1 Finite Element approximation of Magnetohydrodynamic flow past a

2 vertical plate in an embedded porous medium with a convective

3 boundary condition and cross diffusion
4 Ch. Vijaya Bhaskar, Siva Reddy Sheri and Anjan Kumar Suram

5 Department of Mathematics,Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, Telangana, India

6 Department of Mathematics,DRK College of Engineering and Technology,Telangana,India

7 Department of Mathematics, GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India

*
8 E-mail:[email protected]

9 Abstract

10 Magnetohydrodynamic flow past a vertical plate in an embedded porous medium with a

11 convective boundary condition and cross-diffusion through finite element approximation has
12 studied in the current investigation. Soret and Dufour effects are also considered. The converted
13 dimensionless, non-linear, coupled, partial differential equations with the associated initial and
14 boundary conditions are solved by utilizing the Galerkin weighted residual method. For the
15 recommended permeability, numerical outcomes are presented graphically against various flow
16 pertinent parameters. Validation of finite element solutions for the measure of the skin friction,
17 heat transfer, mass transfer and surface temperature at the plate are accomplished by means of
18 examination with the recently published work as unique instances of the present examination and
19 extremely great relationship acquired.

20 Keywords: Vertical plate, Porous medium, Convective boundary condition, Cross diffusion
21 FEM.

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30 1. Introduction

31 The MHD flow and heat exchange problems have received prodigious attention of the
32 research lovers due to its abundance practical applications in rapid thermal processing, control of
33 the fluid stream, induction heating in contactless stirring and surface modification etc. These
34 works have explored many complex problems relevant to magnetic induction, Lorentzian body
35 forces, magnetic levitation, AC and DC magnetic field and thermal physics. There has been an
36 enthusiasm for analyzing MHD flow under the influence of thermal radiation because it is useful
37 in building frameworks, ionization of fluids, numerous new designing procedures.

38 The corrosive and chemically-reacting nature of near-wall flows in MHD generators, also
39 mobilizes cross-diffusion effects. These include the Soret (thermos-diffusion) effect and the
40 Dufour (diffuso-thermal) effect. The former refers to scenarios in which lower density species
41 and higher density species separate at the molecular level under a temperature gradient. In
42 seeded Potassium working fluids which are popular in MHD Hall generators [1], the Soret effect
43 is possible since generally more than one chemical species is present under a very large
44 temperature gradient. In terms of mathematical models, this supplements the species diffusion
45 equation (concentration boundary layer equation) with extra thermal diffusion terms. The Dufour
46 effect describes the energy (heat) flux created when a chemical system is subjected to a
47 significant concentration gradient and may also arise in corrosive boundary layer zones of MHD
48 generators. To simulate this phenomenon, the energy conservation equation has to be augmented
49 with supplementary species diffusion terms. Numerous researchers have investigated Soret
50 and/or Dufour phenomena in both viscous hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics (although
51 generally in the absence of Hall currents in MHD). Representative studies in this regard include
52 Li et al. [2] (who also considered endothermic reactions), Gaikwad et al. [3] (non-Newtonian
53 media), Abd El-Aziz (transpiring flows) [4], Beg et al. [5] (micro-morphic thermo-solutal
54 convection from curved bodies), Reddy Sheri et al. [6] (transient hydromagnetic dissipative
55 flow), Pandya and Shukla [7] (high temperature Hall magneto-gas dynamics), Siva Reddy and
56 Prasanthi [8] (double-diffusive reactive time-dependent MHD) and Majeed et al. [9]
57 (viscoelastic ferromagnetic boundary layers)

58 Heat and mass transfer by laminar free convection through a vertical plate was explored
59 by so many investigators due to its applications. Numerous studies relevant to this area given by
60 Lin and Wu [10], Hossain and Takhar [11],Yih [12], Chamkha and Khaled [13] ,Chamkha et al.
61 [14], ,Makinde [15] , Ramachandra Prasad et al. [16], Rajeswari et al. [17], Makinde and Aziz
62 [18] .

63 Hydromagnetic boundary layer flow with heat mass transfer over a vertical surface
64 embedded in a porous medium is essential in many engineering problems such as packed bed
65 electrodes [19], sodium oxide-silicon dioxide glass melt flows [20], reactive polymer flows [21],
66 electrochemical generation of elemental bromine in porous electrode systems [22] and the
67 manufacture of intumescent paints for fire safety applications [23]. An informative study of

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68 magnetohydrodynamic and their technological applications is described in the book by Moreau
69 [24]. Several computational studies of reactive MHD boundary layer flows with heat and mass
70 transfer have presented by various authors such as Makinde [25], Makinde and Sibanda [26],
71 Makinde and Ogulu [27], Beg et al. [28], Ahmad et al. [29], Merkin and Chaudhary [30],
72 Makinde [31], Aziz [32] , Bataller [33] , Sadeq and Sayyed [34] , Sivaiah [35] , Siva Reddy and
73 Anjan Kumar [37] , Siva Reddy et al. [38], Siva Reddy and Prasanthi [39] and Siva Reddy et al.
74 [40].

75 In light of the above works, it is evident that no investigation took place to find thermal
76 radiation, heat source, Soret and the Dufour effects. In this investigation Magnetohydrodynamic
77 flow past a vertical plate in embedded porous medium with a convective boundary condition and
78 cross diffusion is studied. Solutions of the current considered problem are presented graphically.
79 Local skin friction, the plate surface temperature and the local heat and mass transfer rates are
80 displayed with the aid of tables. The results are believed to be applicable to realistic engineering
81 situations cited earlier.

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 98 2. Formulation of the problem

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101 A steady, laminar, hydromagnetic coupled heat and mass transfer by mixed convection
102 flow of a cold fluid at temperature T over an infinite vertical plate embedded in a porous
103 medium is considered. The left surface of the plate heated by convection from a hot fluid with
104 temperature T f which provides a heat transfer coefficient h f . The other opposite surface of the
105 fluid is assumed to be cold, Newtonian and electrically conducting. All other fluid properties
106 except density are assumed to be independent of temperature and chemical species
107 concentration. A uniform magnetic field of strength B0 is imposed normal to the plate(along the
108 y  axis) as shown in Fig.1.Since the magnetic Reynolds number is very small for most fluid
109 used in industrial applications, we assume that the induced magnetic field is negligible.

u 
2
 u B 2 v
110 v v  )  0 (U   u )  (U   u ),
 g (T   T  )  g (C   C  (1)
w y  y 
2 t  m  k

 
2
k  T  v  u   B0 1 q r Q0 Dm KT  2C 
2 2
T 
111 v      U   u  
2
 TT

 (2)
w y  C y  2 C  y  
p p C p C y C
P P cs y 2

  D K  2T 
2
C   C
112 v D   C  C  m T (3)
w y  y 
2  Tm y  2
113 The associated boundary conditions are given by:

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 T 
114 y  0 : u  0;  k  h f T f  T ; C  C  (4)
y
115 y  : u  U ; T  T ; C  C (5)
116 where u is the velocity, v, C P and k are kinematic viscosity, specific heat at constant pressure and
117 thermal conductivity of the fluid, respectively.  t and  m are thermal and concentration
118 expansion coefficients. g , q r , vm , C w and U are the gravitational acceleration, radiation heat flux,
119 wall suction velocity, local concentration at plate surface and free stream velocity, respectively.
120  is the electrical conductivity and k is the permeability parameter. Subscript  the free stream
121 conditions of temperature and concentration. Forethere more, D is the mass diffusivity, Tm is
122 the mean fluid temperature, k p is the thermal diffusion ratio, C s is the concentration
123 susceptibility and  is the reaction rate coefficient.
124 By taking into account the Rosseland approximation for the radiation term [41] in the equation
125 (2), the convective heat flux q r , can be modeled as:
4 * dT 4
126 q r  * (6)
3k dy
127 where k * is the Rosseland mean absorption coefficient and  * is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
128 The Rosseland approximation is used for an optically thick medium, so the fluid is assumed to be
129 optically thick medium. It seems reasonable to assume that the temperature differences within
130 the flow are sufficiently small so that, T 4 can be stated in a simpler way by using a Taylor series
131 about T and neglecting higher order terms, therefore:
T 4  4T T  3T4
3
132 (7)
133 By replacing the above expression into equations (6) and (7), the energy equation (2) reduces to
134 the following equation:
2
v  du  2 B0
2 16 T 3 d 2T D K  2 C 
135 v
dT d Tk
w dy C dy 2 C  dy 
   U  u  
2   m T
(8)
p p C p 
3C k dy 2 cs y  2
P
136 To normalize the equations (1), (3), to (5) and (8), the following normalized quantities are
137 introduced:
vw y  CP vw2 u v  v2 T  T 
 , Pr  , EC  , f , Sc  ,   2 ,   , 
v k CP T f  T  vw D Dvw T f  T 

4 *T3 g t T f  T  v C  C g  m  Cw  C  v U 
138 R , Gr  ,  , Gc  , F ,  (9)
kk *
vw3
Cw  C 3
vw vm 
2
v k B v2
hf v vQ0 Dm KT Tw  T  Dm KT  Cw  C  
K  w 2 , M  0 , Bi  , Q Sr  , Du  
v c kvm  CPU 0 2 Tm v  Cw  C  cs c p v Tw  T  


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139 The calculations of y direction are considered while the variations are neglected in the x
140 direction. Therefore, with help of normalized parameters the ordinary differential equations (1),
141 (3) to (5) and (8) are converted to simplified ordinary differential equations as follows:

df d 2 f F f
142    Gr  Gc  M F  f   (10)
d d 2
k
2
d 1  4 R  d 2  df   2C
143   1    Ec  
 d   MEc  F  f 2
 Q  Du (11)
d Pr  3  d 2   y 2
d 1 d 2   2
144      Sr (12)
d Sc d 2 Sc y 2
d 
  0 : f  0;  Bi[  1];   1
145 d  (13)
  : f  F;    0 

146 From the engineering point of view, the skin-friction coefficient at the wall is given by:
C f  2 f 0
2
147 (14)
F
148 and also the Nusselt number is given by:
hv T f  T  0 
149 Nu    0    (15)
kvw Tw  T  0 
150 Where T w is the plate surface temperature.
151 The Sherwood number is given by:
h v
152 Sh  m    0 (16)
Dv w
153 Where hm is the convection mass transfer coefficient.
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167 3. Method of Solution

168 Transformed non-dimensional flow governing partial differential equations (10)–(12) along
169 with boundary conditions 13 are solved numerically by adopting FEM with Galerkin weighted
170 residual scheme. This method comprises five fundamental steps, namely discretization of the
171 domain, derivation of the element equations, assembly of element equations, imposition of
172 boundary conditions and finally iterative scheme is employed to solve the matrix system, which
173 is solved using Gauss elimination method, maintaining an accuracy of 10-7. A detailed
174 description of this method is given by Bathe [42] and Reddy [43]. Dimensionless velocity fields,
175 temperature field, species concentration field, skin-friction coefficients, Nusselt number and
176 Sherwood number are computed.

177 3.1.Validation of Numerical Results

178 In order to authenticate and check the present numerical method and results we made a
179 comparison with available results of Makinde and Aziz [18]) and Sadeq and Sayyed [34]
180 exhibited in Tables 1. This table exhibits the comparison of skin-friction f 0 , Nusselt number
181   0 and Sherwood number   0 for Biot number Bi  and it is recognized that there is good
182 agreement between the results exist.

183 Table 1: Comparison of values of f 0,   0,   0 , with R  0, Q  0, Sr  0, Du  0

Bi Makinde and Aziz (2010) Sadeq and Sayyed (2013) Present results
f 0   0   0 f 0   0   0 f 0   0   0
0 1.892 0.000 0.459 1.888 0.000 0.459 1.891 0.000 0.459
1 1.908 0.398 0.459 1.904 0.398 0.459 1.902 0.398 0.459
10 1.917 0.639 0.459 1.914 0.639 0.459 1.913 0.639 0.459
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193 4. Results and Discussion

194 A comprehensive parametric investigation has been accomplished to know the variations in
195 the profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration. Effects of dissimilar parameters on Skin
196 friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also investigated. In current investigation the
197 following values have adopted for numerical calculations. Gr  Gc 1.0, M  0.1, K 1.0,Pr  0.72,
198 Ec  0.1, Bi  0.1, R 1.0, Q 1.0, Du  1.0, Sr  1.0, Sc  0.62, Kr  0.1, F  0.5 .

199 The Biot number (Bi) is a ratio of internal conduction resistance within solid to external
200 convection resistance at body surface. Fig 2 and 3 explain the influence of Biot number on
201 velocity and temperature. Fig 2 clarifies that without Bi the peak velocity is low. This is because
202 of the reason that as the convection Biot number increases, the plate thermal resistance reduces.
203 Fig. 3 expresses that temperature on the right side of the plate increases with an increase in the
204 Biot number, since as Bi increases, the thermal resistance of the plate decreases and convective
205 heat transfer to the fluid on the right side of the plate increase.

206 Thermal Grashof number is the ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces in the boundary layer, fig
207 4 reveals that velocity get accelerated on rising Gr due to buoyancy force. The same result is
208 identified with mass transfer Grashof number shown in Fig.5. It is interesting to note that for
209 Gc  3, that is, for high concentration between the wall and the free stream, the vertical
210 component of the velocity in a portion of the boundary layer is large than unity which implies
211 that the vertical velocity exceeds the wall suction velocity.

212 Fig. 6. Shows the impact of M on velocity. It is determined that, the velocity decreases with
213 the rise of the M , as a results of the presence of a magnetic field in associate with electrically
214 conducting fluid introduces a force referred to as the Lorentz force, that acts against the flow if
215 the magnetic field is applied within the normal direction. This resistive force reduced the fluid
216 velocity.

217 Influence of porosity parameter K on velocity is demonstrated in Fig.7. It explains that the K
218 enhances the upward flow profoundly and shifts the location of the peak velocity further away
219 from the plate.

220 The Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. From the Fig.
221 8 it is clear that a rise in Pr from 0.025 to1.38 causes a decrease in velocity. The result of Pr on
222 temperature is shown in Fig.9. Rising of Pr reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness. In heat
223 transfer issues, the Pr controls the relative momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness.
224 Fluids with lower Pr have higher thermal conductivities, so heat will diffuse from the sheet
225 quicker than for higher Pr . Hence, Prandtl number can be used to increase the speed of cooling in
226 conducting flows.

227 Effect of viscous dissipation (Eckert number) on velocity and temperature profiles are shown
228 in Figs. 10 and 11. respectively. The relationship between the kinetic energy in the flow and the

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229 enthalpy is given by Eckert number. It represents the exchange of kinetic energy into internal
230 energy by work done against the viscous fluid stresses. Larger viscous dissipative heat causes a
231 growth in the temperature as well as the velocity.

232 Figs. 12 and 13. illustrate the influence of the heat absorption coefficient Q on the velocity
233 and temperature profiles. It is identified that both the profiles get decelerated on increasing Q. It
234 conveys that absorption (thermal sink) has the tendency to reduce the fluid temperature and
235 velocity.

236 Figures 14 and 15 illustrate the progress in velocity and temperature with the radiation-
237 parameter ( R ), respectively. Significant enhancement in velocity and temperature is identified
238 with induced values of R . Momentum boundary layer thicknesses are therefore reduced whereas
239 thermal boundary layer thickness is elevated with increasing radiation parameter.

240 The velocity profiles f ( ) against dissimilar values of Schmidt numbers, namely, hydrogen
241 ( Sc  0.24), water vapor ( Sc  0.62), ammonia ( Sc  0.78) and propyl benzene ( Sc  2.62) , are
242 shown in Fig. 16. It indicates that velocity get decelerated on increasing Sc. Similarly the
243 influence of Sc on concentration profile is explained in Fig. 17. For every value of Sc , the
244 dimensionless concentration declines from a value of one at the plate to a value of zero at the
245 edge of the concentration boundary layer. As Sc increases, the species concentration drops more
246 rapidly as the thickness of the concentration boundary layer decreases. Since the increase in Sc
247 implies a decrease in the molecular diffusivity D, the concentration decay over a shorter distance
248 is understandable. Similarly, one would anticipate that the heavier species (higher Sc ) would
249 have a shorter penetration depth (thinner boundary layer).

250 Figs 18 and 19. represent the effects of chemical reaction rate parameter Kr on velocity
251 profiles f ( ) and concentration distributions  ( ) . An increase in the values of Kr , decreases
252 the velocity profiles as seen in Fig 18. From Fig19, it is very clear that the reactive solutal profile
253 decrease with a rise in the values of Kr . That is, the reaction rate parameter is a decreasing
254 agent and as a result, the solute boundary layer close to the wall becomes thinner. This is as a
255 result of the change of species which is experienced near the wall due to the presence of
256 chemical reaction and then decreases the concentration in the boundary layer.

257 Figure 20 and 21 exhibit the velocity and temperature profiles for different values of
258 Dufour number Du . The Dufour number Du denotes the contribution of the concentration
259 gradient,  2 C y 2 . to the thermal energy flux in the flow. It can be seen that an increase in the
260 Dufour number causes a rise in velocity (fig. 20) and temperature (fig. 21) throughout the
261 boundary layer. Concentration gradients, via coupling between the energy eqn. (11) and
262 species eqn. (12) clearly reduce primary and secondary hydrodynamic boundary layer
263 thicknesses whereas they elevate thermal boundary layer thickness.

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264 Figures 22 and 23 visualize the impact of the Soret (thermo-diffusion) number ( Sr ) on the
265 velocity and concentration profiles are plotted in respectively. The Soret number Sr defines
266 the effect of the temperature gradients inducing significant mass diffusion effects and is
267 featured in the second order linear derivative term in eqn. (15), viz Sr( 2 y 2 ) . Increasing
268 Soret number Sr clearly elevates both the primary and secondary velocity magnitudes and
269 furthermore also boosts the species concentration magnitudes. Both momenta boundary layer
270 thicknesses are decreased whereas the species boundary layer thickness is enhanced. Inclusion
271 of both Dufour and Soret cross-diffusion effects therefore exert a non-trivial influence on
272 transport characteristics along the duct wall (plate). Absence of these effects results in a
273 substantial under-prediction in primary and secondary velocity (without Dufour effect), under-
274 prediction in species concentration (without Soret effect) and over-prediction in primary and
275 secondary velocity magnitudes (without Soret effect).

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299 4.1 Skin friction, heat transfer (Nusselt number), mass transfer (Sherwood number)
300 parameters and surface temperature:

301 The quantities u 0, 0,  0 are measure of the skin friction, heat transfer, and mass
302 transfer at the plate, respectively, while the quantity  0 gives the plate surface temperature.
303 Table-2 records the values of these quantities for a range of values of the parameters
304 Bi , M , K , Ec, R, Q, Sc, Kr , Du and Sr. The skin friction u 0 increases as the Biot number Bi ,
305 the Eckert number Ec , Magnetic parameter M , Thermal radiation R , increase but decreases when
306 Permeability parameter K ,Heat absorption Q , Schmidt number Sc , Chemical reaction Kr and
307 Soret (thermo-diffusion) number ( Sr ) increase. The heat transfer rate   0 from the plate
308 increases with the increase in values of Bi , K , R, Sc, Du and Kr but decreases with the increase in
309 M , Ec, Q and Sr. The mass transfer is seen to increase with the increase in Sc, Kr and Sr and

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310 mass transfer parameters   0 are not affected with increase in the Bi , M , K , Ec, R, Q and Du.
311 Surface temperature  0 increases with the increase in values of Bi , M , Ec, R, Du , Sr but
312 decreases with the increase in K , Q, Sc and Kr. For Bi  0, no convective heat transfer takes

313 place and the rate of heat transfer at the plate surface is zero as expected.

314 Table 2.: Values of  0, u 0, 0 and  0

Bi M K Ec R Q Sc Kr Du Sr   0 u 0   0  0
0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.79145 0.00000 0.05371
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.79571 0.09135 0.17398
1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.81362 0.42764 0.61524
10 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.83742 0.67143 0.95041
0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.86435 0.09352 0.17802
0.1 10 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 2.41938 0.09039 0.21057
0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 0.78132 0.09469 0.15683
0.1 0.1 10 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 0.76254 0.09473 0.14965
0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.82753 0.05841 0.60235
0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 1.84621 0.00093 1.27431
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 2.0 2.0 0.46153 1.88232 0.26583 0.163589
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 3.0 3.0 0.46153 1.91091 0.44871 0.551288
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 2.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 0.92015 0.08625 0.991347
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 3.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.46153 0.23012 0.08174 0.144253
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.62 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.82781 1.78965 0.09137 0.17031
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.78 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.98423 1.78674 0.09139 0.16978
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.92678 1.78201 0.091347 0.17261
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.35741 1.78013 0.091351 0.17256
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 2.0 1.0 0.62341 1.81965 0.091324 0.17034
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 3.0 1.0 0.81412 1.38613 0.091342 0.16878
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 2.0 0.62678 1.85201 0.091315 0.17231
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.24 0.1 1.0 3.0 0.90021 1.92013 0.091332 0.17211
315

316

317

318

319

320

321

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322 5. Conclusions

323 In this paper, we studied the MHD mixed convective flow past vertical plate in embedded
324 porous medium with a convective boundary condition. The dimensionless equations are solved
325 numerically by using finite element method. The most significant findings of the present study
326 are as follows.

327  The results demonstrated that, the values of velocity and temperature are enhanced with
328 increasing the Biot number.
329  We found that, the velocity is enhanced with an increase in thermal Grashof number,
330 mass Grashof number, Permeability parameter, Viscous dissipation (Eckert number),
331 Thermal radiation Dmber and Soret number. The reverse trend is observed with
332 increasing Magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Heat absorption, Schmidt number and
333 Chemical reaction rate parameter.
334  It is conclude that, an increase in the Thermal radiation, Viscous dissipation and Dufour
335 number leads to an enhancement in temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness.
336 The opposite behavior is computed with increasing Heat absorption parameter.
337  We fascinated that, Schmidt number, chemical reaction rate parameter and Soret number
338 are increased Species concentration is reduced.
339  The obtained numerical solutions are compared with previously published results and are
340 found to be in excellent agreement.

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

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