Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI)

By
Bhupendra Ratha, Lecturer
School of Library and Information Science
Devi Ahilya University, Indore
Email: [email protected]
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 OSI
 The Open System Interconnection (OSI)
model includes a set of protocols that attempt
to define and standardization the data
communication process.
 The OSI model is a concept that describes,
how data communications should take place.
 It divides the process into seven steps called
layers.

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 History of OSI
 The OSI protocols were defined by the International Standard
Organization (ISO).

 In the beginning of 1983 OSI model developed by

representatives of major computer and telecommunication
companies.

 The seven layers are fitted the protocol standard developed by

the ISO and other standards bodies, including the IEEE, ANSI
and ITU, formerly known as the CCITT (Comite Consultatif
International Telephonique Telegraphique)

 OSI was officially adopted as an International Standard by ISO.

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 OSI Architecture
 According to OSI document [ISO
[ISO7498
7498],
], the purpose
of OSI is as follows
follows::

– "The purpose of this International Standard Reference

Model of Open Systems Interconnection is to provide a
common basis for the coordination of standards
development for the purpose of system interconnection,
while allowing existing standards to be placed into
perspective within the overall Reference Model
Model.."

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 OSI Groups

Application Layer

Presentation Layer Application Group

Session Layer

Transportation Layer Transportation Layer

Network Layer

Data-Link Layer Network Layer

Physical Layer

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 Cont…
 Three main groups of OSI model . The OSI
model consists of seven layer is further
grouped according to their function into three
groups;

 Network Group
 Transport group
 Network group

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 Network Group
 The network group is made up of the physical,
data--link, and network layer.
data

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 Transport Group
 The transport group consists of a single layer,
the transport layer

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 Application Layer
 The application group is consists of the
session, presentation and application layer.

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 OSI Layers
 Physical Layer
 Data
Data--Link Layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Session Layer
 Presentation Layer
 Application Layer

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 Physical Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Cont…
 This is lowermost layer of the OSI model. It
provides the electrical and mechanical
interface to the network medium (cable).

 This layer consists of simply the wire or media

by which the network signals are conducted.
Physical layer includes hardware (wire, plugs
and sockets etc).

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 Cont…
 In other words, this layer represent the
physical aspects of the network such as cable
and connectors.
 The basic functions of this layer are handles
voltages, electrical pulses, connectors and
switches so that data can be transmitted from
one network device to another.

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 Data--Link Layer
Data

Data-Link Layer Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Data--Link Layer
Data
 This is the second layer of OSI model. The
data link layer is responsible for getting the
data packaged from the physical layer.

 The data link layer is often subdivided into two

parts Logical Link Control (LLC) and Medium
Access Control (MAC).

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 Cont…
The main function of this layer are handles the
physical transfer, farming
( the assembly of data into a single unit or
block), flow control and error-
error-control
functions over a single transmission link.

 The data link layer provides the network layer

(layer 3).

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 Network Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data-Link Layer Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Network Layer
 It is the third layer of OSI model.

 This layer establishes the route between the

sending and receiving stations.

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 Cont…
 It handles the routing of data (sending in the
right direction to the right destination on
outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming
transmission at the packet). The layer does
routing & forwarding of data.

 In this layer use the Internet protocol (IP).

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 Transport Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data-Link Layer Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Transport Layer
 It is forth layer of OSI model. It is responsible
for constructing stream of data packets,
sending and checking for correct delivery.

 This layer manages the end to end control (for

example determining whether all packets have
arrived) and error checking.

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 Cont…
 The transport layer ensures data is successfully
sent and received between two nodes.

 If data is sent incorrectly, this layer has the

responsibility to ask for retransmission of the
data.

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 Cont…
 Specially it provides a reliable network
independent message interchange service to the
application group.

 This layer acts as an interface between the

bottom and top three layers.

 In this layer use of TCP & UDP (User

Datagram Protocol.
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 Session Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data-Link Layer Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Session Layer
 This is the fifth layer of OSI. It sets up and clear
communication channels between two
communicating component.

 The session layer decides when to turn

communication on and off between two computer-
computer- it
provides the mechanisms that control the data
exchange process and coordinates the interaction
between them.

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 Cont…
 It provides coordination of the communication
in an ordering manner.
 It determines one way and two way
communications and manage the dialogue
between both parties.
 In this layer uses of POP, TCP/IP protocols.

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 Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data-Link Layer Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Presentation Layer
 This is the sixth or second last layer of OSI
model. This layer defines how the system
provides files and services in a uniform way to
application.

 This layer can in some ways be considered the

function of the operating system.

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 Cont..
 When data is transmitted between different
types of computer systems, the presentation
layer negotiates and manages the way data is
represented and encoded.
 In this layer POP, SMTP, FTP protocol are
use.

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 Application Layer
Application Layer Application Layer

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data-Link Layer Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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 Application Layer
 This is topmost or last layer of OSI model. This layer
defines the languages that programs use to
communicate with other programs.

 Common functions of this layer are opening, closing,

reading and writing files, transferring files and e-
e-mail
message, executing remote jobs and obtaining
directory information about network resources.

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 Cont…
 It provides the interface between the software running
in a computer and the network.

 In this layer provides functions to users software,

including E-
E-mail, web application, File Transfer
Access and Management (FTAM), Directory
services, network management.

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 Conclusion
OSI is a Reference Model

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