CS6703 GRID AND CLOUD COMPUTING

Unit 2
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel
Professor and Head
Faculty of Information Technology
R M K College of Engineering and
Technology
 UNIT II GRID SERVICES

Introduction to Open Grid Services Architecture

(OGSA) – Motivation – Functionality Requirements –
Practical & Detailed view of OGSA/OGSI – Data
intensive grid service models – OGSA services.

2 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 What is the OGSA Standard?
 Acronym for Open Grid Service Architecture

 OGSA define how different components in grid interact

 Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) is a set of standards defining

the way in which information is shared among diverse components of

large, heterogeneous grid systems. In this context, a grid system is a
scalable wide area network (WAN) that supports resource sharing and
distribution.

3 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 Architecture of OGSA
Comprised of 4 main layers

1. Physical and Logical Resources Layer

2. Web Service Layer

3. OGSA Architected Grid Services Layer

4. Grid Applications Layer

4 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

OGSA Architecture

5 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

OGSA Architecture - Physical and Logical
Resources Layer

 Physical resources are: servers, storage, network

 Logical resources manage physical resources

 Examples of logical resources: database managers, workflow

managers
 OGSA Architecture - Web Services Layer
 Web service is software available online that could interact with other
software using XML
 Consists of Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) sub-layer which
specifies grid services and provide consistent way to interact with grid
services
 Also extends Web Service Capabilities
Consists of 5 interfaces:
1. Factory: provide way for creation of new grid services
2. Life Cycle: Manages grid service life cycles
3. State Management: Manage grid service states
4. Service Groups: collection of indexed grid services
5. Notification: Manages notification between services & resources
7 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
OGSA Architecture - Web Services Layer (OGSI)

8 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 OGSA Architecture – OGSA Architected Services -
Layer

Classified into 3 service categories

1. Grid Core Services

2. Grid Program Execution Services

3. Grid Data Services

9 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 OGSA Architected Services – Grid Core Services
Composed of 4 main types of services:
1. Service Management: assist in installation,
maintenance, & troubleshooting tasks in grid system
2. Service Communication: include functions that allow
grid services to communicate
3. Policy Services: Provide framework for creation,
administration & management of policies for system
operation
4. Security Services: provide authentication &
authorization mechanisms to ensure systems
10
interoperate securely
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
 OGSA Architected Services – Grid Program
Execution Services

 Supports unique grid systems in high performance

computing, collaboration, parallelism

 Support virtualization of resource processing

11 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

OGSA Architected Services – Grid Data Services

 Support data virtualization

 Provide mechanism for access to distributed

resources such as databases, files

12 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 OGSA Architecture – OGSA Architected Services -
Layer

13 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 OGSA Architecture – Grid Applications Layer
 This layer comprise of applications that use the
grid architected services

14 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 Conclusion

 Grid-Computing allows networked resources to be

combined and used

 Grid-Computing offers great benefit to an organization

 OGSA are comprehensive standards which governs grid-

computing
MIE456
Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)
 Gives a formal and technical specification of what a grid
service is.
 Its a excruciatingly detailed specification of how Grid
Services work.
 GT3 includes a complete implementation of OGSI.
 It is a formal and technical specification of the concepts
described in OGSA.
 The Globus Toolkit 3 is an implementation of OGSI.
 Some other implementations are OGSI::Lite (Perl)1 and the
UNICORE OGSA demonstrator2 from the EU GRIP project.
16  OGSI specification
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel defines grid services and builds upon
7/17/2016
 Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)
 OGSI creates an extension model for WSDL called GWSDL (Grid
WSDL). The reason is:
 Interface inheritance
 Service Data (for expressing state information)
 Components:
 Lifecycle
 State management
 Service Groups
 Factory
 Notification
 Handle Map

17 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 Data intensive grid service models
Applications in the grid are normally grouped into two
categories
 Computation-intensive and Data intensive
 Data intensive applications deals with massive amounts of
data. The grid system must specially designed to discover,
transfer and manipulate the massive data sets.
 Transferring the massive data sets is a time consuming task.
 Data access method is also known as caching, which is
often applied to enhance data efficiency in a grid
environment.
 By Drreplicating
18 the same data block and scattering them 7/17/2016
Gnanasekaran Thangavel in
 Data intensive grid service models
 Replication strategies determine when and where to create a replica of the
data.
 The strategies of replications can be classified into dynamic and static
Static method
 The locations and number of replicas are determined in advance and will not
be modified.
 Replication operation require little overhead
 Static strategic cannot adapt to changes in demand, bandwidth and storage
variability
 Optimization is required to determine the location and number of data replicas.
Dynamic strategies
 Dynamic strategies can adjust locations and number of data replicas according
to change in conditions
 Frequent data moving operations can result in much more overhead the static
strategies
 Optimization may be determined based on whether the data replica is being
19 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
created, deleted or moved.
 Grid data Access models

In general there are four access models for organizing a

data grid as listed here
1. Monadic method

2. Hierarchical model

3. Federation model

4. Hybrid model

20 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 Monadic method
 This is a centralized data
repository model. All data is saved
in central data repository.
 When users want to access some
data they have no submit request
directly to the central repository.
 No data is replicated for preserving
data locality.
 For a larger grid this model is not
efficient in terms of performance
and reliability.
 Data replication is permitted in this
21 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
model only when fault tolerance is
 Hierarchical model
 It is suitable for building a large
data grid which has only one
large data access directory
 Data may be transferred from the
source to a second level center.
Then some data in the regional
center is transferred to the third
level centre.
 After being forwarded several
times specific data objects are
accessed directly by users.
Higher level data center has a
wider coverage area.
 PKI security services are easier
to implement in this hierarchical
data access model
22 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
 Federation model
 It is suited for designing a
data grid with multiple
source of data supplies.
 It is also known as a mesh
model
 The data is shared the data
and items are owned and
controlled by their original
owners.
 Only authenticated users
are authorized to request
data from any data source.
 This mesh model cost the
most when the number of
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
23 grid intuitions becomes very
 Hybrid model
 This model combines the
best features of the
hierarchical and mesh
models.
 Traditional data transfer
technology such as FTP
applies for networks with
lower bandwidth.
 High bandwidth are
exploited by high speed data
transfer tools such as
GridFTP developed with
Globus library.
 The cost of hybrid model
can be traded off between
the two extreme models of
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel
24 7/17/2016
hierarchical and mesh-
 Parallel versus Striped Data Transfers
 Parallel data transfer opens multiple data streams for passing
subdivided segments of a file simultaneously. Although the speed of
each stream is same as in sequential streaming, the total time to
move data in all streams can be significantly reduced compared to
FTP transfer.
 Striped data transfer a data objects is partitioned into a number of
sections and each section is placed in an individual site in a data grid.
When a user requests this piece of data, a data stream is created for
each site in a data gird. When user requests this piece of data, data
stream is created for each site, and all the sections of data objects ate
transected simultaneously.
25 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
 Grid Services and OGSA
 Facilitate use and management of resources across distributed,
heterogeneous environments
 Deliver seamless QoS
 Define open, published interfaces in order to provide interoperability of
diverse resources
 Exploit industry-standard integration technologies
 Develop standards that achieve interoperability
 Integrate, virtualize, and manage services and resources in a distributed,
heterogeneous environment
 Deliver functionality as loosely coupled, interacting services aligned with
industry- accepted web service standards
26 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
  OGSA services fall into
seven broad areas,
defined in terms of
capabilities frequently
required in a grid
scenario. Figure shows
the OGSA architecture.
These services are
summarized as follows:

27 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 OGSA services - seven broad areas
1. Infrastructure Services Refer to a set of common functionalities,
such as naming, typically required by higher level services.
2. Execution Management Services Concerned with issues such as
starting and managing tasks, including placement, provisioning, and
life-cycle management. Tasks may range from simple j obs to complex
workflows or composite services.
3. Data Management Services Provide functionality to move data to
where it is needed, maintain replicated copies, run queries and
updates, and transform data into new formats. These services must
handle issues such as data consistency, persistency, and integrity. An
OGSA data service is a web service that implements one or more of
the base data interfaces to enable access to, and management of,
data resources in a distributed environment. The three base
interfaces, Da ta Access, Da ta Fa ctory, and Da ta Ma na gement,
28 define basic
Dr Gnanasekaran operations for representing, accessing, creating, and7/17/2016
Thangavel
 OGSA services - seven broad areas
4. Resource Management Services Provide management capabilities
for grid resources: management of the resources themselves,
management of the resources as grid components, and management
of the OGSA infrastructure. For example, resources can be
monitored, reserved, deployed, and configured as needed to meet
application QoS requirements. I t also requires an information model
(semantics) and data model (representation) of the grid resources
and services.
5. Security Services Facilitate the enforcement of security-related
policies within a (virtual) organization, and supports safe resource
sharing. Authentication, authorization, and integrity assurance are
essential functionalities provided by these services.

29 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 OGSA services - seven broad areas
6. Information Services Provide efficient production of, and access to,
information about the grid and its constituent resources. The term
“information” refers to dynamic data or events used for status
monitoring; relatively static data used for discovery; and any data that is
logged. Troubleshooting is j ust one of the possible uses for information
provided by these services.
7. Self-Management Services Support service-level attainment for a set
of services (or resources), with as much automation as possible, to
reduce the costs and complexity of managing the system. These
services are essential in addressing the increasing complexity of owning
and operating an I T infrastructure.

30 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 References
1. Kai Hwang, Geoffery C. Fox and Jack J. Dongarra, “Distributed and Cloud Computing:
Clusters, Grids, Clouds and the Future of Internet”, First Edition, Morgan Kaufman
Publisher, an Imprint of Elsevier, 2012.

2. https://www.dcc.fc.up.pt/~ines/aulas/1213/CG/OGSA.ppt

3. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2552339/networking/open-grid-services-

architecture.html

4. http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/Open-Grid-Services-Architecture

5. www.cs.umsl.edu/~sanjiv/classes/cs6740/presentation/OGSA.ppt

6.
31 www.nesc.ac.uk/news/.../OpenGridServicesArchitectureApril20021.ppt
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016
 Other presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/drgst/presentations

32 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016

 Thank You

Questions and Comments?

33 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7/17/2016