liabilities by filing a verified petition with the court of the province or city in which he
has resided for six (6) months prior to the filing of such petition. He shall attach to his
petition a schedule of debts and liabilities and an inventory of assets. The filing of
such petition shall be an act of insolvency. AcIaST
SECTION 104. Liquidation Order. — If the court finds the petition

sufficient in form and substance, it shall, within five (5) working days, issue the
Liquidation Order mentioned in Section 112 hereof.
(C) Involuntary Liquidation.
SECTION 105. Petition; Acts of Insolvency. — Any creditor or group of

creditors with a claim of, or with claims aggregating, at least Five hundred thousand
pesos (Php500,000.00) may file a verified petition for liquidation with the court of the
province or city in which the individual debtor resides.
The following shall be considered acts of insolvency, and the petition for
liquidation shall set forth or allege at least one of such acts:
(a) That such person is about to depart or has departed from the Republic of
the Philippines, with intent to defraud his creditors;
(b) That being absent from the Republic of the Philippines, with intent to
defraud his creditors, he remains absent;
(c) That he conceals himself to avoid the service of legal process for the
purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or of defrauding his
creditors;
(d) That he conceals, or is removing, any of his property to avoid its being
attached or taken on legal process;
(e) That he has suffered his property to remain under attachment or legal
process for three (3) days for the purpose of hindering or delaying the
liquidation or of defrauding his creditors;
(f) That he has confessed or offered to allow judgment in favor of any

creditor or claimant for the purpose of hindering or delaying the
liquidation or of defrauding any creditor or claimant;
(g) That he has willfully suffered judgment to be taken against him by

default for the purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or of
defrauding his creditors; ESDcIA
(h) That he has suffered or procured his property to be taken on legal

process with intent to give a preference to one or more of his creditors
and thereby hinder or delay the liquidation or defraud any one of his
creditors;
(i) That he has made any assignment, gift, sale, conveyance or transfer of
his estate, property, rights or credits with intent to hinder or delay the
liquidation or defraud his creditors;
(j) That he has, in contemplation of insolvency, made any payment, gift,

grant, sale, conveyance or transfer of his estate, property, rights or
credits;
(k) That being a merchant or tradesman, he has generally defaulted in the

payment of his current obligations for a period of thirty (30) days;
(l) That for a period of thirty (30) days, he has failed, after demand, to pay
any moneys deposited with him or received by him in a fiduciary
capacity; and
(m) That an execution having been issued against him on final judgment for
money, he shall have been found to be without sufficient property
subject to execution to satisfy the judgment.
The petitioning creditor/s shall post a bond in such sum as the court shall
direct, conditioned that if the petition for liquidation is dismissed by the court, or
withdrawn by the petitioner, or if the debtor shall not be declared an insolvent, the
petitioners will pay to the debtor all costs, expenses, damages occasioned by the
proceedings, and attorney's fees.
SECTION 106. Order to Individual Debtor to Show Cause. — Upon the

filing of such creditors' petition, the court shall issue an Order requiring the individual
debtor to show cause, at a time and place to be fixed by the said court, why he should
not be adjudged an insolvent. Upon good cause shown, the court may issue an Order
forbidding the individual debtor from making payments of any of his debts, and
transferring any property belonging to him. However, nothing contained herein shall
affect or impair the rights of a secured creditor to enforce his lien in accordance with
its terms.
SECTION 107. Default. — If the individual debtor shall default or if, after
trial, the issues are found in favor of the petitioning creditors, the court shall issue the
Liquidation Order mentioned in Section 112 hereof.
SECTION 108. Absent Individual Debtor. — In all cases where the

individual debtor resides out of the Republic of the Philippines; or has departed
therefrom; or cannot, after due diligence, be found therein; or conceals himself to
avoid service of the Order to show cause, or any other preliminary process or orders in
the matter, then the petitioning creditors, upon submitting the affidavits requisite to
procure an Order of publication, and presenting a bond in double the amount of the
aggregate sum of their claims against the individual debtor, shall be entitled to an
Order of the court directing the sheriff of the province or city in which the matter is
pending to take into his custody a sufficient amount of property of the individual
debtor to satisfy the demands of the petitioning creditors and the costs of the
proceedings. Upon receiving such Order of the court to take into custody property of
the individual debtor, it shall be the duty of the sheriff to take possession of the
property and effects of the individual debtor, not exempt from execution, to an extent
sufficient to cover the amount provided for, and to prepare, within three (3) days from
the time of taking such possession, a complete inventory of all the property so taken,
and to return it to the court as soon as completed. The time for taking the inventory
and making return thereof may be extended for good cause shown to the court. The
sheriff shall also prepare a schedule of the names and residences of the creditors, and
the amount due each, from the books of the debtor, or from such other papers or data
of the individual debtor available as may come to his possession, and shall file such
schedule or list of creditors and inventory with the clerk of court. IASCTD
SECTION 109. All Property Taken to be Held for All Creditors; Appeal
Bonds; Exceptions to Sureties. — In all cases where property is taken into custody by
the sheriff, if it does not embrace all the property and effects of the debtor not exempt
from execution, any other creditor or creditors of the individual debtor, upon giving
bond to be approved by the court in double the amount of their claims, singly or
jointly, shall be entitled to similar orders and to like action, by the sheriff, until all
claims be provided for, if there be sufficient property or effects. All property taken
into custody by the sheriff by virtue of the giving of any such bonds shall be held by
him for the benefit of all creditors of the individual debtor whose claims shall be duly
proved as provided in this Act. The bonds provided for in this section and the
preceding section to procure the order for custody of the property and effects of the
individual debtor shall be conditioned that if, upon final hearing of the petition in
insolvency, the court shall find in favor of the petitioners, such bonds and all of them
shall be void; if the decision be in favor of the individual debtor, the proceedings shall
be dismissed, and the individual debtor, his heirs, administrators, executors or assigns
shall be entitled to recover such sum of money as shall be sufficient to cover the
damages sustained by him, not to exceed the amount of the respective bonds. Such
damages shall be fixed and allowed by the court. If either the petitioners or the debtor
shall appeal from the decision of the court, upon final hearing of the petition, the
appellant shall be required to give bond to the successful party in a sum double the
amount of the value of the property in controversy, and for the costs of the
proceedings.
Any person interested in the estate may take exception to the sufficiency of the
sureties on such bond or bonds. When excepted to, the petitioner's sureties, upon
notice to the person excepting of not less than two (2) nor more than five (5) days,
must justify as to their sufficiency; and upon failure to justify, or if others in their
place fail to justify at the time and place appointed, the judge shall issue an Order
vacating the order to take the property of the individual debtor into the custody of the
sheriff, or denying the appeal, as the case may be.
SECTION 110. Sale Under Execution. — If, in any case, proper affidavits
and bonds are presented to the court or a judge thereof, asking for and obtaining an
Order of publication and an Order for the custody of the property of the individual
debtor and thereafter the petitioners shall make it appear satisfactorily to the court or a
judge thereof that the interest of the parties to the proceedings will be subserved by a
sale thereof, the court may order such property to be sold in the same manner as
property is sold under execution, the proceeds to be deposited in the court to abide by
the result of the proceedings.
CHAPTER VII
Provisions Common to Liquidation in Insolvency of Individual and Juridical Debtors
SECTION 111. Use of Term Debtor. — For purposes of this chapter, the
term debtor shall include both individual debtor as defined in Section 4 (o) and debtor
as defined in Section 4 (k) of this Act. IAEcaH
(A) The Liquidation Order.
SECTION 112. Liquidation Order. — The Liquidation Order shall:
(a) declare the debtor insolvent;
(b) order the liquidation of the debtor and, in the case of a juridical debtor,
declare it as dissolved;
(c) order the sheriff to take possession and control of all the property of the
debtor, except those that may be exempt from execution;
(d) order the publication of the petition or motion in a newspaper of general

circulation once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks;
(e) direct payments of any claims and conveyance of any property due the
debtor to the liquidator;
(f) prohibit payments by the debtor and the transfer of any property by the
debtor;
(g) direct all creditors to file their claims with the liquidator within the
period set by the rules of procedure;
(h) authorize the payment of administrative expenses as they become due;
(i) state that the debtor and creditors who are not petitioner/s may submit
the names of other nominees to the position of liquidator; and
(j) set the case for hearing for the election and appointment of the
liquidator, which date shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor more
than forty-five (45) days from the date of the last publication.
SECTION 113. Effects of the Liquidation Order. — Upon the issuance of

the Liquidation Order:
(a) the juridical debtor shall be deemed dissolved and its corporate or
juridical existence terminated;
(b) legal title to and control of all the assets of the debtor, except those that
may be exempt from execution, shall be deemed vested in the liquidator
or, pending his election or appointment, with the court;
(c) all contracts of the debtor shall be deemed terminated and/or breached,
unless the liquidator, within ninety (90) days from the date of his
assumption of office, declares otherwise and the contracting party
agrees;
(d) no separate action for the collection of an unsecured claim shall be

allowed. Such actions already pending will be transferred to the
Liquidator for him to accept and settle or contest. If the liquidator
contests or disputes the claim, the court shall allow, hear and resolve
such contest except when the case is already on appeal. In such a case,
the suit may proceed to judgment, and any final and executory judgment
therein for a claim against the debtor shall be filed and allowed in court;
and
(e) no foreclosure proceeding shall be allowed for a period of one hundred
eighty (180) days. cSHIaA
SECTION 114. Rights of Secured Creditors. — The Liquidation Order shall

not affect the right of a secured creditor to enforce his lien in accordance with the
applicable contract or law. A secured creditor may:
(a) waive his rights under the security or lien, prove his claim in the
liquidation proceedings and share in the distribution of the assets of the
debtor; or
(b) maintain his rights under his security or lien.
If the secured creditor maintains his rights under the security or lien:
(1) the value of the property may be fixed in a manner agreed upon by the
creditor and the liquidator. When the value of the property is less than
the claim it secures, the liquidator may convey the property to the
secured creditor and the latter will be admitted in the liquidation
proceedings as a creditor for the balance; if its value exceeds the claim
secured, the liquidator may convey the property to the creditor and
waive the debtor's right of redemption upon receiving the excess from
the creditor;
(2) the liquidator may sell the property and satisfy the secured creditor's
entire claim from the proceeds of the sale; or
(3) the secured creditor may enforce the lien or foreclose on the property
pursuant to applicable laws.
(B) The Liquidator.
SECTION 115. Election of Liquidator. — Only creditors who have filed

their claims within the period set by the court, and whose claims are not barred by the
statute of limitations, will be allowed to vote in the election of the liquidator. A
secured creditor will not be allowed to vote, unless: (a) he waives his security or lien;
or (b) has the value of the property subject of his security or lien fixed by agreement
with the liquidator, and is admitted for the balance of his claim.
The creditors entitled to vote will elect the liquidator in open court. The
nominee receiving the highest number of votes cast in terms of amount of claims, and
who is qualified pursuant to Section 118 hereof, shall be appointed as the liquidator.
SECTION 116. Court-Appointed Liquidator. — The court may appoint the

liquidator if:
(a) on the date set for the election of the liquidator, the creditors do not
attend;
(b) the creditors who attend, fail or refuse to elect a liquidator;
(c) after being elected, the liquidator fails to qualify; or
(d) a vacancy occurs for any reason whatsoever. In any of the cases
provided herein, the court may instead set another hearing for the
election of the liquidator.
Provided, further, That nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a

rehabilitation receiver, who was administering the debtor prior to the commencement
of the liquidation, from being appointed as a liquidator.
SECTION 117. Oath and Bond of the Liquidator. — Prior to entering upon
his powers, duties and responsibilities, the liquidator shall take an oath and file a
bond, in such amount to be fixed by the court, conditioned upon the proper and
faithful discharge of his powers, duties and responsibilities.
SECTION 118. Qualifications of the Liquidator. — The liquidator shall

have the qualifications enumerated in Section 29 hereof. He may be removed at any
time by the court for cause, either motu proprio or upon motion of any creditor
entitled to vote for the election of the liquidator.
SECTION 119. Powers, Duties and Responsibilities of the Liquidator. —

The liquidator shall be deemed an officer of the court with the principal duty of
preserving and maximizing the value and recovering the assets of the debtor, with the
end of liquidating them and discharging to the extent possible all the claims against
the debtor. The powers, duties and responsibilities of the liquidator shall include, but
not be limited to: ADHCSE
(a) to sue and recover all the assets, debts and claims, belonging or due to
the debtor;
(b) to take possession of all the property of the debtor except property
exempt by law from execution;
(c) to sell, with the approval of the court, any property of the debtor which
has come into his possession or control;
(d) to redeem all mortgages and pledges, and to satisfy any judgment which
may be an encumbrance on any property sold by him;
(e) to settle all accounts between the debtor and his creditors, subject to the
approval of the court;
(f) to recover any property or its value, fraudulently conveyed by the

debtor;
(g) to recommend to the court the creation of a creditors' committee which

will assist him in the discharge of his functions and which shall have
powers as the court deems just, reasonable and necessary; and
(h) upon approval of the court, to engage such professionals as may be

necessary and reasonable to assist him in the discharge of his duties.
In addition to the rights and duties of a rehabilitation receiver, the liquidator

shall have the right and duty to take all reasonable steps to manage and dispose of the
debtor's assets with a view towards maximizing the proceedings therefrom, to pay
creditors and stockholders, and to terminate the debtor's legal existence. Other duties
of the liquidator in accordance with this section may be established by procedural
rules.
A liquidator shall be subject to removal pursuant to procedures for removing a

rehabilitation receiver.
SECTION 120. Compensation of the Liquidator. — The liquidator and the

persons and entities engaged or employed by him to assist in the discharge of his
powers and duties shall be entitled to such reasonable compensation as may be
determined by the liquidation court, which shall not exceed the maximum amount as
may be prescribed by the Supreme Court.
SECTION 121. Reporting Requirements. — The liquidator shall make and

keep a record of all moneys received and all disbursements made by him or under his
authority as liquidator. He shall render a quarterly report thereof to the court, which
report shall be made available to all interested parties. The liquidator shall also submit
such reports as may be required by the court from time to time as well as a final report
at the end of the liquidation proceedings. HSaIET
SECTION 122. Discharge of Liquidator. — In preparation for the final

settlement of all the claims against the debtor, the liquidator will notify all the
creditors, either by publication in a newspaper of general circulation or such other
mode as the court may direct or allow, that he will apply with the court for the
settlement of his account and his discharge from liability as liquidator. The liquidator
will file a final accounting with the court, with proof of notice to all creditors. The
accounting will be set for hearing. If the court finds the same in order, the court will
discharge the liquidator.
(C) Determination of Claims.
SECTION 123. Registry of Claims. — Within twenty (20) days from his
assumption into office, the liquidator shall prepare a preliminary registry of claims of
secured and unsecured creditors. Secured creditors who have waived their security or
lien, or have fixed the value of the property subject of their security or lien by
agreement with the liquidator and is admitted as a creditor for the balance, shall be
considered as unsecured creditors. The liquidator shall make the registry available for
public inspection and provide publication notice to creditors, individual debtors,
owner/s of the sole proprietorship-debtor, the partners of the partnership-debtor and
shareholders or members of the corporation-debtor, on where and when they may
inspect it. All claims must be duly proven before being paid.
SECTION 124. Right of Set-off. — If the debtor and a creditor are mutually
debtor and creditor of each other, one debt shall be set off against the other, and only
the balance, if any, shall be allowed in the liquidation proceedings.
SECTION 125. Opposition or Challenge to Claims. — Within thirty (30)

days from the expiration of the period for filing of applications for recognition of
claims, creditors, individual debtors, owner/s of the sole proprietorship-debtor,
partners of the partnership-debtor and shareholders or members of the
corporation-debtor and other interested parties may submit a challenge to a claim or
claims to the court, serving a certified copy on the liquidator and the creditor holding
the challenged claim. Upon the expiration of the thirty (30)-day period, the
rehabilitation receiver shall submit to the court the registry of claims containing the
undisputed claims that have not been subject to challenge. Such claims shall become
final upon the filing of the register and may be subsequently set aside only on grounds
of fraud, accident, mistake or inexcusable neglect. AaCTID
SECTION 126. Submission of Disputed Claims to Court. — The liquidator

shall resolve disputed claims and submit his findings thereon to the court for final
approval. The liquidator may disallow claims.
(D) Avoidance Proceedings.
SECTION 127. Rescission or Nullity of Certain Transactions. — Any

transaction occurring prior to the issuance of the Liquidation Order or, in case of the
conversion of the rehabilitation proceedings to liquidation proceedings prior to the
commencement date, entered into by the debtor or involving its assets, may be
rescinded or declared null and void on the ground that the same was executed with
intent to defraud a creditor or creditors or which constitute undue preference of
creditors. The presumptions set forth in Section 58 hereof shall apply.
SECTION 128. Actions for Rescission or Nullity. — (a) The liquidator or,
with his conformity, a creditor may initiate and prosecute any action to rescind, or
declare null and void any transaction described in the immediately preceding
paragraph. If the liquidator does not consent to the filing or prosecution of such
action, any creditor may seek leave of the court to commence said action.
(b) If leave of court is granted under subsection (a) hereof, the liquidator shall
assign and transfer to the creditor all rights, title and interest in the chose in action or
subject matter of the proceeding, including any document in support thereof.
(c) Any benefit derived from a proceeding taken pursuant to subsection (a)
hereof, to the extent of his claim and the costs, belongs exclusively to the creditor
instituting the proceeding, and the surplus, if any, belongs to the estate.
(d) Where, before an order is made under subsection (a) hereof, the liquidator
signifies to the court his readiness to institute the proceeding for the benefit of the
creditors, the order shall fix the time within which he shall do so and, in that case, the
benefit derived from the proceedings, if instituted within the time limits so fixed,
belongs to the estate.
(E) The Liquidation Plan.
SECTION 129. The Liquidation Plan. — Within three (3) months from his
assumption into office, the Liquidator shall submit a Liquidation Plan to the court.
The Liquidation Plan shall, as a minimum, enumerate all the assets of the debtor, all
the claims against the debtor and a schedule of liquidation of the assets and payment
of the claims.
SECTION 130. Exempt Property to be Set Apart. — It shall be the duty of

the court, upon petition and after hearing, to exempt and set apart, for the use and
benefit of the said insolvent, such real and personal property as is by law exempt from
execution, and also a homestead; but no such petition shall be heard as aforesaid until
it is first proved that notice of the hearing of the application therefor has been duly
given by the clerk, by causing such notice to be posted in at least three (3) public
places in the province or city at least ten (10) days prior to the time of such hearing,
which notice shall set forth the name of the said insolvent debtor, and the time and
place appointed for the hearing of such application, and shall briefly indicate the
homestead sought to be exempted or the property sought to be set aside; and the
decree must show that such proof was made to the satisfaction of the court, and shall
be conclusive evidence of that fact.
SECTION 131. Sale of Assets in Liquidation. — The liquidator may sell the
unencumbered assets of the debtor and convert the same into money. The sale shall be
made at public auction. However, a private sale may be allowed with the approval of
the court if: (a) the goods to be sold are of a perishable nature, or are liable to quickly
deteriorate in value, or are disproportionately expensive to keep or maintain; or (b) the
private sale is for the best interest of the debtor and his creditors.
With the approval of the court, unencumbered property of the debtor may also
be conveyed to a creditor in satisfaction of his claim or part thereof.
SECTION 132. Manner of Implementing the Liquidation Plan. — The

liquidator shall implement the Liquidation Plan as approved by the court. Payments
shall be made to the creditors only in accordance with the provisions of the Plan. HSaEAD
SECTION 133. Concurrence and Preference of Credits. — The

Liquidation Plan and its implementation shall ensure that the concurrence and
preference of credits as enumerated in the Civil Code of the Philippines and other
relevant laws shall be observed, unless a preferred creditor voluntarily waives his
preferred right. For purposes of this chapter, credits for services rendered by
employees or laborers to the debtor shall enjoy first preference under Article 2244 of
the Civil Code, unless the claims constitute legal liens under Articles 2241 and 2242
thereof.
SECTION 134. Order Removing the Debtor from the List of Registered
Entities at the Securities and Exchange Commission. — Upon determining that the
liquidation has been completed according to this Act and applicable law, the court
shall issue an Order approving the report and ordering the SEC to remove the debtor
from the registry of legal entities.
SECTION 135. Termination of Proceedings. — Upon receipt of evidence

showing that the debtor has been removed from the registry of legal entities at the
SEC, the court shall issue an Order terminating the proceedings.
(F) Liquidation of a Securities Market Participant.
SECTION 136. Liquidation of a Securities Market Participant. — The

foregoing provisions of this chapter shall be without prejudice to the power of a
regulatory agency or self-regulatory organization to liquidate trade-related claims of
clients or customers of a securities market participant which, for purposes of investor
protection, are hereby deemed to have absolute priority over all other claims of
whatever nature or kind insofar as trade-related assets are concerned.
For purposes of this section, trade-related assets include cash, securities,

trading right and other assets owned and used by the securities market participant in
the ordinary course of its business.
CHAPTER VIII
Proceedings Ancillary to Other Insolvency or Rehabilitation Proceedings
(A) Banks and Other Financial Institutions Under Rehabilitation Receivership

Pursuant to a State-funded or State-mandated Insurance System.
SECTION 137. Provision of Assistance. — The court shall issue orders,

adjudicate claims and provide for other relief necessary to assist in the liquidation of a
financial institution under rehabilitation receivership established by a state-funded or
state-mandated insurance system.
SECTION 138. Application of Relevant Legislation. — The liquidation of

banks, financial institutions, insurance companies and pre-need
companies shall be determined by relevant legislation. The provisions in this Act
shall apply in a suppletory manner.
(B) Cross-Border Insolvency Proceedings.
SECTION 139. Adoption of Uncitral Model Law on Cross-Border
Insolvency. — Subject to the provision of Section 136 hereof and the rules of
procedure that may be adopted by the Supreme Court, the Model Law on
Cross-Border Insolvency of the United Nations Center for International Trade and
Development is hereby adopted as part of this Act.
SECTION 140. Initiation of Proceedings. — The court shall set a hearing in

connection with an insolvency or rehabilitation proceeding taking place in a foreign
jurisdiction, upon the submission of a petition by the representative of the foreign
entity that is the subject of the foreign proceeding. IcaEDC
SECTION 141. Provision of Relief. — The court may issue orders:
(a) suspending any action to enforce claims against the entity or otherwise
seize or foreclose on property of the foreign entity located in the
Philippines;
(b) requiring the surrender of property of the foreign entity to the foreign
representative; or
(c) providing other necessary relief.
SECTION 142. Factors in Granting Relief. — In determining whether to

grant relief under this subchapter, the court shall consider:
(a) the protection of creditors in the Philippines and the inconvenience in

pursuing their claims in a foreign proceeding;
(b) the just treatment of all creditors through resort to a unified insolvency
or rehabilitation proceeding;
(c) whether other jurisdictions have given recognition to the foreign

proceeding;
(d) the extent that the foreign proceeding recognizes the rights of creditors
and other interested parties in a manner substantially in accordance with
the manner prescribed in this Act; and
(e) the extent that the foreign proceeding has recognized and shown
deference to proceedings under this Act and previous legislation.
CHAPTER IX
Funds for Rehabilitation of Government-Owned and -Controlled Corporations
SECTION 143. Funds for Rehabilitation of Government-owned and

-Controlled Corporations. — Public funds for the rehabilitation of
government-owned and -controlled corporations shall be released only pursuant to an
appropriation by Congress and shall be supported by funds actually available as
certified by the National Treasurer.
The Department of Finance, in collaboration with the Department of Budget

and Management, shall promulgate the rules for the use and release of said funds.
CHAPTER X
Miscellaneous Provisions
SECTION 144. Applicability of Provisions. — The provisions in Chapter II,

insofar as they are applicable, shall likewise apply to proceedings in Chapters III and
IV.
SECTION 145. Penalties. — An owner, partner, director, officer or other

employee of the debtor who commits any one of the following acts shall, upon
conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than One million pesos
(Php1,000,000.00) and imprisonment for not less than three (3) months nor more than
five (5) years for each offense:
(a) if he shall, having notice of the commencement of the proceedings, or

having reason to believe that proceedings are about to be commenced,
or in contemplation of the proceedings, hide or conceal, or destroy or
cause to be destroyed or hidden any property belonging to the debtor; or
if he shall hide, destroy, alter, mutilate or falsify, or cause to be hidden,
destroyed, altered, mutilated or falsified, any book, deed, document or
writing relating thereto; or if he shall, with intent to defraud the
creditors of the debtor, make any payment, sale, assignment, transfer or
conveyance of any property belonging to the debtor;
(b) if he shall, having knowledge or belief of any person having proved a

false or fictitious claim against the debtor, fail to disclose the same to
the rehabilitation receiver or liquidator within one (1) month after
coming to said knowledge or belief; or if he shall attempt to account for
any of the debtor's property by fictitious losses or expenses; or
(c) if he shall knowingly violate a prohibition or knowingly fail to

undertake an obligation established by this Act.
SECTION 146. Application to Pending Insolvency, Suspension of Payments

and Rehabilitation Cases. — This Act shall govern all petitions filed after it has taken
effect. All further proceedings in insolvency, suspension of payments and
rehabilitation cases then pending, except to the extent that in the opinion of the court
their application would not be feasible or would work injustice, in which event the
procedures set forth in prior laws and regulations shall apply.
SECTION 147. Application to Pending Contracts. — This Act shall apply

to all contracts of the debtor regardless of the date of perfection.
SECTION 148. Repealing Clause. — The Insolvency Law (Act No. 1956),
as amended, is hereby repealed. All other laws, orders, rules and regulations or parts
thereof inconsistent with any provision of this Act are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly. TaIHEA
SECTION 149. Separability Clause. — If any provision of this Act shall be

held invalid, the remainder of this Act not otherwise affected shall remain in full force
and effect.
SECTION 150. Effectivity Clause. — This Act shall take effect fifteen (15)
days after its complete publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) national
newspapers of general circulation.
Lapsed into law on July 18, 2010 without the signature of the President, in
accordance with Article VI, Section 27 (1) of the Constitution.
Published in The Philippine Star on August 16, 2010.
Endnotes
1 (Popup - Popup)
A.M. No. 03-03-03-SC (June 21, 2016)
A.M. No. 03-03-03-SC (November 16, 2015)
A.M. No. 03-03-03-SC (June 16, 2015)
A.M. No. 15-04-06-SC (April 21, 2015)
A.M. No. 12-12-11-SC (August 27, 2013)
Supreme Court Memorandum Order No. 46-10
PD 1460
RA 7653
RA 11127
ACT 1956
ACT 3962
Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10744 "The Credit Surety
Fund Cooperative Act of 2015"

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July 18, 2010

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10142

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REHABILITATION OR LIQUIDATION OF

SECTION 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the "Financial

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. — It is the policy of the State to

SECTION 3. Nature of Proceedings. — The proceedings under this Act

The proceedings shall be conducted in a summary and non-adversarial manner

SECTION 4. Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act, the term:

(a) Administrative expenses shall refer to those reasonable and necessary

(1) incurred or arising from the filing of a petition under the

(2) arising from, or in connection with, the conduct of the

(4) for the payment of new obligations obtained after the

(5) incurred for the fees of the rehabilitation receiver or liquidator

(b) Affiliate shall refer to a corporation that directly or indirectly, through

(c) Claim shall refer to all claims or demands of whatever nature or

(f) Control shall refer to the power of a parent corporation to direct or

(2) to direct or govern the financial and operating policies of the

(3) to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of

(4) to cast the majority votes at meetings of the board of directors or

(l) Encumbered property shall refer to real or personal property of the

(m) General unsecured creditor shall refer to a creditor whose claim or a

(p) Insolvent shall refer to the financial condition of a debtor that is

(r) Involuntary proceedings shall refer to proceedings initiated by creditors.

(t) Lien shall refer to a statutory or contractual claim or judicial charge on

(x) Officer shall refer to a natural person holding a management position

(y) Ordinary course of business shall refer to transactions in the pursuit of

(dd) Proceedings shall refer to judicial proceedings commenced by the

(ff) Publication notice shall refer to notice through publication in a

(gg) Rehabilitation shall refer to the restoration of the debtor to a condition

(hh) Rehabilitation receiver shall refer to the person or persons, natural or

(ii) Rehabilitation Plan shall refer to a plan by which the financial

(kk) Secured creditor shall refer to a creditor with a secured claim.

(ll) Secured party shall refer to a secured creditor or the agent or

(mm) Securities market participant shall refer to a broker, dealer, underwriter,

(nn) Stakeholder shall refer, in addition to a holder of shares of a

(qq) Unsecured creditor shall refer to a creditor with an unsecured claim.

(rr) Voluntary proceedings shall refer to proceedings initiated by the debtor.

(ss) Voting creditor shall refer to a creditor that is a member of a class of

SECTION 5. Exclusions. — The term debtor does not include banks,

For purposes of this section:

(c) Pre-need company shall refer to any corporation authorized/licensed to

Provided, That government financial institutions other than banks and

SECTION 6. Designation of Courts and Promulgation of Procedural

SECTION 7. Substantive and Procedural Consolidation. — Each

SECTION 8. Decisions of Creditors. — Decisions of creditors shall be

SECTION 9. Creditors' Representatives. — Creditors may designate

SECTION 10. Liability of Individual Debtor, Owner of a Sole

(b) Conceal, or authorize or approve the concealment, from the creditors, or

SECTION 11. Authorization to Exchange Debt for Equity. —

(A) Initiation Proceedings.

(1) Voluntary Proceedings. HEDSIc

SECTION 12. Petition to Initiate Voluntary Proceedings by Debtor. —

(c) The specific relief sought pursuant to this Act;

(d) The grounds upon which the petition is based;

(h) A Rehabilitation Plan;

(2) Involuntary Proceedings.

SECTION 13. Circumstances Necessary to Initiate Involuntary