GR.

8 MODULE 1ST QUARTER

Force
-Strength or energy as an attribute of a physical movement or action.
-Coercion or compulsion, especially with the use or threat of violence.
-In physics, push and pull is referred to as force.
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
-an object may be acted upon by several forces. For example, an object may be pushed and
pulled in different directions at the same time. To identify which of this forces would be able
to cause change in the motion of the object, it is important to identify all the forces acting on
it. To accurately describe the forces acting on an object, It is important to be familiar first
with the following terms: magnitude, direction, point of application, and line of action. Forces
are described in terms of these properties. Magnitude refers to the size or strength of the
force. It is commonly expressed in Newton (N).
Example & Meaning of the other terms: https://www.slideshare.net/nicogranada31/k-to-12-grade-
8-science-learner-module?from_action=save-page.4-9

How to combine forces: https://www.slideshare.net/nicogranada31/k-to-12-grade-8-science-learner-

module?from_action=save- page. 9-10

Motion
-The action or process of moving or being moved.
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion:
-The principles behind Newton’s laws of motion are very significant in understanding the
motion of objects in our universe. Their applications are all around us. Understanding these
laws therefore helps us understand why the things around us move or behave the way they
do.
1. Newton’s First law of Law: Law of Inertia
-If the forces acting on an object at rest are balanced or if their algebraic sum equate to
zero, the object stays at rest. This illustrates Newton’s First Law of Motion, a principle that
was primarily based on the works of Galileo.
-Inertia: In physics, this is a property of an object to resist any change in its state of motion.
Measure of Inertia:
-All the objects have the tendency to resist changes in their state of motion or keep doing
what they are doing. However, changing a body’s state of motion depends on its inertia. A
more massive object which has more inertia is more difficult to move from rest, slow down,
speed up, or change its direction.
Newton’s first law states that an object at rest will stay at rest or an object in motion will
stay in motion and travel in straight line, as long as no external net force acts on it. The
object will change its state of motion only if there is unbalanced or net force acting upon it.
Law of Inertia:
-A body will remain at rest or move at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external
net or unbalanced force.
2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration
-When the velocity of a moving body changes, we describe the motion as one with
acceleration.
How to compute velocity: https://www.slideshare.net/nicogranada31/k-to-12-grade-8-science-
learner-module?from_action=save-page.14
-If the net force acting on an object is constant, its velocity changes at a constant rate over
time. Hence, it is considered to be moving with constant acceleration. For example if its
indicated by the uniform increase in length of the strips over time. But if the force acting on
the object is changed, its acceleration will also change. When the net force is doubled,
acceleration is also doubled. When it is tripled, acceleration is also tripled. We can therefore
say that at constant mass, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the unbalanced force F acting on it. This relationship can be mathematically
expressed as:
a= kF where k= mass
Acceleration also varies with the mass of the object. As the mass of the object increases,
with the same amount of force applied, its acceleration decreases. This relationship can also
be expressed as:
a= k (1/m) where k= net force
If you combine these two relationships, you would come up with this relationship:
Law of acceleration
-The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force
acting on it is inversely proportional to its mass.
This statement actually pertains to Newton’s second law of motion or Law of Acceleration,
because it is concerned with the relation of acceleration to mass and force. This can be
expressed in equation form as:
Acceleration = Net force / Mass
a = F net /m
This is often rearranged as: F net = ma
Like any other quantity, force has a unit and is expressed in Newton. One Newton is defined
as the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s , or:
1Newton = 1kg/ms 2[squared]
Sample mathematical problem:
Suppose a ball of mass 0.60 kg is hit with a force of 12 N. Its acceleration will be:
a = F Na/ m
a = 12 N/ 0.60kg
a = 20 m/s 2 [squared]
If the force is increased to 24 N for the same ball then,
a = 24N/0.6KG = 40 m/s 2
3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Law of Interaction
-The similarities and the differences between the interacting forces in terms of
magnitude and direction.
- In the simplest sense, a force is a push or a pull. However, Newton realized that a
force is not a thing in itself but part of mutual action, an interaction, between one
thing and another.
- For example, consider the interaction between a hammer and a nail. A hammer
exerts a force on the nail and drives it into a board. But this is not the only force
present for there must also be a force exerted on the hammer to stop it in the
process. What exerts this force? The nail does. Newton reasoned that while the
hammer exerts a force on the nail, the nail exerts a force on the hammer. So, in the
interaction between the hammer and the nail, there is a pair of forces, one acting on
the nail and the other acting on the hammer. Such observations led Newton to his
third law: the law of interaction.
 Law of interaction (Action-Reaction)
-For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
-Because the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, do you think they
will cancel each other? In this case, no addition of forces will take place because these
forces are acting on different bodies. The spring balances act on each other.
The difference between the forces related to Law of Interaction and forces in a balanced
state are as follows:

Action-Reaction Forces Balanced Forces

 Two forces are equal in size.  Two forces are equal in size.
 Two forces are opposite to each  Two forces are opposite to each
other in terms of direction. other in terms of direction
 Two forces have the same line of  Two forces act along the same line.
action.
 Action acts on one object, while  Two forces act upon the same
reaction acts on another objects. object.

What is Work?
-In physics, work is an abstract idea related to energy. When work is done it is accompanied
by a change in energy. When work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is
done on an object it gains energy.
Work is done if the object you push moves a distance in the direction towards which you are
pushing it. Figure1. A girl pushing a chair
No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move. Figure2. A boy
pushing a wall
 No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move in the same direction
as the force you exerted. Figure3. A waiter carrying a tray

Calculating Work
Work is done when the force (F) applied to the object causes the object to have a
displacement (d) in the same direction as the force applied. The symbol for work is a capital
W. The work done by a force can be calculated as:
W=Fd
As you have learned in Chapter 1, the unit of force is
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 2 or 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛, 𝑁 Hence, the unit for Work,

W 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑁 𝑚

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑁𝑚 or 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝐽

The unit, joule (J) is named after the English Physicist James Prescott Joule. This is also a
unit of energy. One (1) Joule is equal to the work done or energy expended in applying a
force of one Newton through a distance of one meter.
Sample problem: Suppose a woman is pushing a grocery cart with a 500 Newton force along
the 7 meters aisle, how much work is done in pushing the cart from one end of the aisle to
the other?
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑

𝑊 = 500 𝑁 (7 𝑚)
𝑊 = 3500 𝑁𝑚

𝑊 = 3500 𝐽

𝑊 = 𝐹�