Physics (CBSE 2007)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

General Instructions
1.  All questions are compulsory.
2. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks
and all three questions of five marks. You have to attempt only one of the choice in such questions.
3.  Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions, carrying one mark each.
4.  Question numbers 6 to 12 are short answer type questions, carrying two marks each.
5.  Question numbers 13 to 24 are also short answer type questions, carrying three marks each.
6.Questions numbers 25 to 27 are long answer type questions, carrying five marks each.
7.  Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables, if necessary.
8.  You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:
c = 3 × 108 ms-1
h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js
e = 1.602 × 10-19 C
m0 = 4π × 10-7 T m A-1
 e0 = 8.85 × 10-12 C2N-1m-2
1
= 9 × 10 9 N m2 C -2
  4 πε 0

Mass of electron, me = 9.1 × 10-31 kg

Mass of neutron, mn = 1.675 × 10-27 kg
Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.381 × 10-23 JK-1
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol-1
Radius of earth = 6400 km

  1. An electron, an alpha-particle and a proton have the of small magnetic fields. Therefore, materials with high
same kinetic energy. Which one of these particles has the coercivity are used to make permanent magnets.
largest de-Broglie wavelength? [1]   3. The radioactive isotope D decays according to the
sequence
Solution
-
The kinetic energy is D β→D1 -
particle
→ D2 .
2
P
T= If the mass number and atomic number of D2 are 176 and
2m
71 respectively, what is (a) the mass number (b) atomic
Therefore, the de Broglie wavelength and kinetic energy number of D? [1]
are related by
  Solution
h
λ= . Emission of the b - increases the atomic number by 1
2mT and preserves the mass number. Emission of the alpha
Therefore, the wavelength of the particle is inversely particle decreases the mass number by 4 and atomic
propotional to the square root of mass of the particle. number by 2.
Therefore, electron has the largest wavelength.   4. What will be the values of input A and B for the Boolean
  2. Why should the material used for making permanent expression ( A + B ) i ( A i B ) = 1?  [1]
magnets have high coercivity? [1]
  Solution
Solution The output is 1 if,
The magnetic field need to be applied to demagnetize
( A i B ) = 1 and ( A + B ) = 1
the material is known as coercivity. So materials with high
coercivity keep their magnetization even in the presence ( A + B ) = 1  only when A = 0 and B = 0

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 2 Physics (CBSE 2007)

If A = 0 and B = 0 If the lens is dipped in water, the new refractive index is

( A + B ) = 1. nglass 1.5 9
n′ = = = = 1.13
  5. Why is frequency modulation preferred over amplitude nwater 4 /3 8
modulation for transmission of music? [1]
The new focal length
Solution  1 1
1
Frequency modulation has higher bandwidth and quality = (1.13 - 1)  -   (2)
f′  R1 R2 
compared to amplitude modulation. Since the information
is transmitted in the form of frequency variation the Dividing the equation (1) by (2) we get
changes occurring to the amplitude of the signal do not
f ′ 0.5
affect the information transmitted, whereas it becomes = = 3.84
a serious problem in amplitude modulation. Therefore, f 0.13
frequency modulation is preferred over ampli­tude Or the new focal length
modulation to transmit music.
f ′ = 3.84 f = 3.84 × 18 cm = 69.12 cm.
  6. The output of an OR gate is connected to both the inputs
of a NAND gate. Draw the logic circuit of this combination Therefore the change in focal length is ∆f = f ′ - f = 69.12 cm - 18 cm = 51.12
of gates and write its truth table. [2]
∆f = f ′ - f = 69.12 cm - 18 cm = 51.12 cm .
Solution   9. Distinguish between the terms ‘average value’ and ‘rms
value’ of an alternating current. The instantaneous current
A C
D from an a.c. source is I = 5 sin (314 t) ampere. What are the
B average and rms values of the current? [2]

Solution
A B C D The average value is defined as
0 0 0 1 1
T
1
T

T ∫0
0 1 1 0 Iavg = Idt = ∫I0 sinωt dt = 0  (1)
T0
1 0 1 0
Since the current is positive in one half cycle and negative
1 1 1 0 in the other, the average current becomes zero.
  7. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as The rms value is defined as the root of the average of
a function of their separation. What is the significance of squares of the current
negative potential energy in the graph drawn? [2]
 1T  I
Solution Irms =  ∫I0 sin2 ωt  dt = 0 (2)
T 0  2

MeV Since the value of the current in each half cycle is squared,
the rms value is finite. The rms value is used to mention
the average power transmitted.
100 We have
I = 5 sin (314 t) ampere
From (1), Iavg = 0
0
And from (2),
r0 I0 5
0 1 2 3 r(fm) Irms = = = 3.5353A
2 2
When potential energy is negative, force is attractive. For half cycle
  8. A convex lens of refractive, index 1.5 has a focal length of 2
I0 Iavg =
18 cm in air. Calculate the change in its focal length when π
it is immersed in water of refractive index 4/3. [2] 10
= A
π
Solution
10. Write the relation for the force acting on a charge carrier q
The focal length of the lens in air
moving with a velocity through a magnetic field in vector
1  1 1 notation. Using this relation, deduce the conditions under
= (n - 1)  -  which this force will be (a) maximum (b) minimum.  [2]
f  R1 R2 
Solution
1  1 1 The force acting on the charged particle which is moving
or = 0.5  -  (1)
f  R1 R2  in a magnetic field is


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 Physics (CBSE 2007) 3
  
F = q(ν × B )  (1) The space around a charged body is filled with lines of
 force, which are known as electric field lines.
F = qν B sinθ nˆ Electric field lines of the positive charge point radially
Therefore, the current becomes maximum when an- outward from the charge.
gle ­between the velocity and magnetic field is 90° and
­becomes minimum when the direction of velocity is paral-
lel to the direction of magnetic field.
+
11. A cylindrical metallic wire is stretched to increase its
length by 5%. Calculate the percentage change in its
resistance. [2]
Electric field lines of the negative charge point toward the
Solution charge.
E for lone (–) charge
While stretching the wire, volume of the wire remains
constant.
Initial volume
–
V1 = π r 2l
where r is the radius of the wire and l is the length of the
wire.
After stretching the wire the length of the wire becomes The electrical field lines start from the positive charge
Therefore, the field lines for Q > 0 are
l ′ = l + 0.05l

Therefore, the new volume

V2 = π r22l (1+ .05)
But both volumes are equal
r +Q
r 2 = r22 (1.05) or r2 =
1.05
Initial resistance of the wire

R = π r 2l ρ
And the final resistance
The electrical field lines end at the negative charge.
πr2
R ′ = π r22l (1.05) ρ = 1.05l ρ = R Therefore, the electrical field lines for Q < 0 are
1.05
Therefore, the resistance of the wire remains constant.

12. The electric field E due to a point charge at any point near

 F
it is defined as E = lim where q is the test charge and F
q→0 q
–Q
is the force acting on it. What is the physical significance
F
of lim in this expression? Draw the electric field lines of a
q→0 q

point charge Q when (i) Q > 0 and (ii) Q < 0.

OR
Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units. A spherical rubber
balloon carries a charge that is uniformly distributed over OR
its surface. As the balloon is blown up and increases in size, The number of electric field lines passing through a
how does the total electric flux coming out of the surface given area is known  as electric flux. It is also defined as
change? Give reason. [2] the electric field, E , multiplied by the component of area

perpendicular to the field φ = E i da.
Solution
SI unit of electric flux is volt–meter.
Electric field intensity at a point is defined as the electric According to Gauss‘s law, electric field is given by
force acting on a tiny test charge q0 placed at that point   Q
divided by the charge q0. φE = ∫ S E i dA = ε 0S

 F where QS is the net charge enclosed by the surface and
E = lim
q→0 q 0 e0 is the electric constant.

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 4 Physics (CBSE 2007)

  The total charge the surface of the balloon encloses (2) The electric field intensity between the two infinitely
is independent of the size of the balloon, Therefore, the parallel plates is
net electric flux coming out of the surface of the balloon
1
remains constant. E= σ
kε 0
13. Deduce an expression for the electric potential due to
an electric dipole at any point on its axis. Mention one where k is the dielectric constant of the medium between
contrasting feature of electric potential of a dipole at a the two plates, and s is the surface charge density.
point as compared to that due to a single charge. [3]
  Therefore, electric field intensity before inserting the
Solution dielectric slab is

x 1 1Q
Ei = σ= .
–q +q ε0 ε0 A
d x P
And after inserting the slab
The distance between the negative and positive charge
of the dipole is d and the distance of point P on the axis of 1 1 Q
the dipole from the positive charge is x. Ef = σ= .
kε 0 kε 0 A
  Therefore, the electric potential
Therefore, after inserting the dielectric slab, the electric
kq kq d kp
V (P ) = - = kq = field intensity between the slab decreases by a factor of k.
d d  d 2
 d2
x- x+ x 2
- x 2
- (3) The capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given
2 2  4  4 by the equation
For x >> d kε 0 A
C=
kp d
V≈ .
x2 where k is the dielectric constant of the medium inserted
The electric dipole potential falls off at large distances as between the plates, d is the separation between the plates
1/r 2, not as 1/r, which is a characteristic of the potential and the A is the area of the plate.
due to a single charge Therefore, the capacitance before inserting the slab is

1/r ε0 A
1/r 2 Ci = .
d
And after inserting the dielectric slab

kε 0 A
Potential

Vsingle charge Cf = .
d

Vdipole Therefore, after inserting the dielectric slab, the capacitance

increases by a factor of k.
15. State Kirchhoff’s rules of current distribution in an
electrical network. Using these rules determine the value
of the current in the electric circuit given below. [3]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-1 20 Ω
Variation of potential V with r in units of r
I1
14. A parallel plate capacitor, with each plate of area A and 40 Ω 40 V
separation d, is charged to a potential difference V. The
battery used to charge it is then disconnected. A dielectric I2 I3
slab of thickness d and dielectric constant k is now placed
between the plates. What change, if any, will take place in the 20 Ω
80 V
(a)  charge on the plates
(b)  electric field intensity between the plates
(c) capacitance of the capacitor Solution
    Justify your answer in each case. [3] (1) Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of
the current entering a junction and leaving a junction
Solution is zero.
(1) Electric charge is a conserved quantity. Therefore, the (2) Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of
charge on the plates remains constant. the voltage in a current loop is zero.

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 Physics (CBSE 2007) 5

20 Ω   In the case of semiconductors, the number density

F E
(number of electrons or holes) increases with increase in
I1 temperature. Therefore, the resistivity of semiconductors
40 Ω 40 V
A B decreases with increase in temperature.
I2 I3
17. Explain with the help of a labeled diagram the underlying
principle and working of a step-up transformer. Why
C D cannot such a device be used to step-up d.c. voltage ?
80 V 20 Ω
OR
By considering the loop ACDB Draw a labeled diagram of an a.c. generator. Explain briefly
its principle and working. [3]
I3 × 40 Ω + I2 × 20 Ω = 40 V + 80 V
Solution
or 2I3 + I2 = 12  (1) Step-up transformer:
Transformer is a device which works on the principle of
By considering the loop ACDEF mutual induction. A transformer consists of two sets of
coils, insulated from each other. One of the coils, called
I1 × 20 Ω + I2 × 20 Ω = 80 V the primary coil, has N p turns. The other coil is called the
secondary coil; it has N s turns.
or I1 + I2 = 4  (2)

By considering the loop ABEF

I1 × 20 Ω + I3 × 40 Ω = 40 V

I1 + 2I3 = 2  (3)
A/C source More turns, higher voltage
By substituting (2)
  Current passing through the primary coil induces a
2I 3 + 4 - I 2 = 2  (4)
magnetic field around the secondary both the primary
Adding (4) to (1) and the secondary are wound on the same iron core.
The flux due to the current in the primary passes
10
4 I3 + 4 = 14 or I3 = A through the secondary coil. So if an alternating current is
4 passing through the primary, it produces an alternating
magnetic flux which links the secondary coil and induces
By substituting I3 in (1)
an emf in it.
I2 = 12 - 5 = 7A,   The induced emf in the secondary coil is
and dΦ
ε s = -Ns .
By substituting I2 in (2) dt
I1 = 4 - I2 = 4 - 7 = -3 A.   The same magnetic flux Φ induces a back-emf in the
primary also:
The negative sign comes because of the directions of I1
and I2 are opposite to each other. dΦ
ε p = -Np .
16. Write the mathematical relation for the resistivity of a dt
material in terms of relaxation time, number density and   If the resistance of the transformer is very low ε p = νp .
mass and charge of charge carriers in it. Explain, using this
relation, why the resistivity of a metal increases and that of   And if only a little current taken from the secondary or
a semiconductor decreases with rise in temperature. [3] it is open circuited, then

Solution εp = νp
The resistivity of the material Then
m dΦ
ρ= ν s = -Ns
ne 2τ dt

where n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume, dΦ

e is the charge of the electron and t is the relaxation time. and νp = -Np
dt
The relaxation of time of metals decreases with increase in
temperature. Therefore, resistivity of metals increases with ν s Ns
or =
temperature. νp Np

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 6 Physics (CBSE 2007)

A step-up transform is used to increase the voltage. Therefore,

Therefore, it has more number of turns in the secondary
ε = ε 0 sinωt .
and therefore, the output voltage is,
The induced magnetic field becomes maximum when the
N coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
ν s = νp s
Np 18.  Given below are two electric circuits A and B.
Direct current does not produce a time varying flux linked XC = R
XL = 3R R XL = 3R R
with the secondary coil, Therefore, a transformer cannot
used to step-up dc voltages.
OR

Solution
(a) (b)

Coil Axle
Calculate the ratio of power factor of the circuit B to the
power factor of circuit A. [3]

Solution
For the circuit A, the phase angle is

X   3R 
φA = tan-1  L  = tan-1   = 71.56°.
N S  R  R

Therefore the power factor cos fA = 0.3163.

Slip The phase angle for the circuit B is
rings Alternating emf
 X - XC   2R 
φA = tan-1  L = tan-1   = 63.43.
 R   R
Carbon Therefore the power factor is
brushes
cos φB = cos 63.43° = 0.4472.
The device used to generate ac voltage (or current) using
the principle of electromagnetic induction is called AC Therefore ratio of the power factor of the circuit B to that of A is
generator. An AC generator consists of a metallic coil called
armature rotating between the poles of the field magnet, cos φB 0.4472
as shown in the figure. The axis of rotation of the coil is = = 1.413.
cos φA 0.3163
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. The
ends of the armature coil are welded to two metallic rings 19. Define the term ‘resolving power’ of an astronomical
called slip rings which rotate along with the armature. telescope. How does it get affected on
Two carbon brushes rub against the slip rings and the (a)  increasing the aperture of the objective lens?
wires which carry the power to the external circuit are (b) increasing the wavelength of the light used? Justify
connected to the carbon brushes. As the armature rotates your answer in each case. [3]
in the magnetic field, the flux linked to the coil changes
and hence induced current is generated in the coil. Solution
  When the coil is rotated with constant angular velocity The resolving power of a telescope is the ability to
w, the angle q between the magnetic field vector and the distinguish between two objects separated by a small
area vector is angular distance a.
θ = ωt (assuming θ = 0 at t = 0 )  λ
a = (0.25)  
Therefore, the flux at time t is  D

Φ (t ) = BA cosθ = BA cos ωt . Therefore, increasing the aperture size of the telescope

increases the resolving power of the telescope. Also,
Therefore, the emf induced in the coil is increasing the wavelength used decreases the resolving
dΦ power of the telescope.
ε = -N = NBAω sinωt .
20. Write any four characteristics of electromagnetic waves.
dt
Give two uses each of
The maximum emf induced is
(a)  Radiowaves
ε 0 = NBAω . (b)  Microwaves. [3]

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 Physics (CBSE 2007) 7

Solution Solution
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting (a)
of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular
to each other and perpendicular to the direction of
propagation. An electromagnetic wave has following Photoelectric
characteristics: current
(a)  Amplitude v3 > v2 > v1
The amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is the Saturation current
v3 v2
amplitude of the electric field. The intensity of the v1
electromagnetic wave is proportional to the square of the
amplitude of the wave. –V03 –V02 –V01 0 Collector plate potential
(b)  Wavelength Retarding potential
Like all other waves, the em waves too have a well defined Variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential
wavelength. The wavelengths of electromagnetic waves for different frequencies of incident radiation.
go from extremely long to extremely short and everything
in between. The wavelengths determine how matter   The saturation current is a function of incident
responds to the electromagnetic wave, and those intensity only. Therefore, the saturation current for the
characteristics determine the name we give that particular same intensity remains the same irrespective of the
group of wavelengths. incident frequency.
(c)  Velocity (b)  The stopping potential is a function of incident
frequency. So the stopping potential remains constant
The em wave has a well defined velocity and the velocity irrespective of the incident intensity of the light.
of light (velocity of em wave) in vacuum is a universal
constant denoted by the letter c. Velocity of the em wave
in any medium is given by

Photocurrent
1
v=
εm
I3>I2>I1
I3
where e is the permittivity and m is the permeability of the
I2
medium.
I1
And in vacuum

1
c= = 3 × 10 8 ms -1. Stopping potential
ε 0 m0

–V0 0
(d)  Frequency Retarding potential Collector plate
The frequency of any waveform equals the velocity potential
divided by the wavelength. The units of measurement are Variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for
in cycles per second or Hertz. different intensity of incident radiation.
Uses of radio waves
(1) Radio waves are used to transmit radio and television (c) Photoelectric current is a function of the intensity or the
programs. number of photons incident on the photoelectric metal.
Cellular phones use radio waves to transmit voice The photoelectric current increases linearly with increase
communication in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band. in the intensity of the light incident on the metal.
(2)  Uses of microwaves.
Microwaves are used in radar systems.
Microwaves are used in microwave ovens to cook food.
21. In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential,
how does:
Photoelectric current

(a) the saturation current vary with anode potential for

incident radiations of different frequencies but same
intensity?
(b) the stopping potential vary for incident radiations of
different intensities but same frequency?
(c) photoelectric current vary for different intensities but
same frequency of incident radiations?     Intensity of light
Justify your answer in each case.  [3] Variation of photoelectric current with intensity of light.

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 8 Physics (CBSE 2007)

22. Calculate the amount of energy released during the type of communication system, a channel may be in the
a-decay of 238
92 U → 90 Th + 2He. Given :
234 4
form of wires or cables connecting the transmitter and the
receiver or it may be wireless. The purpose of the trans-
(a) atomic mass of 238
92 U = 238.05079 u mitter is to convert the message signal produced by the
source of information into a form suitable for transmis-
(b) atomic mass of 234
90 Th = 234.04363 u
sion through the channel. If the output of the information
(c) atomic mass of 4
He = 4.00260 u source is a non-electrical signal like a voice signal, a trans-
2
ducer converts it to electrical form before giving it as an
1u = 931.5 MeV/c. input to the transmitter. When a transmitted signal propa-
gates along the channel it may get distorted due to chan-
Is this decay spontaneous? Give reason. [3] nel imperfection. ­Moreover, noise adds to the transmitted
Solution signal and the receiver receives a corrupted version of the
transmitted signal. The receiver has the task of operating
The energy emitted in the reaction is
on the received signal. It reconstructs a recognizable form
E = ∆mc 2 of the original message signal for delivering it to the user
of information.
∆m = MU - ( MTh + MHe ) Advantages of digital communication:

= 238.05079 - (234.04363 + 4.00260 ) (1) Reliable communication; less sensitivity to changes in

environmental conditions (temperature, etc.)
= 0.00456 (2) Easy processing like encryption and compression.

Or the energy release is 24. Explain, with the help of a schematic diagram, the princi-
E = ∆m × 931.4 MeV/c ple and working of a Light Emitting Diode. What criterion
is kept in mind while choosing the semiconductor material
E = 4.2471 Mev. for such a device? Write any two advantages of Light Emit-
ting Diodes over conventional incandescent lamps.  [3]
The energy released in this process is positive, therefore
the process is a spontaneous process. Solution

23. What is a digital signal? Explain the function of modem −−++

−−++
in data communication. Write two advantages of digital p −−++ n
communication. [3] −−++
−−++

Solution
Digital signals are those which can take only discrete Injected Injected
electrons holes
stepwise values. Modern digital signals consist of only two
values: zero and discrete one.
They are represented by square signals.
The light emitting diode is a heavily doped p-n junction
Pulse diode which under forward bias emits spontaneous
duration radiation. The diode is encapsulated with a transparent
Pulse
cover so that emitted light can come out.
Pulse
rise fall Pulse   When the diode is forward biased the holes in
amplitude the p-doped region move toward the n-region and
electrons in the n-doped region move toward the
p-region. At the depletion region they recombine and
Communication system emit radiation. Photons with energy slightly less than
or equal to the band gap energy of the material are
Transmitted

Received

emitted in the process. Therefore, the color of the light

Message
Message

signal

signal
signal

signal

Information User of
Transmitter Channel Receiver
source information emitted by the LED directly depends upon the band
gap energy. Therefore, the semiconductor used for
the LED fabrication must have a energy band gap of at
Noise
least 1.8 eV (spectral range of visible light is from about
Block diagram of a generalized communication system. 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, i.e., from about 3 eV to 1.8 eV).
LEDs have the following advantages over conventional
A communication system is the means of transmitting incandescent lamps:
information between two persons or instruments(far or
near), one which is called transmitter which transmits (i) Low operational voltage and less power.
data and the other is called receiver which (or) receives (ii) Fast action and no warm-up time required.
data. The physical medium used fors communication is (iii) The bandwidth of emitted light is 100 Å to 500 Å or in other
called communication channel. Depending upon the words, it is nearly (but not exactly) monochromatic.

Physics Special market Book 2_2007 CBSE.indd 8 12/21/2011 12:22:19 PM

 Physics (CBSE 2007) 9

(iv) Long life and ruggedness.

(v) Fast on-off switching capability.
25. Draw a labeled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer.
State the principle on which it works. Deduce an Pointer
expression for the torque acting on a rectangular current-
carrying loop kept in a uniform magnetic field. Write two
factors on which the current sensitivity of a moving coil Coil
galvanometer depend.
OR Sp
State Biot–Savart law. Use it to derive an expression for N S
the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of radius
R carrying a steady current I. Sketch the magnetic field Pivot
lines for such a current-carrying loop.  [5] Soft-iron
core
Solution
Torque acting on a rectangular current carrying coil.
Uniform radial
magnetic field Permanent magnet

B –I
If a current carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic
B field, a torque acts on the loop which is proportional to the
N q S
–I m D current in the loop. This is the working principle of a mov-
ing coil galvanometer.
  The galvanometer consists of a coil, with many turns,
A free to rotate about a fixed axis, in a uniform radial mag-
netic field. There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not
  Let the angle between the magnetic field and normal only makes the field radial but also increases the strength
to the coil be q. Then the forces on the arms BC and DA of the magnetic field. When a current flows through the
are equal, opposite, and act along the axis of the coil, coil, a torque acts on it. This torque is given by
which connects the centres of mass of BC and DA. Being
collinear along the axis they cancel each other, resulting τ = NIAB
in nonet force
 or torque. The forces on arms AB and CD
are F 1 and F 2. They too are equal and opposite, with  here N is the number of turns of the coil, A is the area of
w
magnitudes the coil, I is the current passing through the coil and B is
the magnetic field intensity.
F1 = F2 = I b B.   The torque tends to rotate the coil. A spring Sp provides
a counter torque kf that balances the magnetic torque
But they are not collinear and thus result in a couple. NIAB; resulting in a steady angular deflection f.

F2
In equilibrium
kf = NIAB

 k 
I= φ.
 NAB 
a/2
a/2 sin q
B
q The quantity in the bracket is called the galvanometer
a/2 m
constant.
The sensitivity of the galvanometer depends upon the
number of turns of the coil, area of the galvanometer
coil, pole strength of the permanent magnet and the
spring constant.
F1 OR

The magnitude of the torque on the loop is, Solution

According to Biot–Savart’s law, the magnitude of the
a a magnetic field dB is proportional to the current I, the element
τ = F1 sinθ + F2 sinθ
2 2 length |dl|, and inversely proportional to the square of
the distancer. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane
τ = IABsinθ = IABsinθ . containing d l and r .

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 10 Physics (CBSE 2007)

By substituting (2) in (1)

m0 Id R
dB =
4π ( x + R 2 )3/ 2
2

dl q
By integrating
r
m0 IR 2 ∧
B= i
4π 2 ( x + R )
2 2 3/2

The magnetic field lines are

  B
 m Id × r
dB = 0
4π r3
I

 m I d  sinθ
dB = 0 26. What are coherent sources? Why are coherent sources
4π r 2 required to produce interference of light? Give an example
m0 of interference of light in everyday life. In Young’s double
where is the constant of proportionality.
4π slit experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the
screen is placed at a distance of 1.5 m away from the slits.
Y
The distance between the central bright fringe and fourth
bright fringe is 1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light
used.
dl dB1 OR
r
dB State the condition under which the phenomenon of
R diffraction of light takes place. Derive an expression for
I O q the width of the central maximum due to diffraction of
x X
P dBx light at a single slit. A slit of width ‘a’ is illuminated by a
monochromatic light of wavelength 700 nm at normal
dl incidence. Calculate the value for a position of
(a) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30°.
(b) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30°. [5]
Z
Solution
The figure shows a circular loop carrying a steady Two wavefronts which have a constant phase relation­
current I. The loop is placed in the y-z plane with its ship constitute a coherent source of light. Since the
centre at the origin O and has a radius R. The x-axis is the interference patterns are visible only when the phase
axis of the loop. We wish to calculate the magnetic field difference of the interfering waves are constant, only
at the point P on this axis. Let x be the distance of P from coherent light sources can produce a visible interference
the centre O of the loop. Consider a conducting element pattern.
dl of the loop. The magnitude dB of the magnetic field The colors appearing in the soup bubble and oil slick in
due to dl is given by the Biot–Savart law water are two examples of interference of light in daily life.
The fringe width of the given pattern is
 
 m0 I dl × r
dB = distance between central and fourth fringe 1
4π r3 β= = cm
4 4
But r 2 = x 2 + R 2 . Also
Therefore,
λD
β= .
 m Id d
dB = 0 2  (1)
4π ( x + R 2 ) Therefore,

And the direction of the dB is as shown in the figure.
 1
Again × 10 -2 × 0.03 × 10 -2
βd  4 
λ= = = 5 × 10 -7 m.
D 1.5
R  (2)
cos θ =
( )
1/ 2
x + R2
2
OR

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 Physics (CBSE 2007) 11

Solution The intensity distribution of the diffraction pattern is as

Diffraction occurs when a obstacle is placed in the path given in the figure.
of the beam and it is prominent if the size of the object is We have
comparable to that of the wavelength of the light incident mλ
a= .
on it. sinθ
Let a source of monochromatic light be incident on a Therefore, at 30°
slit of finite width a, as shown in figure. In diffraction 700 × 10 -9
of Fraunhofer type, all rays passing through the slit are a= = 1.4 mm
sin 30°
approximately parallel. In addition, each portion of the slit
will act as a source of light waves according to Huygens’ and at 30.5°
principle. For simplicity we divide the slit into two halves. 700 × 10 -9
a= = 1.37 mm.
At the first minimum, each ray from the upper half will be sin 30.5°
exactly 180° out of phase with a corresponding ray from 27. State the principle of working of p-n diode as a rectifier.
the lower half. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the use of p-n
diode as a full wave rectifier. Draw a sketch of the input
and output waveforms.
OR
Draw the symbolic representation of a (i) p-n-p,
(ii) n-p-n transistor. Why is the base region of transistor
a/2
thin and lightly doped? With proper circuit diagram,
q show the biasing of a p-n-p transistor in common base
configuration. Explain the movement of charge carriers
through different parts of the transistor in such a
a/2 configuration and show that IE = IC + IB .  [5]

Solution
a sinq When a p-n junction diode is reverse biased, the resistance
2
offered by the diode become very large. Therefore, most of
the voltage drops across the diode and no current passes
through it. Similarly when a p-n junction diode is forward
The condition for the first minimum is biased the resistance offered by the diode becomes
a λ minimum and so current passes through the circuit. So
sin θ = if we apply an ac voltage to a p-n junction diode during
2 2
the positive half cycle, the diode becomes forward biased
and during negative half cycle the diode becomes reverse
λ biased. Therefore, current passes through the circuit only
or sin θ = .
a during the positive half cycle.
Applying the same reasoning to the wavefronts from four AC in
equally spaced points a distance apart, the path difference +
would be δ = a sinθ / 4 and the condition for destructive –
interference is
In Out
2λ .
sin θ =
a
+
The argument can be generalized to show that destructive –
DC out
interference will occur when
Full wave rectifier
a sin θ = mλ ( fordestructive interference).
D1
A E
sin–1q
C
T R
2l/a
l/a B F
q D2
a O
–l/a where T – transformer, D1, D2 –diodes, R-load resistance.
–2l/a During the positive cycle of the ac the terminal A of the
transformer becomes positive and B becomes negative.
L Therefore, the diode D1 is forward biased and D2 reversed.

Physics Special market Book 2_2007 CBSE.indd 11 12/21/2011 12:22:28 PM

 12 Physics (CBSE 2007)

Hence the current passes through the path AERFC. During The base region of the transistor is made thin to
the negative half cycle of the AC, Diode D1 becomes reduce the carrier recombination before reaching the
positive biased and D2 becomes negative biased. Then collector-base junction, so that most of the emitter
the current flows along the path BERFC. During both the current passes through the collector.
half cycles the current flow through the load resistance is
along the same direction. IE IC
(a)
Waveform at A

VEE IB VCC

t
Biasing in p-n-p transistors
(i)

For biasing a p-n-p transistor the emitter junction is

connected to +ve voltage VEE and the collector terminal to
Waveform at B

the negative of the cell with voltage Vcc.

   In this configuration the emitter-base junction is
t
(ii) forward biased and collector-base junction is reverse
biased. Since collector potential is lower than the base
(b)
potential most of the holes ejected from the emitter to
the base pass to the collector region and contribute to
the collector current. By Applying the Kirchhoff’s current
Due to Due to Due to Due to
law at the junction current entering the junction = Current
Output waveform

D1 D2 D1 D2
(across R L)

leaving the junction.

p n p
t
e e
(c) IC
e e
e e
e e
OR IE

Solution IB

(i) Emitter Collector

–
IE = Ic + IB

Base
p-n-p transistor
(ii) Emitter Collector

Base
n-p-n transistor

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