A. R.

Rahman

“AR Rahman” redirects here. For the surah of the

Quran, see Ar-Rahman.

Allah-Rakha Rahman ( pronunciation , born A.

S. Dileep Kumar, is an Indian composer, singer-
songwriter, music producer, musician and philanthropist.
A.R. Rahman’s works are noted for integrating Eastern
classical music with electronic music, world music and
traditional orchestral arrangements. Among his awards
are two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, a
BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, four National Film
Awards, fifteen Filmfare Awards and thirteen Filmfare
Awards South. Rahman’s body of work for film and stage Rahman (left) receiving a platinum award at the MagnaSound
has given him the nickname of “the Mozart of Madras”, Awards; MagnaSound released his first film soundtrack, Roja,
and Tamil commentators and fans call him Isai Puyal in 1992.
(English: the Musical Storm).[4]
In 2009, Time included Rahman on its list of the world’s and percussionist Sivamani, John Anthony, Suresh Pe-
most influential people.[5] The UK-based world-music ters, JoJo and Raja)[13] and founded the Chennai-based
magazine Songlines named him one of “Tomorrow’s rock group Nemesis Avenue.[14] He mastered the key-
World Music Icons” in August 2011.[6] board, piano, synthesizer, harmonium and guitar, and was
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hariharan, K. S. Chithra & particularly interested in the synthesizer because it was
Sujatha Mohan are the four indian playback singers who the “ideal combination of music and technology”.[15]
recorded maximum number of songs in his composi- Rahman began his early musical training under Master
tion. With an in-house studio (Panchathan Record Inn in Dhanraj,[16][17] and at age 11 began playing in the or-
Chennai) Rahman’s film-scoring career began during the chestra of Malayalam composer (and close friend of his
early 1990s with the Tamil film Roja. Working in India’s father) M. K. Arjunan.[18] He soon began working with
film industries, international cinema and theatre, Rah- other composers, such as M. S. Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraaja,
man is one of the world’s all-time best-selling recording Ramesh Naidu and Raj-Koti,[17] accompanied Zakir Hus-
artists.[7][8][9] In a notable two-decade career, he has been sain, Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan and L. Shankar on world
acclaimed for redefining contemporary Indian film music tours and obtained a scholarship from Trinity College
and contributing to the success of several films. Rahman London to the Trinity College of Music.[12] Studying in
has become a notable humanitarian and philanthropist, Chennai, Rahman graduated with a diploma in Western
donating and raising money for a number of causes and classical music from the school.[19] Rahman was intro-
charities. duced to Qadiri Islam when his younger sister was seri-
ously ill in 1984. His mother was a practicing Hindu.[20]
He converted to Islam (his mother’s religion) with other
members of his family in 1989 at age 23, changing his
1 Early life name from R.S. Dileep Kumar to Allah Rakha Rahman
(A.R. Rahman).[12][21]
Rahman was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in
a middle-class Tamil Mudaliar[10] family. His father,
R. K. Shekhar, was a film-score composer and conduc-
tor for Tamil and Malayalam films; Rahman assisted
2 Career
his father in the studio, playing the keyboard. After
his father’s death when Rahman was nine years old, the 2.1 Soundtracks
rental of his father’s musical equipment provided his fam-
ily’s income.[11] Raised by his mother, Kareema (born Rahman initially composed scores for documentaries and
Kashturi),[12] Rahman was a keyboard player and ar- jingles for advertisements and Indian television channels.
ranger for bands such as Roots (with childhood friend In 1987 Rahman, then still known as Dileep, composed

1
2 2 CAREER

jingles for a line of watches introduced by Allwyn.[22] He consecutive additional times. The musical cues in the
also arranged the jingles for some advertisements that soundtrack albums for Sangamam and Iruvar used Car-
went on to become very popular, including the popular natic vocals, the veena, rock guitar and jazz.[47] Dur-
jingle for Titan Watches, in which he used the theme from ing the 2000s, Rahman composed scores and popular
Mozart’s Symphony no.25.[23][24][25] songs for Rajiv Menon's Kandukondain Kandukondain,
In 1992, he was approached by director Mani Ratnam Alaipayuthey, Ashutosh Gowariker's Swades, Rang De
to compose the score and soundtrack for his Tamil film, Basanti[48] and songs with Hindustani motifs for 2005’s
Roja.[26][27] Water. Rahman has worked with Indian poets and lyri-
cists such as Javed Akhtar, Gulzar, Vairamuthu and Vaali,
Rahman’s film career began in 1992 when he started and has produced commercially-successful soundtracks
Panchathan Record Inn, a recording and mixing studio with directors Mani Ratnam and S. Shankar (Gentleman,
in his backyard. It would become the most-advanced Kadhalan, Indian, Jeans, Mudhalvan, Nayak, Boys, Sivaji
recording studio in India,[26] and arguably one of Asia’s and Enthiran).[49]
most sophisticated and high-tech studios.[28] Cinematog-
rapher Santosh Sivan signed Rahman for the Malayalam In 2005 Rahman expanded his Panchathan Record Inn
film Yodha, a Mohanlal starrer directed by Sivan’s brother studio by establishing AM Studios in Kodambakkam,
Sangeeth Sivan that released in September 1992. The Chennai, creating the most cutting-edge studio in
following year, Rahman received the Rajat Kamal (Sil- Asia.[50][51] The following year he launched his own mu-
ver Lotus) award for best music director at the National sic label, KM Music,[52] with his score for Sillunu Oru
Film Awards for Roja. The films’ score was critically and Kaadhal.[53] Rahman scored the Mandarin-language film
commercially successful in its original and dubbed ver- Warriors of Heaven and Earth in 2003 after research-
sions, led by the innovative theme "Chinna Chinna Aa- ing and using Chinese and Japanese classical music,[54]
sai". Rahman followed this with successful scores and and won the Just Plain Folks Music Award For Best
songs for Tamil–language films for the Chennai film in- Music Album for his score for 2006’s Varalaru (God
dustry, including Ratnam’s politically-charged Bombay, Father).[55] He co-scored Shekhar Kapur's first British
the urban Kadhalan, Thiruda Thiruda and S. Shankar's film, Elizabeth: The Golden Age, in 2007[56] and received
debut film Gentleman (with its popular dance song, a Best Composer Asian Film Award nomination at the
"Chikku Bukku Rayile").[29][30][31][32] Rahman collabo- Hong Kong International Film Festival for his Jodhaa
rated with director Bharathiraaja on Kizhakku Cheemay- Akbar score.[57] Rahman’s music has been sampled for
ile and Karuththamma, producing successful Tamil ru- other scores in India,[58] appearing in Inside Man, Lord
of War, Divine Intervention and The Accidental Husband.
ral folk-inspired film songs; he also composed for K.
Balachander's Duet, which had some memorable Saxo- His score for his first Hollywood film, the 2009 comedy
Couples Retreat, won the BMI London Award for Best
phone themes.[33][34] The 1995 film Indira and roman-
tic comedies Mr. Romeo and Love Birds also drew Score.[59] Rahman’s music for 2008’s Slumdog Million-
aire won a Golden Globe and two Academy Awards (a
attention.[35][36][37] Rahman attracted a Japanese audi-
ence with Muthu's success there.[38] His soundtracks are first for an Asian), and the songs "Jai Ho" and "O... Saya"
from its soundtrack were internationally successful. His
known in the Tamil Nadu film industry and abroad for
his versatility in combining Western classical music, Car- music on 2008’s Bollywood Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na
natic and Tamil traditional and folk-music traditions, was popular with Indian youth; that year, his score and
jazz, reggae and rock music.[39][40][41][42] The soundtrack songs for Jodhaa Akbar won critical acclaim, a Best Com-
for Bombay sold 12 million copies worldwide,[43] and poser Asian Film Award nomination and IIFA awards
"Bombay Theme" would later reappear in his sound- for best music direction and score. In 2010, Rahman
track for Deepa Mehta's Fire and a number of compi- composed the original score and songs for the romantic
lations and other media. It was featured in the 2002 Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, the sci-fi romance Enthiran
Palestinian film Divine Intervention and the 2005 Nicolas and Danny Boyle's 127 Hours, composing for the Imtiaz
Cage film, Lord of War. Rangeela, directed by Ram Ali musical Rockstar; the latter’s soundtrack was a critical
Gopal Varma, was Rahman’s Bollywood debut.[44] Suc- and commercial success.[60] In 2012 Rahman composed
cessful scores and songs for Dil Se.. and the percussive for Ekk Deewana Tha and the American drama People
Taal followed.[45][46] Sufi mysticism inspired "Chaiyya Like Us,[61] and collaborated with director Yash Chopra
Chaiyya" from the former film and “Zikr” from his sound- on Jab Tak Hai Jaan.[62] all were positively received.[63]
track album for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgot- By the end of the year his music for Mani Ratnam’s
ten Hero (which featured elaborate orchestral and choral Kadal was critically acclaimed, and the album topped the
arrangements).[21] Rahman’s soundtrack album for the iTunes India chart for December.[64] In 2013, Rahman
Chennai production Minsaara Kanavu won him his sec- had two releases: Raanjhanaa and Maryan. Both were
ond National Film Award for Best Music Direction and successful, with the former nominated for a number of
a South FilmFare Award for Best Music Direction in a awards[65][66][67] and the latter the iTunes India Tamil Al-
Tamil film in 1997, the latter setting a record of six con- bum of 2013.[68]
secutive wins; he later went on to win the award three The year 2014 was one of the busiest years for Rahman,
2.3 Performing and other projects 3

with him claiming to have worked in 12 films in various

languages.[69] While his first release for the year was the
Imtiaz Ali's road movie Highway which garnered posi-
tive reviews, his very next release was the performance
captured animation film Kochadaiiyaan, a Rajinikanth
starrer directed by Soundarya Rajinikanth. The film’s
score and soundtrack garnered huge critical appraise with
its score being long-listed at the forthcoming Academy
Awards.[70] His next were the scores for the two back
to back Hollywood films, Million Dollar Arm and The
Hundred Foot Journey, both of which got into the con-
tended list for the original score category nomination at
the Oscars. This was followed by the highly successful
soundtrack album for the period drama Kaaviya Tha- Rahman at the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Concert
laivan teaming up with director Vasanthabalan for the
first time. His next release was Shankar's supernatural
thriller I and K. S. Ravikumar's period action film Lingaa,leased for India’s 50th anniversary of its independence
both of which were highly acclaimed and appreciated in 1997,[75][76][77] is one of India’s bestselling non-film
upon release. albums.[78] He followed it with an album for the Bharat
Bala–directed video Jana Gana Mana, a collection of
performances by leading exponents and artists of Indian
2.2 Background scores classical music.[79] Rahman has written advertising jin-
gles and orchestrations for athletic events, television and
[80]
Apart from successful soundtracks, he is also known for Internet media, documentaries and short films, fre-
highly acclaimed background scores and is considered, quently using the Czech Film Orchestra and the Chennai
one of the finest background-score composers in India.[71] Strings Orchestra.
His background scores are often characterised by the us- In 1999, Rahman partnered with choreographers
age of subtle orchestration and ambient sounds.[71] Shobana and Prabhu Deva and a Tamil film-dancing
Trained in western classical music, he often employs troupe to perform with Michael Jackson in Munich,
[81]
contemporary instruments such as Guitars, Cello, Flute, Germany at his Michael Jackson and Friends concert.
Strings, Keyboard, Finger board, Harpejji, Santoor and In 2002 he composed the music for his first stage
traditional Indian instruments such as Shehnai, Sitar, production, Bombay Dreams, which was commissioned
Mrudangam, Veenai & Tabla to create scores. by Andrew Lloyd Webber.[82] The Finnish folk-music
band Värttinä collaborated with Rahman on the Toronto
Apart from getting high critical appreciations, several production of The Lord of the Rings, and in 2004[83]
of Rahman’s background scores have earned him many he composed “Raga’s Dance” for Vanessa-Mae's al-
prestigious awards ranging from Academy awards to bum Choreography (performed by Mae and the Royal
Filmfare awards.[71][72] Some of the films which fetched Philharmonic Orchestra).[84]
him appreciations for background scores include Roja,
Bombay, Iruvar, Minsara Kanavu, Dil Se.., Taal, Lagaan,
The Legend of Bhagat Singh, Swades, Rang De Bas-
anti, Bose: The Forgotten Hero, Guru, Jodhaa Ak-
bar, Raavanan, Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, Rockstar,
Kadal and Kochadaiiyaan. Among his Hollywood scores,
Warriors of Heaven and Earth, Slumdog Millionaire, 127
Hours, Million Dollar Arm and The Hundred-Foot Jour-
ney received rave reviews. A. R. Rahman received
two Academy Awards for Slumdog Millionaire and two
Academy Award nominations for 127 Hours. Recently,
his scores for Kochadaiiyaan, Million Dollar Arm and The
Hundred-Foot Journey have been nominated in the long
list released by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sci-
ences.[73][74]

2.3 Performing and other projects

Rahman at 2010 Sydney concert
Rahman has also been involved in non-film projects.
Vande Mataram, an album of original compositions re- Since 2004 Rahman has performed three successful
4 3 MUSICAL STYLE AND IMPACT

world tours before audiences in Singapore, Australia, last day of the Mayan calendar to spread hope, peace and
Malaysia, Dubai, the United Kingdom, Canada, the love. Rahman’s 2013 tour, Rahmanishq, was announced
United States and India,[83][85] and has been collaborat- on 29 July 2013 in Mumbai. Beginning in Sydney on 24
ing with Karen David on her upcoming studio album. August, the tour moved to a number of cities in India.[105]
A two-disc CD, Introducing A. R. Rahman (featuring In January 2016, after a long break A. R. Rahman
25 of his Tamil film-score pieces), was released in May performed live in Chennai and for the first time in
2006[86] and his non-film album Connections was released Coimbatore & Madurai, with a complete Tamil playlist.
on 12 December 2008.[87] Rahman performed at a White As the name suggests, Nenje Yezhu (which means rise up)
House state dinner arranged by US President Barack
began 2016 with a positive note and with music from
Obama during an official visit by Indian Prime Minister the heart. The proceeds of this concert will be used for
Manmohan Singh on 24 November 2009.[88] He is one
flood relief in Tamil Nadu and also for creating aware-
of over 70 artists on "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", ness against cancer, supporting VS Medical Trust outside
a charity single to raise relief funds in the wake of the
Chennai.[106][107][108]
2010 Haiti earthquake.[89] In 2010, Rahman composed
"Jai Jai Garvi Gujarat" in honour of the 50th anniversary
of the formation of Gujarat State,[90] "Semmozhiyaana
Thamizh Mozhiyaam" as part of the World Classical 3 Musical style and impact
Tamil Conference 2010,[91] and the theme song for the
2010 Commonwealth Games, "Jiyo Utho Bado Jeeto".[92] Skilled in Carnatic music, Western and Hindustani clas-
Rahman began his first world tour, (A. R. Rahman Jai sical music and the Qawwali style of Nusrat Fateh Ali
Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour) on 11 June Khan, Rahman is noted for film songs amalgamating
2010 at Nassau Coliseum in New York; 16 cities world- elements of these and other genres, layering instru-
wide were scheduled.[93] ments from different musical idioms in an improvisa-
tional style.[21][109] Symphonic orchestral themes accom-
Some of Rahman’s notable compositions were performed
pany his scores, occasionally using a leitmotif. During
by the London Philharmonic Orchestra in April 2010.[94]
the 1980s Rahman recorded monaural arrangements in
In February 2011 Rahman collaborated with Michael
common with his musical predecessors, K. V. Mahade-
Bolton on Bolton’s album, Gems – The Duets Col-
van and Vishwanathan–Ramamoorthy. In later years his
lection,[95][96] reworking his “Sajna” from Couples Re-
methodology changed, as he experimented with the fu-
treat.[97]
sion of traditional instruments with new electronic sounds
On 20 May 2011 Mick Jagger announced the forma- and technology.[21][110]
tion of a supergroup, SuperHeavy, with Dave Stew-
Rahman’s musical interests and outlook originate in his
art, Joss Stone, Damian Marley and Rahman;[98] its
love of experimentation. His compositions have an
self-titled album was scheduled for release in Septem-
auteuristic use of counterpoint, orchestration and the
ber 2011.[99] The album would have Jagger singing on
human voice, melding Indian pop music with a unique
Rahman’s composition, “Satyameva Jayate” (“The Truth
timbre, form and instrumentation. With this syncretic
Alone Triumphs”).[100]
style and wide-ranging lyrics, the appeal of Rahman’s mu-
In January 2012 the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg sic crosses classes and cultures in Indian society.[111]
announced that it would join KM Music Conservatory
His first soundtrack, for Roja, was listed on Time's all-
musicians for a 100-member concert tour of five Indian
time "10 Best Soundtracks" in 2005. Film critic Richard
cities (Germany and India 2011–2012: Infinite Oppor-
Corliss said that the composer’s “astonishing debut work
tunities), performing Rahman’s songs. The marked the
parades Rahman’s gift for alchemizing outside influences
centennial of Indian cinema and Babelsberg Studio, the
[71] until they are totally Tamil, totally Rahman”,[112] and his
world’s oldest film studio.
initial global success is attributed to the South Asian dias-
In Summer 2012 Rahman composed a Punjabi song for pora. Music producer Ron Fair considers Rahman “one
the London Olympics opening ceremony, directed by of the world’s great living composers in any medium”.[113]
Danny Boyle, part of a medley showcasing Indian influ-
Director Baz Luhrmann said:
ence in the UK. Indian musician Ilaiyaraja's song from
the 1981 Tamil-language film Ram Lakshman was also
chosen for the medley.[101] I had come to the music of A. R. Rahman
through the emotional and haunting score of
In December 2012 Rahman and Shekhar Kapoor
Bombay and the wit and celebration of Lagaan.
launched Qyuki, a networking site which is a platform
But the more of AR’s music I encountered the
for story writers to exchange their thoughts. Cisco in-
more I was to be amazed at the sheer diver-
vested ₹270 million in the startup, giving it a 17-percent
sity of styles: from swinging brass bands to tri-
share. Qyuki uses Cisco’s cloud infrastructure for the
umphant anthems; from joyous pop to West-
site.[102][103][104] On 20 December he released the single
End musicals. Whatever the style, A. R. Rah-
“Infinite Love” in English and Hindi, commemorating the
man’s music always possesses a profound sense
 5

of humanity and spirit, qualities that inspire me Padma Shri from the Government of India.[118] In 2006,
the most.[114] he received an award from Stanford University for his
contributions to global music.[119] The following year,
Rahman introduced 7.1 surround sound technology to Rahman entered the Limca Book of Records as “Indian
South Indian films.[115] of the Year for Contribution to Popular Music”.[120] He
received the 2008 Lifetime Achievement Award from the
On 21 May 2014 Rahman announced that he has part- Rotary Club of Madras.[121] In 2009, for his Slumdog Mil-
nered with former Black Eyed Peas’ Will.i.am to recre- lionaire score, Rahman won the Broadcast Film Critics
ate an early popular track 'Urvashi Urvashi'. Track is Association Award, the Golden Globe Award for Best
'Birthday'.[116] Original Score,[122] the BAFTA Award for Best Film Mu-
sic and two Academy Awards (Best Original Score and
Best Original Song, the latter shared with Gulzar) at the
4 Awards 81st Academy Awards. He has received honorary doctor-
ates from Middlesex University, Aligarh Muslim Univer-
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by sity,[123][124] Anna University in Chennai and Miami Uni-
A. R. Rahman versity in Ohio.[125] The composer has won two Grammy
Rahman was the 1995 recipient of the Mauritius Na- Awards: Best Compilation Soundtrack Album and Best
Song Written for Visual Media.[126] Rahman received
the Padma Bhushan, India’s third-highest civilian hon-
our, in 2010.[127] His work in 127 Hours won him Golden
Globe, BAFTA, and two Academy Award nominations
(Best Original Music Score and Best Original Song) in
2011.[128][129][130] Rahman is an Honorary Fellow of the
Trinity College of Music.[131]
On 24 October 2014 Rahman was awarded an honorary
doctorate from Berklee College of Music during a concert
paying tribute to his music featuring an international cast
of students. Upon receiving his award he commented that
being honored by Berklee illustrates how his life has come
full circle, as at the start of his career, he had planned
to study at Berklee before being offered the opportunity
to score Roja.[132] During his 7 May 2012 acceptance
speech of his honorary doctorate from Miami University
in Ohio, Rahman mentioned that he received a Christ-
mas card from the family of the President of the United
States and an invitation to dinner at the White House.[133]
A street was named in his honour in Markham, Ontario,
Canada in November 2013.[134]
On 4 October 2015, the government of Seychelles named
A. R. Rahman Cultural Ambassador for Seychelles in ap-
preciation of the “invaluable services contributed to en-
hance Seychelles’ Arts and Culture development.”[135]

Rahman at his home in Chennai, with Academy Awards for 5 Personal life
Slumdog Millionaire
Rahman is married to Saira Banu and has three chil-
tional Award and the Malaysian Award for his contribu- dren: Khatija, Rahima and Ameen.[136] Ameen has sung
tions to music,[117] and was nominated for a Laurence “NaNa” from Couples Retreat, and Khatija has sung “Pud-
Olivier Award for his first West End production. A hiya Manidha” from Enthiran.[137][138] Rahman is the un-
four-time National Film Award winner and recipient cle of composer G. V. Prakash Kumar, the son of his
of six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, he has fifteen older sister A. R. Reihana.[139] Kumar’s first film work
Filmfare Awards and thirteen Filmfare Awards South was singing on Rahman’s “Chikku Bukku Rayile”, from
for his music.[117] Rahman has received a Kalaimamani his score for 1993’s Gentleman.[140] Reihana’s film de-
from the Government of Tamil Nadu for excellence in but was singing on “Vidai Kodu Engal Naadae” from
the field of music, musical-achievement awards from the Kannathil Muthamittal, and she is a music director. Rah-
governments of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and a man’s younger sister, Fathima, heads his music conser-
6 9 REFERENCES

visory board.[150] Several of Rahman’s proteges from the

studio have scored feature films.[151] He composed the
theme music for a 2006 short film for The Banyan to aid
poor women in Chennai.[152]
In 2008 Rahman and noted percussionist Sivamani cre-
ated a song, “Jiya Se Jiya”, inspired by the Free Hugs
Campaign and promoted it with a video filmed in a num-
ber of Indian cities.[153]

7 Discography
Main article: A. R. Rahman discography

Rahman and his wife, Saira Banu, at the 2010 soundtrack release 8 See also
of Enthiran in Kuala Lumpur
• A. R. Rahman – Wikipedia book

vatory in Chennai. The youngest, Ishrath, has a mu- • List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A.
sic studio. Rahman is the brother-in-law of film actor R. Rahman
Rahman.[141]
An atheist during much of his childhood, in 1989 Rah-
man converted to Islam (the religion of his mother’s 9 References
family) from Hinduism.[20][142][143][144] After the early
death of his father, his family experienced difficult [1] Munni Kabir, Nasreen. “Why I converted: The transfor-
times; Sufism influenced his mother who was a practicing mation of Dilip Kumar into AR Rahman”. dawn.com.
Hindu[20] and, eventually, his family.[143][145] During the Dawn. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
81st Academy Awards ceremony Rahman paid tribute to [2] “How AS Dileep Kumar converted to Islam to become
his mother: “There is a Hindi dialogue, mere pass ma hai, AR Rahman”. India TV Entertainment Desk. Retrieved
which means 'even if I have got nothing I have my mother 24 December 2015.
here'.”[146] He said, "Ella pughazhum iraivanukke" (“All
praise to God” in Tamil, a translation from the Quran) [3] Mathai, Kamini (2009). A.R. Rahman: The Musical
before his speech.[147] Storm (illustrated ed.). India: Penguin Books India. p.
150. ISBN 0670083712. Retrieved 24 December 2015.

[4] Corliss, Richard (25 April 2004). “The Mozart of

6 Humanitarian work Madras”. Time. Retrieved 5 April 2011.

[5] “The 2009 TIME 100 – A.R. Rahman”. Time. 30 April

Rahman is involved with a number of charitable causes. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011.
In 2004 he was appointed global ambassador of the Stop Retrieved 24 January 2011.
TB Partnership, a WHO project.[83] Rahman has sup- [6] “A.R. Rahman named in Songlines Tomorrow’s World
ported Save the Children India and worked with Yusuf Music Icons’". ARC Music. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
Islam on “Indian Ocean”, a song featuring a-ha key-
board player Magne Furuholmen and Travis drummer [7] “Hollywood calling Rahman”. Hindustan Times (India). 8
Neil Primrose. Proceeds from the song went to help or- December 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
phans in Banda Aceh who were affected by the 2004 In-
[8] “A.R. Rahman opens online store”. Deccan Herald (In-
dian Ocean Tsunami.[148] He produced the single “We dia). 6 December 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
Can Make It Better” by Don Asian with Mukhtar Sa-
hota.[149] In 2008 Rahman opened the KM Music Conser- [9] Richard Corliss (3 May 2004). “Culture: The Mozart of
vatory with an audio-media education facility to train as- Madras”. Time. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
piring musicians in vocals, instruments, music technology
[10] In Loving memory of R K Shekhar Master – Rahma-
and sound design. The conservatory (with prominent mu-
niac.com | One Stop Portal of A.R Rahman
sicians on staff and a symphony orchestra) is located near
his studio in Kodambakkam, Chennai and offers courses [11] “Rahman’s childhood”. hindilyrics.net. Retrieved 19
at several levels. Violinist L. Subramaniam is on its ad- April 2011.
 7

[12] “A R Rahman: In tune with life”. The Times of India. 30 [31] John Shepherd (2005). Continuum encyclopedia of pop-
September 2002. Retrieved 5 April 2011. ular music of the world 3–7. London/New York: Con-
tinuum. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-8264-6321-5. OCLC
[13] “Biography”. hummaa.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011. 444486924. ISBN 978-0-8264-6321-0, ISBN 0-8264-
6322-3, ISBN 978-0-8264-6322-7, ISBN 0-8264-7436-
[14] Ganti, T. “Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi 5, ISBN 978-0-8264-7436-0. Music directors such as AR
Cinema": 112. ISBN 0-415-28854-1. Rahman and Karthik Raja produce film scores that are
more eclectic, incorporating rap, jazz, reggae, hard rock
[15] “The Secret behind the Allure of A. R. Rahman”. Khabar.
and fast dance beats ( as, for example, for Duet [1994],
Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Kadhalan [1994] and Bombay [1995]).
[16] “Training under dhanraj master”. Indiaglitz.com. Re-
[32] Purie, Aroon (1995). “A.R. Rahman: Music The New
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[17] “Indian under spotlight”. indiansinparis.com. Retrieved
20 April 2011. [33] K. Naresh Kumar (1995). Indian cinema : ebbs and tides.
26–27. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 135.
[18] “Film fraternity hails Rahman, Pookutty for win”. The ISBN 978-81-241-0344-9. OCLC 33444588.
Indian Express. India. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 23
February 2009. [34] World Saxophone Congress. North American Saxophone
Alliance (2001). “The saxophone symposium : journal
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Cinema: Popular culture in a Global Frame. Berg:
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fans disappointed.”. INA Daily News.
• Todd Titon, Jeff; Linda Fujie; David Locke; David
• Allen, John; Uck Lun Chun; Allen Chun; Ned P. McAllester (2005). “India/South India”. Worlds
Rossiter; Brian Shoesmith (2004). Refashioning of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World’s
Pop Music in Asia. USA: Routledge. ISBN 978- Peoples. USA: Thomson Shirmer. ISBN 978-0-
0-7007-1401-8. 534-62757-7.
• Arnold, Alison (2000). The Garland Encyclopedia • Todd Titon, Jeff (2009). “India/South India”.
of World Music. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0- Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the
8240-4946-1. World’s Peoples (5th ed.). USA: Schirmer Cengage
• Brégeat, Raïssa (1995). Indomania: le cinéma in- Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-59539-5. ISBN 0-534-
dien des origines à nos jours (in French). Paris: 59539-1.
Cinémathèque française. p. 133. ISBN 978-2- • Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The
900596-14-2. Cultural Politics of India’s Other Film Industry.
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6.
• “Cinemaya 1998”. Cinemaya (New Delhi) (39–41):
9. 1998. ISSN 0970-8782. OCLC 19234070. • Vishwanathan, T.; Matthew Harp-Allen (2004).
Music in South India: The Karṇāṭak Concert Tra-
• Chaudhuri, Shohini (2005). “Cinema of South In-
dition and Beyond : Experiencing Music, Expressing
dia and Sri Lanka”. Contemporary World Cinema:
Culture. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.
0-19-514591-5.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-
7486-1799-X.

• Cowie, Peter (1994). “Variety International 11 External links

Film Guide 1995”. Variety (31st ed.) (Lon-
don/Hollywood): 204. ISBN 978-0-600-58516-9. • Official website
OCLC 221419104.
• A. R. Rahman at AllMusic
• “Cinemaya 1998”. Cinemaya (New Delhi) (39–41):
9. 1998. ISSN 0970-8782. OCLC 19234070. • A. R. Rahman at Billboard.com

• Eur, Andy Gregory (2002). “A. R. Rahman”. The • A. R. Rahman at the Internet Movie Database
International Who’s Who in Popular Music 2002.
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-161-2.

• Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). Bollywood: A Guidebook

to Popular Hindi Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-
28854-1.

• Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary

of the Tamils. Michigan: The Scarecrow Press.
ISBN 0-8108-5379-5.

• Shepherd, John (2005). Continuum encyclopaedia

of popular music of the world 3–7. London, New
York: Continuum. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-8264-6321-
5. OCLC 444486924. ISBN 978-0-8264-6321-
0 ISBN 0-8264-6322-3, ISBN 978-0-8264-6322-7,
ISBN 0-8264-7436-5, ISBN 978-0-8264-7436-0.

• Slobin, Mark; Gregory Booth; Joseph Getter; B.

Balasubrahmaniyan (2008). “Tamil Film Mu-
sic: Sound and Significance”. Global soundtracks:
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12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Bless sins, Visual planet, Fuzzy510, Makyen, Beetstra, Bharathwaaj, Mr Stephen, Waggers, Big Smooth, Caiaffa, Dl2000, Bs.vikram,
Hu12, Pauric, Balu.muthu, Iridescent, Splitpeasoup, CapitalR, R-HIT, Supertigerman, Courcelles, Bharath85, FairuseBot, Nmadhubala,
MightyWarrior, Pricey28, Xcentaur, Ganeshbot, Chrumps, Coolnikhit28, Schalliol, Ace.cool.an, Drinibot, Basawala, M.Jibran, Navjotjs-
ingh, ROL, ShelfSkewed, Vatech09, Bkv aaryan, Haphar, P boopesh, Trixon123, The Man’s Plans, Gromell, AndrewHowse, Msg.irfan,
Cydebot, Peripitus, Kanags, Ekanth, Dafoeberezin3494, Jk nair, Chasingsol, Killerserv, Soetermans, Tkynerd, Rlbalan, Prasad 990, Ben-
zee, Jothishkumart, JonBroxton, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Omgfreshbeatsnap, TonyTheTiger, Enigmaticanant, Mereda, Headbomb, Prince 06,
Marek69, Samdlaw, Prin S, Universal Hero, Amitprabhakar, Saravananmanivel, Escarbot, Supran, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Prince God-
father, Aarem, Sooryah, Dr. Blofeld, Prempaulj, Tmopkisn, THEunique, Asdf963, Wahabijaz, MikeLynch, Ikfaisal, N.sathyaseelan,
Ekabhishek, MER-C, Mdiasif, Mroliver83, Dreamster, KuwarOnline, Rueben lys, East718, PhilKnight, Suduser85, Yry cool, Magio-
laditis, Macshiva, VoABot II, AtticusX, ImtiazAA, Prakash raptors, Misheu, Ling.Nut, Violentbob, Bezebe, Waacstats, Christo jones,
Visu1178, Hekerui, Catgut, Indon, Rusty Cashman, Tuncrypt, Bobgali, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Yasirian, Santosh wiki, Dharmadhyaksha,
Hakimu, Pluto.2006, Padmanathanj, Kbacharya, Vivekshandilya, Rkmetta, Dudewheresmywallet, Paramesh1982, Bruin69, Commons-
Delinker, Lifebonzza, Sultankhadar, Mariano Anto Bruno Mascarenhas, Gnanapiti, J.delanoy, BigrTex, Bongomatic, Dhawal1, Skumar-
labot, Signscorp, Salih, Abhijitsathe, LordAnubisBOT, Cgilbert76, AntiSpamBot, Pakhilesh2006, Sriram52, DadaNeem, Ebony shadows,
Globalization, Shshshsh, KylieTastic, Cometstyles, DH85868993, Kirandinakaran, Useight, Bhaskarama, Spellcast, WWGB, Objecthood,
Sanjaygt, Chan arvind, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, Slothly, Praveentech, Thinna, Nahush.dani, Achbha, ShimShem, Umar420e, Swivel-
games, Fences and windows, Shashankmittal, TXiKiBoT, Balagopal.k, Java7837, Ljobin2000, Abtinb, Prashanth.3000, Sai.bhagavatula,
Ridernyc, Mathwhiz 29, Anonymous Dissident, Ayesha iima, Vijay fernando, Dewey Finn, Jperiapandi, Slysplace, Broadbot, Praveen
pillay, Jackfork, LeaveSleaves, Snowbot, Nkrvivek, Bips76, Manzoor926, RandomXYZb, King o king, Rohtak8, Castelgard, Enviroboy,
Sai2020, AjitPD, Gleedee, Mmarouf, Kulkarni n r, Insanity Incarnate, Puneet6093, Praveeniyer, Harshil8, Roland zh, Hazel77, Kgomadam,
Moorthyrmy, Hmwith, Avinash.goenka, Munnacircuit, Srikumar sn, Copana2002, Rdx-77, NavalPower, MuzikJunky, Karthiknagarajan,
Pradyutroy, Accounting4Taste, Calliopejen1, Scarian, Malcolmxl5, Winchelsea, Aabicus, YourEyesOnly, Ilu786, Rvprasath23, Jainra-
jat11, Donrub, Xrie, Toddst1, Fahidka, Anapatil, Lemurbaby, Fazyninja, Aspects, Android Mouse Bot 3, Sarathlal, Vinodr, Miniapo-
lis, Lightmouse, Casablanca2000in, Kildor, Itsmerams87, Muthugraphics, Clubover, Werldwayd, N96, StaticGull, Sreekumarerannoor,
Ee19921, Jacob.jose, Vinodraju, Sravankumarpatwari, Ascidian, Pinkadelica, Sitush, Into The Fray, Jomyjames, Yagnesh123, Black
Riders, Explicit, ImageRemovalBot, Rentu, Martarius, Tanvir Ahmmed, Waterqueen7, ClueBot, Shan iuctt, Karthiknair28, Glaero-
nius, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s Wraith, VsBot, Ravikirankethe, Getway1986, Johannes 001, Rubenamohan,
Jishchak, Niceguyedc, Goldspot1, Arunsingh16, Mspraveen, DragonBot, Alexbot, Marasim, Tripping Nambiar, Kanguole, Muzikforthe-
masses, Arunbharhath, Lartoven, Prix princess, Lucifer Spam, Tyler, Bally Wood, Sajeevm, Qnkhawar, Arjayay, Sarovaram, TheRed-
PenOfDoom, Alokrajv, Kotarobandit, Princely, Whatabout this, Johannes003, Mikaey, Jesmgeorge, Thingg, Aitias, M karthikkannan,
Osho.gautam, Versus22, MelonBot, Ps speed, Pugget, Subinkg, Liberal Humanist, Ijaz13, Vissagan, Mohd hafiz06, Khanvez, Bender-
sGame, XLinkBot, Virtuosoinastronomy2, Vanished user k3rmwkdmn4tjna3d, P rinju, Jovianeye, Hensontauro, Pings, Anirudhani390,
Kotakkasut, SilvonenBot, Steev6, Rudkidproductions, Cmr08, PhilSchabus, Abomasnow, Vignesh.G, Good Olfactory, Renamed user
6, MCM19, Tool2Die4, Shaileshmbhavsar, Remesh79, Addbot, Anishkasana, Bibhabasu, Willking1979, Ashishsarraju, Pearll’s sun,
Anithg, Opus88888, NicholasSThompson, Varun2812, Mugur Chandra, Fieldday-sunday, Adrian 1001, CanadianLinuxUser, Warpath,
Binutc, Download, LaaknorBot, Desmondhaynes, Tamilsongs, Griffin700, Venkyiimb, Adecember16, Michael-Billa, Sarvagyana guru,
Ansgaiims, Debresser, Favonian, Nishwanth, Jmulerik, Vyom25, Andyp777, Rajkumar16031988, Tassedethe, Dinesh609, St ttb, John-
saavn, Bluejackal06, Mano 12kumar, OlEnglish, Thatsineed, Bavithay~enwiki, Sureshmartin, Darknight0x, Laksi11, Vigneshwaran2007,
Aiden McShane, Johnspulikottil, Praky91, Blah28948, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Rahmanfever, EchetusXe, Rajesh selvaraj, Nidhichina, Exi-
nator, Ptbotgourou, TaBOT-zerem, Pradzee123, Preposterone, Sanjayk 89, Ougbufhfrj, GamerPro64, Sivakishorekarri, Boolyme, Hinio,
Knownot, Furrycoater, Sachein91, Jmoorkan, Annette46, Indian27, Shaheen.775, AnomieBOT, Indianprithvi, Ships at a Distance, Chantru,
1exec1, Mayank.hc, Asamudra, Sureshmaran, Ssooss~enwiki, Piano non troppo, Manishwriter, எஸ்ஸார், Kaats123, Vinayan333, Vichu.vp,
Joshcrimpler, Lasertrics, Unitedopinions, Freewit, Anand83, Materialscientist, Rajanpras, C21K, Xaplonds, Kranti1215, Basilisk4u,
Dewan357, Steamengine18, Ranga2k8, LilHelpa, Tornadokid23, Naveenpillai, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Wikidushyant, Anooprshetty, Sus-
ruthanvesh, Srinath987, Precambrian84, ChildofMidnight, Fullfx, Saj2009, Ajitg, Swetha55, Shipdrink143, MJLRGS, Karljoos, Bublu-
online, Amiriqra, Pmlineditor, GrouchoBot, Divyanshuduttaroy, RyanGFilm, Dora.tella, Jitimba, Vgrichards, Wasifwasif, Rouben22, Sid-
daarth.s, SassoBot, Chetuzz2, Tamarasan2004, Nirmalsundhar, DollarQube, Leadcorrector, Pratapc100, Eshwarn, Soorajradha, Walrab-
bit, C0MRADE, Lourdhuraj, Thakshan, Robbin.alexander, Ultramegasuperstar, Eugene-elgato, Antcjohn, Swadez2, Itb chn, Ankitbhatt,
Kolkataking, Syellank, Prabhurajk, Josemanimala, Sunnychilled, Geocraze, Valsa35, Ezhudhu, Crotchety Old Man, Wikiprashanna, In-
12.2 Images 13

drasendeshmuk, FrescoBot, Natim123456789, Abidtsi, Deiveegan, Iprofessionalz, Shambhaskar, Basyed, Rchangek, Bingo-101a, Sunwalk,
Pappapappi, Itnahs, Rajapalani, DOCtraind, Uma maheswari r, Deepakveettil, Chennaimozart1234, LucienBOT, December123456, De-
cember12345678, Bollywood-Turk, NatGeoMusicIntern, AliensReloaded, Tarunmartin, Bhramaram, World Cinema Writer, Sanjeevrg,
Perumalism, CryptBala, Lotadutt, Fahim Talha, Vallinarayanan, 4u.marshall, Mnsajin, Citation bot 1, Kichappan, Pshent, SpacemanSpiff,
Jonesey95, Papuprashanth, Reporter2009, RedBot, Arivoli.r, Davidbilla2007, Doburhoney, Full-date unlinking bot, Sanjoydey33, Ar-
faz, Azmath.rahiman, Nirinsanity, Lightlowemon, Trappist the monk, Yawaraey, Prajwal21, Rohit subramanian, Sidd1991, The wind or
breeze, Hynixx, Pras.kota, Bhoga001, Akash2005, ErikvanB, Vaazan, Hari7478, Tbhotch, Shreyal K, Bnaveenpillai, RjwilmsiBot, Mzs-
abusayeed, Jasperroy, DRAGON BOOSTER, Scieberking, Wiki Doc, Asalajith, Chanvis18, DASHBot, And we drown, John of Read-
ing, Senthilgceb, Canaroni, Sheikhqadr77, Pravinraj, Dewritech, Kuuhkuuh, Prince Imrahil, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, SteveM123,
Twix1875, Pandbar, Sixth6sense, AJ.iitm, Arfazhabeeb, Sumansrit, Ameenmechanical, AvicBot, Kkm010, Vensatry, Hannah797, H3llBot,
SporkBot, Keyan20, Anand 023, Karthikndr, GSKUSA, Δ, Anonymous303, 456wert, Crown Prince, Vivvt, Adhithya97, Arrwiki, Zea.asf,
Islamisgr88, LogX, IJVin, O0I1E3S5, Trialbailiff, Rudvedic, KIRILL1995, Frietjes, Yebohari56, Leunghl2, Rezabot, Akmaleseya, Se-
cret of success, Helpful Pixie Bot, Sanen, JustinSpringer, Factual Proof, Titodutta, Riyas202, Kailash29792, BG19bot, Suriya.karthi2011,
Adityajoardar9, Bonnie13J, Itar buttar, Prav001, Satya durga reddy, Mark Arsten, Kirananils, Mranderson56, Sbblr geervaanee, Ddraco-
niandevilL, JKinseyR, CAWylie, AntanO, Eshwar789, Tamravidhir, Whitetararaj, Stausifr, Cyberbot II, Bodhidg1983, Arjann, Karthikvl,
JYBot, DragonKing22, BrightStarSky, BigJolly9, Surge elec, Bilingual2000, Mogism, Lemonsticks, Gfosankar, JSydel, Malayala Sahityam,
Elialbert94, Brandvenkatr, Wikirishiaacharya, Royroydeb, Faizan, Capitals00, Eshwar.om, Mattsabe, Obloid cow, Evano1van, Chartbot,
Nikhilmn2002, Ali hasbir p, Ateka.indorewala, Synthwave.94, Quenhitran, ManishRaichand, MrLinkinPark333, Benfold, Chandana Jayas-
inghe(Sri Lanka), Abishekrohan, Notthebestusername, Sid Blue, Krasabhishek, Vihari Krishna, Amitsri2014, Mahesh1976, Mr. Smart
LION, Monkbot, Jahabar sadique, Seebs13, SWASTIK 25, Bangwiki, Giridharan79, Harshasimha, Garry Osborne, Anita francis2504,
Matheus6666, Karyakarta, FilBenLeafBoy, Golu7276, Prakash007prakash, TheMagikCow, Venkatn90, Spiderjerky, Cynulliad, Billaap-
ple805, IndianCinemaRasigan, Godburg, KasparBot, JJMC89, Godwin Cristo, Dpshmrt, Xender Lourdes, Alkiyneiop, GreenC bot, Robot
psychiatrist, Etherseven and Anonymous: 1309

12.2 Images
• File:02ARRahman_Sydney_Concert_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/02ARRahman_
Sydney_Concert_2010.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/theepan/4410768098/sizes/z/in/
set-72157623439617877/ Original artist: th33pan
• File:AR_Rahman_Shashi_Gopal.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/AR_Rahman_Shashi_Gopal.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Magnasound
• File:A_R_Rahman,Saira_Banu_From_The_Audio_release_of_'Enthiran_-_The_Robot'.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/A_R_Rahman%2CSaira_Banu_From_The_Audio_release_of_%27Enthiran_-_The_Robot%27.jpg
License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1238900 Original
artist: http://www.bollywoodhungama.com
• File:A_R_Rahman_NH7_BLR_2015_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/49/A_R_Rahman_NH7_BLR_
2015_1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
I, Bodhisattva Dasgupta, clicked this photograph
Previously published: My Google Plus account (Private Album)
Original artist:
Bodhidg1983
• File:A_R_Rahman_signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/A_R_Rahman_signature.svg License: PD
Contributors:
Traced using Adobe Illustrator. Source image: http://s622.photobucket.com/user/saravanakumar777/media/AR%20RAHMAN/
autograph.jpg.html Original artist:
A. R. Rahman
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
Zoid
• File:Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert_2010_A.R._Rahman_IMG_7174.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/
ad/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert_2010_A.R._Rahman_IMG_7174.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Uploader’s own work Origi-
nal artist: Harrywad
• File:Oscar_Puyal_Rahman.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Oscar_Puyal_Rahman.jpg License: CC
BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: எஸ்ஸார்
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Original artist: ?
• File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

12.3 Content license

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