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    Module 2: Anatomy - The Skeleton: in This Module You Will Learn

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    Markus Kaltenhauser
    The document discusses the skeletal system and bones. It covers the functions of bones, types of bones, how exercise affects bones, and how bones change with age. The skeletal system has 206 bones that provide support, protection, movement, storage and growth. Bones are formed through two processes - direct ossification and indirect ossification. There are five types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Exercise can improve bone condition by increasing bone density through mechanical stress. As people age, bones begin to lose calcium which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.

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    Module 2: Anatomy - The Skeleton: in This Module You Will Learn

    Uploaded by

    Markus Kaltenhauser
    72 views10 pages
    The document discusses the skeletal system and bones. It covers the functions of bones, types of bones, how exercise affects bones, and how bones change with age. The skeletal system has 206 bones that provide support, protection, movement, storage and growth. Bones are formed through two processes - direct ossification and indirect ossification. There are five types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Exercise can improve bone condition by increasing bone density through mechanical stress. As people age, bones begin to lose calcium which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.

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    Fitness Coach Modul 2 - Anatomy

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    The document discusses the skeletal system and bones. It covers the functions of bones, types of bones, how exercise affects bones, and how bones change with age. The skeletal system has 206 bones that provide support, protection, movement, storage and growth. Bones are formed through two processes - direct ossification and indirect ossification. There are five types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Exercise can improve bone condition by increasing bone density through mechanical stress. As people age, bones begin to lose calcium which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views10 pages

    Module 2: Anatomy - The Skeleton: in This Module You Will Learn

    Uploaded by

    Markus Kaltenhauser
    The document discusses the skeletal system and bones. It covers the functions of bones, types of bones, how exercise affects bones, and how bones change with age. The skeletal system has 206 bones that provide support, protection, movement, storage and growth. Bones are formed through two processes - direct ossification and indirect ossification. There are five types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Exercise can improve bone condition by increasing bone density through mechanical stress. As people age, bones begin to lose calcium which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Module 2 : Anatomy – The

    Skeleton

    In this module you will learn:


    The functions of the skeletal system
    The types of bones in the human body
    The effects of exercise on your bones
    What happens to the bones as we get older

    When studying to become a fitness instructor


    or personal trainer, you will learn all
    about the anatomy of the human body.

    Studying the skeleton is one of the foundations of your trade,


    you will need to know how the body is structured, the names of
    each bone, types of bones, importance of bone and joint
    health, detail of the spine and different terms of movement.

    Without stating the obvious, each of your clients has their


    own skeleton and you must be fully aware of how this works.
    This is for many reasons; you are a teacher and must be fully
    aware of how to prevent injuries, avoid unnecessary stress on
    the bones and, if qualified, help the client prevent or heal
    bone and joint related conditions or medical problems.

    2.1 Understanding the Skeletal


    System
    The skeleton is comprised of 206 different bones that provide
    5 main functions:
    Support mechanism for muscle and tissue
    Protection for organs
    Movement with bones, muscles, and joints
    Storing minerals and blood cells
    Growth

    Skeletal System

    2.2 Bones are Formed by


    Ossification
    Some bones (such as the flat bones of your
    skull) in the body are formed in a similar
    stage to connective tissue.

    The process is known as direct ossification or


    intramembranous.

    Other bones are made up of cartilaginous matter, this is


    developed from future bone in the embryo which then dissolves
    and is replaced with other bone cells. This process is
    referred to as indirect ossification.

    2.3 Skeletal Support


    Your bones and cartilage are the most solid
    materials in the human body, the 206 bones
    provide a frame for the soft tissues and
    organs in your body.

    The five types of bones are long (femur), short (tarsal


    bones), flat (front bone of skull), irregular (vertebrae) and
    sesamoid (knee cap).

    FACT
    The hands and feet contain over half of the body’s bones.
    Source: livescience.com

    2.4 Description of Bone Types


    Long bones
    Long bones are the longest bones in the body, like your femur,
    tibia or humerus, but they also include some of the smallest
    bones, like metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

    The classification of a long bone means it has a body longer


    that its width, with growth plates formed at either end of a
    hard outer surface of compact bone.

    They also have a sponge-like inner known as the cancellous


    bone that stores bone marrow.

    Each end of the bone will be covered with hyaline cartilage


    that aids against shock absorption.
    Short bones
    Short bones are mostly as wide as they are long, their primary
    function is to give support and stability without considerable
    movement.

    Carpals and tarsals are small bones (wrist and foot bones).
    Small bones usually consist of a thin layer of hard, compact
    bone that has cancellous bone on the inside parts, containing
    a substantial amount of bone marrow.

    Flat bones
    Strong flat plates of bone that provide protection to the
    vital organs. They also act as a base for muscle attachment.

    An example of a flat bone is your shoulder blade, breast bone,


    and skull. Other examples of flat bones are pelvis and ribs.
    Anterior and posterior surfaces of compact bone give strength
    and support for the center, which contains cancellous bone and
    bone marrow. When we reach adulthood, flat bones have the
    highest number of red blood cells.

    Irregular Bones
    Irregular bones do not match other categories and have
    irregular shapes. Examples of this are the mandibles,
    vertebrae, and sacrum. They are usually made of cancellous
    bones with an outer layer of compact bone.

    Sesamoid bones
    Similar to irregular shaped bones and attached to tendons. The
    most commonly referred to example is your knee cap (patella).
    Other examples of sesamoid bones are the smallest of the
    carpals, pisiform, and your two smallest bones located at the
    base of the metatarsals. Sesamoid bones are usually found in
    tendons at the part that passes over a joint.
    2.5 Protecting Vital Organs
    The bone structure is aptly designed to
    protect your vital organs from unwanted
    damage.

    Your skull protects your brain, the vertebrae protects your


    spinal cord and the thoracic cage protects your heart and
    lungs.

    2.6 The Anatomy of the Spine


    The spine is made up of 5 different areas and includes 7
    vertebrae.

    Cervical spine forms the neck with 7 vertebrae


    Thoracic spine has 12 vertebrae attached to the ribs
    Lumbar spine has 5 vertebrae attached to lower back
    Sacrum consists of 5 conjoining bones and the coccyx is
    made of 4 small bones, also referred to as the tail
    bone.

    What are Intervertebral Discs?


    Each vertebrae of the spine is separated by intervertebral
    discs or flexible cartilage discs.

    This allows for movement in the spine, supporting the area


    with a shock-absorbent, cushioning effect.
    2.7 Mobility
    Bones mimic levers when we move and provide
    us with solid structures that our muscles
    are attached to.

    Joints create movement between bones and different ranges of


    motion. Joints are divided into three main categories which
    are -fixed fibrous cells (like the skull), cartilaginous
    (partially movable) and the synovial (freely movable) joint.
    Freely moving joints are also divided into four main groups
    which are – the ball and socket (hip joint), hinge (elbows),
    pivotal (radius), and gliding (carpal joint in the wrist).

    FACT

    Every bone in your body is connected to another – except one.


    The hyoid bone located between the chin and thyroid cartilage
    is not connected to any other bone.
    Source: Livescience.com

    2.8 Understanding the Components of


    a Synovial Joint
    Fibrous capsules surround the joints and strengthen ligaments.

    The stability of each joint is determined by the form of


    articulating surfaces and surrounding muscles and ligaments.

    An example of this is the knee joint which is supported by two


    collateral and two cruciate ligaments.
    All joints are protected but some are more vulnerable than
    others, the hardest one to dislocate is the hip joint. The hip
    is well placed and protected, forming with the head of the
    femur and fitting neatly into the socket of the pelvis.

    What is hyaline cartilage?


    This protects and covers the end of bones when they meet a
    joint connection, thus allowing comfortable range of motion
    and movement. Hyaline cartilage is a hard but smooth material
    that does not have regenerative healing properties.

    Tendons connect muscle fibers to bones, they are more elastic


    than ligaments and have greater tensile strength than muscles
    do.

    Synovial membranes line the joint cavity walls, covering


    tendons and ligaments that pass through the area. The synovial
    membrane also produces synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant
    for joints.

    2.9 The Effects of Exercise on Your


    Skeletal System
    The condition of the bones can be improved
    by exercising and responding to mechanical
    stress.

    Mechanical stress is usually formed by the resistance of


    skeletal muscle contracting at the joints, where the muscles
    pull at their point of insertion. From this process, mineral
    salts are deposited and more collagen fibers produced.

    Both size and density of bones in the targeted areas can be


    increased, the changes in bone structure are stimulated by
    higher loads on the skeletal system, this process has been
    observed in greater bone mass or density in weight lifters
    than endurance athletes. Another example of this is tennis
    players who have greater bone density in their racket arm than
    the other.

    Also, after legs suffer injuries and are placed in plaster due
    to breakage or fracturing, bones often lose calcium from the
    lack of resistance and mechanical stresses.

    2.10 Approach with Caution


    It is beneficial to use exercise to support and maintain a
    healthy bone structure, but as a fitness instructor, one must
    be vigilant when dealing with children as their bones and
    muscles are still developing.

    A child under the age of 16 should not be involved in sports


    or exercise that place high levels of mechanical stress on the
    body; immature or undeveloped bones are still weak and
    vulnerable.
    2.11 Combat the Aging Process
    Bones go through two main changes as we get
    older.

    Bones start to lose calcium and can cause conditions like


    osteoporosis. Also, as we get older the body produces less
    proteins, thus altering the genetic make-up of bones, creating
    problems like Brittle Bone Disease.

    You will most likely be working with clients from all age
    groups and backgrounds, so do all the research you can to
    fully understand your clients, as their health, safety and
    satisfaction is your main goal.

    Module Summary
    Lessons learned

    To become a fitness instructor you need to know all


    about the anatomy of the human body
    The skeletal system has 206 different bones that provide
    support, protection, movement, storage, and growth
    About the different type of bones and their functions
    About how to improve the condition of the bones

    [Tweet “I just completed Module 2 of the Fitness Certification


    Course”]

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