EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab 

Padmasri Dr B V Raju Institute of Technology

Narsapur, Medak (Dt)-502313.

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual

II B.Tech II-Sem (ECE)
2011-2012
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Instructions to the students to conduct an experiment:

1. Students are supposed to come to the lab with preparation, proper dress code and the set
of tools required (1. Cutter, 2. Tester (small size), 3. Plier (6-Inches)).
2. Dress code:
Boys: Shoe & Tuck.
Girls: Apron & Cut shoe.
3. Don’t switch on the power supply without getting your circuit connections verified.
4. Disciplinary action can be taken in the event of mishandling the equipment or switching
on the power supply without faculty presence.
5. All the apparatus taken should be returned to the Lab Assistant concerned, before
leaving the lab.
6. You have to get both your Observation book and your Record for a particular
experiment corrected well before coming to the next experiment.
Guidelines to write your Observation book:
1. Experiment title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be right side.
2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left
side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per convenience.
4. Result should always be at the end (i.e. there should be nothing written related to an
experiment after its result).
5. You have to write the information for all the experiments in your observation book.
6. You are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between successive experiments in
your observation book for the purpose of theoretical and model calculations.
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

II B.Tech II SEM ECE (A&B) 2011-2012

List of Experiments

1. Verification of KCL & KVL.

2. Series & Parallel resonance-Timing, Resonant frequency, Bandwidth and Q-factor

determination for RLC network.

3. Time response of first order RC/RL network for periodic non sinusoidal input-Time constant
and steady state error determination.

4. Two port network parameters-Z, Y, ABCD and h-Parameters.

5. Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems.

6. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem.

7. Experimental verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems.

8. Magnetization characteristics of D.C. Shunt Generator.

9. Swinburne’s Test on a DC Shunt Motor.

10. Brake test on DC a Shunt Motor.

11 O C & SC Tests on a 1-φ Transformer.

12. Load test on a 1- φTransformer.

EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Expt No: 1

Verification of KVL and KCL.

Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and and Kirchhoff’s Current Law theoretically and
practically.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

Voltmeters
1.

Ammeters
2.

3. Multimeter

4. Connecting wires as per need

Theory:
 EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Circuit Diagram of KVL:

V1  V2 V3
_ _ _
+  +  +
 V  V V

+ 
+  VS 
VS   V 
−  _ 

Fig-1

Circuit Diagram of KCL:

I1
_
+
A
I
_ 
+ 
 A 
I2
_
+
A
+ 
VS
− 

            Fig-2
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Procedure:

1. To verify KVL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-1

2. Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the voltmeters are noted down.

3. Kirchhoff’s Voltage law can be verified by Vs=V1+V2+V3.

4. To verify KCL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-2.

5. Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the Ammeters are noted down.

6. Kirchhoff’s Current law can be verified by I=I1+I2.

Theoretical Calculations:
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Observations Table:

Vs V1 V2 V3 V1+V2+V3  I I1 I2  I1 +I2 

Theoretical
Values

Practical
Values

Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Expt. No: 2

Series and Parallel resonance

Aim: To verify Resonant Frequency, Bandwidth & Quality factor of RLC Series and Parallel
Resonant circuits.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Multimeter
2. Series and parallel resonance kit
3. Connecting wires as per need

Theory:

Theoretical Calculations:

Formulae Required.
Series Resonance:
1
1. Resonant frequency, f o =
2π LC
XL 2π foL
2. Quality factor,  Q = =
R R
fo
3. Bandwidth, BW =
Q
Parallel Resonance: 

1 1 R2
1. Resonant frequency,  f o = − 2
2 π LC L
R R
2. Quality factor,  Q = =
XL 2π foL
f
3. Bandwidth, BW = o
Q
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Procedure:

Series Resonance:

1. Circuit is connected as shown in the fig (1).

2. A fixed voltage is applied to the circuit through function generator.

3. The frequency is varied in steps and the corresponding ammeter reading is noted down as Is.
4. A graph is drawn between frequency f and current Is. Resonant frequency (fo) and Half power
frequencies (f1, f2) are marked on the graph.
f0
5. Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor Q = are found from the graph.
BW
6. Practical values of Resonant Frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth are compared with theoretical
values.

Parallel Resonance:

1. Circuit is connected as shown in the fig (2)

2. A fixed voltage is applied to the circuit through function generator.

3. The frequency is varied in steps and the corresponding ammeter reading is noted down as Ip.
4. A graph is drawn between frequency f and current Ip. Resonant Frequency (fo) and Half power
frequencies (f1, f2) are marked on the graph.
f0
5. Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor Q = are found from the graph.
BW
6. Practical values of Resonant Frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth are compared with theoretical
values.
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Circuit Diagram of Series Resonance:

Function   A Is
generator

Fig-1
Model Graph:

IS
I max

I max
2

f1  fo f2 f
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Circuit Diagram of Parallel Resonance:

A Ip
Function    
generator

Fig-2

Model Graph:

   IP

2 I min

I min

f1 fo f2 f
EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Observations:

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

S.No. Current(Is) Current(Ip)
Frequency (f) S.No. Frequency (f)

Result Table:

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Resonant frequency(f0)

Bandwidth(BW)

Quality factor(Q)

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt. No:3

Time response of Series RL and RC circuits

Aim: To draw the time response of first order series RL and RC network for periodic Non-
Sinusoidal function and verify the time constant.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Function generator 1
2. Decade Resistance box 1
3. Decade Inductance box 1

4. Decade Capacitance box 1

5. CRO 1

6. CRO probes 1

7. Connecting wires As required

Theory:

Theoretical Calculations:

Formulae required:
L
For RL Series circuit, Time constant, τ =  
R
 
For RC Series circuit, Time constant,  τ = RC

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Circuit diagrams:

Series RL Circuit

Function To CRO
 
Generator

Fig-1

Series RC Circuit

Function To CRO
 
Generator

Fig-2

Model Graph:

Vin

VL

VC

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:

Series RL Circuit:

1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-1.

2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.

3. The waveform of voltage across inductor is observed on CRO and the waveform is drawn
on a graph sheet.

4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.

Series RC Circuit:

1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-2.

2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.

3. The waveform of voltage across the capacitor is observed on CRO and the waveform is
drawn on a graph sheet.

4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Result table:

Series RL Circuit Series RC Circuit

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Time Constant(τ)

Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt. No:4

Two port network parameters (Z, Y, ABCD and Hybrid parameters)

Aim: To obtain experimentally Z , Y, ABCD and h-parameters and of a given two port network.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter

2. Voltmeter

3. Rheostats

4. DC Power Supply
5. Digital Multimeter
6. Connecting wires as per need

Theory:

Theoretical Calculations:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Formulae required:

Z-Parameters:
V1 V2
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2 Z 11 = ; Z 21 =
I1 I2 =0
I1 I2 =0
V2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I 2
V1 V2
Z 12 = ; Z 22 =
I2 I1 = 0
I2 I1 = 0

Y-Parameters:

I1 I
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 Y11 = ; Y21 = 2
V1 V =0 V1 V2 = 0
I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 2

I1 I2
Y12 = ; Y22 =
V2 V1 = 0
V2 V1 = 0

ABCD Parameters:
V1 I1
A= ; C=
V1 = AV2 − BI 2 V2 I 2 =0
V2 I 2 =0

I1 = CV2 − DI 2 V1 I1
B=− ; D=−
I2 V2 = 0
I2 V2 = 0

Hybrid or h- Parameters:
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 V1 I2
h11 = ; h 21 =
I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2 I1 V2 =0
I1 V2 =0

V1 I2
h12 = ; h 22 =
V2 I1 = 0
V2 I1 = 0

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

I1 I2
+ +

+ +
V1 A Linear and V2 V1 V2
Passive Network ⎯ ⎯

_ _

When I2 = 0:
I1
+  _
A

+
+
V1 V V2
⎯ _ 

           Fig-1

When V2 = 0:

I1
+  _
A

+
+
V1 A I2
⎯ _ 

           Fig-2
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
When I1= 0:

I2
_ +  
A

+ 
+
V V1 V2
⎯
_ 
 

           Fig-3

When V1= 0:

I2
_ +
A

+ 
+
A I1 V2
⎯
_ 
 

            Fig-4

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Procedure:

1. Open Circuiting Output Terminals (I2 = 0):

a) Connections are made shown in fig (1).

b) Supply is given to input port.
c) The readings of ammeter as I1 and Voltmeter as V2 are noted down.

2. Short circuiting output terminals (V2 = 0):

a) Connections are made shown in fig (2).

b) Supply is given to input port.
c) The readings of ammeters as I1& I2 are noted down.

3. Open circuiting input terminals (I1 = 0):

a) Connections are made shown in fig (3).

b) Supply is given to output port.
c) The readings of ammeter as I1 and Voltmeter as V1 are noted down.
4. Short circuiting input terminals (V1=0):

a) Connections are made shown in fig (4).

b) Supply is given to output port.
c) The readings of ammeters as I1& I2 are noted down.
5. The Z, Y, ABCD, Hybrid parameters are calculated using formulae and verified with theoretical
values.

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Observations:

When I1=0 When I2=0

V1 I2 V2 V1 I1 V2
S.No. S.No.

When V1=0 When V2=0

I2 I1 V2 V1 I1 I2
S.No. S.No.

Result Table:

Z Parameters Y Parameters

Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22 Y11 Y12 Y21 Y22

Theoretical

Practical

ABCD Parameters Hybrid Parameters

A B C D h11 h12 h21 h22

Theoretical

Practical

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt No:5

Superposition theorem and Reciprocity theorems

Aim:To verify Superposition and Reciprocity theorems theoretically and practically.

Apparatus :

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter

2. Rheostats

3. DC Power Supply

4. Multimeter Digital

5. Connecting wires as per need

Theory:

Superposition Theorem Statement

In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any
element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources.

While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage sources and ideal
current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuits respectively, across the
terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.

Reciprocity Theorem Statement

In any linear bilateral network containing the response at any branch (or) transformation ratio is
same even after interchanging the sources.i.e. V/ I1 = V/ I2

Theoretical Calculations:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:
Superposition Theorem:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (1).
2. Both the voltages V1 and V2  applied and the current through load resistor is noted as IX.
3. Supply voltage V2 is replaced with short circuit and V1 is applied as shown in fig (2) and the current
through load resistor is noted down as IY.
4. Supply voltage V1 is replaced with short circuit and V2 applied as shown in fig (3) and the current
through load resistor is noted down as IZ.
5. It can be verified that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves Superposition theorem.

Reciprocity Theorem:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (1).
2. The ammeter reading is noted down as I1.
3. Now the source and ammeter are interchanged as in fig (2).
4. The ammeter reading is noted down as I2..
5. It can be veried that Vs/ I1 = Vs/ I2 theoretically and practically which proves Reciprocity theorem.

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 EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Circuit Diagrams of Superposition Theorem:

+
IX A
+  _  + 
VS1 VS2
−  _ 

Fig-1

+  + 
IY A IZ A
_  _  +
+ 
VS1 VS2
_
− 

Fig-2 Fig-3

Circuit Diagrams of Reciprocity Theorem:

+ 
+ 
I1 A + VS
+  _  − 
I2 A
VS _
− 

Fig-1 Fig-2

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Observations:

Superposition Theorem

When both the sources are acting: fig (1) When V1 source alone is acting: fig (2)

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

VS1 VS2 VS1 VS2
IX IX IY IY

When V2 source alone is acting: fig (3)

Theoretical Practical
VS1 VS2
IZ IZ

Reciprocity Theorem:

Before interchanging the sources: fig (1)

Theoretical values Practical values

Vs I1 Vs/ I1 I1 Vs/ I1

After interchanging the sources: fig (2)

Theoretical values Practical values

Vs I2 Vs/ I2 I2 Vs/ I2

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt. No.6

Maximum power transfer theorem

Aim: To verify maximum power transfer theorem on DC with Resistive load theoretically and
practically.

Apparatus :

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter

3. Rheostats

4. DC Power Supply
5. Multimeter Digital
6. Double Pole Double Throw Switch
6. Connecting wires as per need

Theory:

Theorem Statement

It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the load
resistance is equal to the source resistance.

Theoretical Calculations:

Formulae required:

Vth
Theoretical I L =
R L + R th

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 EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Circuit Diagrams:

+ 
VS RL Rth
⎯

DMM

            Fig-1             Fig-2
IL
+ _
A

+  DMM RL
VS
_ 

+
+ 
VS V Vth
⎯ _
Fig-4

            Fig-3

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

IL
+ _
A

+  DMM RL
VS
_ 

Fig-5

Model Graph:

PL

Pm

RL corresponding to Pm RL
    

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in fig (1).

2. RL is varied in steps and the reading of ammeter IL is noted down in each step.

3. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (2) and the effective resistance Rth  is measured with

the help of digital multimeter.

4. Power delivered to load PL is calculated in each step.

5. A graph is drawn between PL Vs RL and RL corresponding to maximum power is found from

it.

6. It can be verified that RL corresponding to maximum power from the graph is equal to the Rth

(which is nothing but source resistance RS) which proves the maximum power transfer theorem.

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Observations:

Tabular column:

Theoretical values Practical values

S.No RL
Vth PL= IL2RL IL PL= IL2RL
IL =
RL +Rth

Model Calculations:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt. No.7

Experimental verification of Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorems

Aim: To verify Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:
S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter

3. Rheostats

4. DC Power Supply
5. Digital Multimeter
6. Connecting wires as per need

Theory:

Statement of Thevenin’s Theorem:

Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vth in series with an impedance, Zth.,
where Vth is the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zth is the equivalent impedance
measured between the two terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances.

Statement of Norton’s Theorem:

Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a Current source IN in parallel with an impedance, ZN.,
where IN is the short circuit current across the load terminals and ZN is the equivalent impedance
measured between the two terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances.

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Circuit Diagrams:

+
+ A IL
VS _
−

RL

Fig-1

+ +
VS A IN
− _

Fig-2

+
+ V Vth
VS _
−

Fig-3
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 EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

DMM Rth
VS= 0

Fig-4

Rth

+
A ILI +
+ _ A ILI
Vth _
− IN RN
RL
RL

Fig-5
Fig-6

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit shown in fig (1).

2. DC voltage is applied to the circuit and the current IL flowing through the load is noted down.

3. Circuit is connected as shown in fig (2). DC voltage is applied the reading of Ammeter is noted
down as IN. 
4. Circuit is connected as shown in fig (3). DC voltage is applied the reading of Voltmeter is
noted down as Vth. 
5. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (4) and the effective resistance Rth / RN is measured
with the help of a multimeter.  
6. Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is connected as shown in fig (5) and the ammeter reading is noted
down as IL1 .

7. Thevenin’s theorem can be verified by checking that the currents IL and IL1 are equal.

8. Norton’s equivalent circuit is connected as shown in fig (6) and the ammeter reading is noted
down as IL1 .

9. Norton’s theorem can be verified by checking that the currents IL and IL1 are equal.

Theoretical Calculations:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Observations:

Thevenin’s Theorem:

Theoretical values Practical values

Vs IL Vth Rth IL 1 IL Vth Rth IL 1

Norton’s Theorem:

Theoretical values Practical values

Vs IL IN RN IL 1 IL IN RN IL 1

Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Expt No: 8

Magnetization Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

Aim: To conduct an experiment on a D.C Shunt Generator and draw the magnetization
characteristics (Open Circuit Characteristics or OCC) and to determine the Critical Field
Resistance (RC) and Critical Speed (NC).

Apparatus:

S. No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Voltmeter M.C 0-500V 1
2 Ammeter M.C 0-2A 1

3 Rheostats Wire 400Ω/1.7A 1

wound
4 Tachometer Digital - 1

Name plate details:

Theory:
Open circuit characteristics or magnetization curve is the graph between the generated emf
(Eg) and field current (If) of a dc shunt generator. For field current is equal to zero there will be
residual voltage of 10 to 12V because of the residual magnetism present in the machine .If this is
absent then the machine can not build up voltage. To obtain residual magnetism the machine is
separately excited by a dc source. We can get critical field resistance (RC) and critical speed (NC)
from OCC.

Critical field resistance: It is the value of field rresistance above which the machine cannot build
up emf.

Critical speed: It is the speed below which the machine cannot build up emf.

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Circuit diagram:

3 point starter
DPST Switch L F A DPST Switch
+ +

+
(0-2)A
400Ω/ + A
(0-300)V MC
1.7A
230 V MC V −
A DC
DC F A − F Exciter
Supply
M G

AA AA
FF
FF

−  −
Fuse
Fuse

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Motor is started with the help of Three Point starter and brought to its rated speed by varying
the field rheostat.
3. The Eg for If =0 is noted and the DPST switch on the DC Exciter side is closed.
4. The DC Exciter is varied in steps and the values of Field current (If) and corresponding
generated voltage (Eg) are noted down in each step, in both ascending and descending orders.
5. Average Eg is calculated from ascending and descending orders.
6. A graph is drawn between Eg & If. From the graph (OCC), Critical field resistance (RC) and
Critical (NC) speed are calculated.

Model Graph:

Eg (V) 

R 
Rf 

A 

Q 

O  C  P  If (A) 

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Tabular column:

S.No Field current Generated Voltage (Eg) Average

If (A) Eg (V)
Ascending Descending
order order

Calculations:

From the graph:

OA
Critical field Resistance, R C =  
OC

PQ
Critical Speed, N C = × N rated
PR

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Precautions:

1. Loose connections should be avoided.

2. Readings are taken without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt No : 9

Swinburne’s test

Aim: To perform no load test on a DC shunt motor and to predetermine the efficiencies of the machine
acting both as a motor and as a generator.

Equipment:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Voltmeter MC 0-250V 1
2 Ammeter MC 0-5A 1
3 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
4 Rheostats Wire wound 400Ω/1.7A 1
Wire wound 100Ω/5A 1

Name plate details:

Theory:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Circuit diagram:

(0-5)A 3 point starter

MC
DPST Switch L A F
+
A

400Ω/ +
+ 1.7A (0-2)A
A MC
230 V V (0-250)V
MC −
DC A
−
Supply F
M

AA
FF

−
Fuse

Circuit diagram to find out Ra: 

DPST Switch
+

400Ω/ +
1.7A (0-2)A
A
MC
−
230 V
DC A
Supply +
M
V (0-250)V
MC
AA −

−
Fuse
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:

1. Connections as made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter,
and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
3. The readings of both ammeters and voltmeter are noted down.
4. The efficiencies of the machine both as a motor and as a generator are calculated.
5. Graphs are drawn between output Vs efficiency for the Machine acting as a generator and as a
motor.

Model Graph:

η (%)
Generator

Motor

O 
Output

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
No-Load Test Observation table:
IL0 If V N

Calculations:
From No-Load Test:
No - Load input = VI L0 =  
No - Load Armature current = I L0 − I f =  
2
No - Load Armature Cu loss = I a0 Ra =
2
Constant loss, WC = No - load input − No - load Armature Cu loss = VI L0 − I a0 R a =

∴ WC =  

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Machine acting as Generator: V=230V, WC = , Ra= ,If = .

Voltage, Load current, Output,      Armature Current, Armature Cu Loss  Total Loss, Input, Efficiency

Pout = VIL   I a = I L + I f   I a Ra  
V (Volts) IL (A) 2 2
WT = WC + I a R a (%),
S.No Pin = Pout + WT P
η = out × 100
Pin

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Machine acting as Motor: : V=230V, WC = , Ra= ,If = .

Voltage, Load current, Input, Armature Current, Armature Cu Loss   Total Loss, Output, Efficiency
      
Pin = VI L   I a = I L − I f  
V (Volts) IL (A) 2 2
WT = WC + Ia Ra   (%),
S.No I a Ra  
Pout = Pin − WT η=
Pout
× 100
Pin

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Model calculation:

To Predetermine the Efficiency as a Motor:

Let IL= 

Motor input = VI L =  
2
Total loss = WC + I a R a = WC + (I L - I f ) 2 R a =  

Motor Output = Motor input - Total loss =  

Output
∴ Efficiency, η = × 100 =
Input

To Predetermine the Efficiency as a Generator:

Let IL= 

Generator Output = VI L =  
2
Total loss = WC + I a R a = WC + (I L + I f ) 2 R a =  

Generator Input = Generator output + Total loss =  

Output
∴ Efficiency, η = × 100 =  
Input

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Precautions:

1. Loose connections should be avoided.

2. Readings are taken without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt No: 10

Brake test on a DC Shunt motor

Aim: To conduct Brake test on a DC Shunt motor. And to draw its performance curves.

Apparatus:

S. No Equipment Range Type Qty

1. Voltmeter 0-250V M.C. 1
2. Ammeter 0-20A M.C 1
3 Ammeter 0-1/2A M.C 1
4 Rheostat 400Ω/1.7A Wire wound 1
5. Tachometer Digital type 1
6. Connecting wires

Name plate details:

Theory:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter,
and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
3. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeters, voltmeter, tachometer, spring balances, are
noted down.
4. Performance curves are to be drawn after completing the calculations.

Model graph:

Ia VS N
N VS Torque 
Ia VS

Output VS η

O 

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Circuit diagram:

(0-20)A 3 Point Starter

MC
DPST Switch L A F
+ A

400Ω/ + S1 S2
+ 1.7A
A (0-2)A
230 V V (0-250)V MC
DC MC A − 
− 
Supply F
M

AA

FF

− 
Fuse

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Calculations Table: r= .

S.No Voltage, Line current, Speed, Spring balance Torque, Output,   Input,   Efficiency (%),
V (Volts) IL (A)  N (rpm) readings (Kgs) T=9.81×( S1~ S2)×r
2 ΠNT Pin = VI L Pout
Pout = η= × 100
S1 S2  (N-m)  60 Pin

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Model calculation:

Precautions:

1. Loose connections should be avoided.

2. Readings are taken without parallax error.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Expt No: 11

OC & SC tests on 1-φ transformer

Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1-Φ Transformer and to calculate its equivalent circuit
parameters and predetermine its Efficiency & Regulation.
Name plate details:
1-φ TRANSFORMER
Capacity 3KVA
I/P voltage 115V
I/P current 26A
O/P voltage 230V
O/P current 13A
Frequency 50Hz

Apparatus required:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeters 0-150V, 0-75V M.I 1, 1 No
2 Ammeters 0-2A, 0-15A M.I 1, No
2A, 150V, 60W, LPF Dynamo meter
3 Wattmeter 1, 1 No
15A, 50V, 600W, UPF

4 Auto T/F 230V/0-270V 1-φ wire wound 1 No

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Procedure:

OC Test:
1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched on and rated voltage is applied to the LV side by varying the Auto
transformer.
3. The readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter are noted down.

SC Test:
1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is Switched on and rated current is set through the HV winding by varying
the Auto transformer.
3. The readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter are noted down.

Model graphs:
%Regulation %Efficiency

Power factor

Output power

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OC test circuit diagram

(0-2)A 2A, 150V, 60W, LPF 115V 230V

DPST MI
Ph M L
A
V
C

1- Φ 230V (0-150)V Open

V
50 Hz AC MI Circuit
Supply

N Variac 1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V 3KVA, 230V/ 115V
Fig -1

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SC test circuit diagram

(0-15)A 15A, 50V, 600W, UPF 115V

230V
DPST MI
Ph M L
A
V
C

1- Φ 230V (0-50)V
V
50 Hz AC MI Short
Supply Circuit

N Variac
3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V 1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ 115V
Fig -2

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Observations:
O.C test: S.C test:

V0 I0 W0 VSC ISC WSC

Calculations:
2 2
X 02 = Z 02 − R02 =  
W0
Cosφ0 = = 
V0 I 0  

N 2 E2
IW = I 0Cosφ0 =   K= = = 
N1 E1
I m = I 0 Sinφ0 =   X 02 R
X 01 = 2
=                    ; R01 = 022 =  
K K
V0
R0 = = 
IW  

xV2 I 2Cosθ 2
 
Efficency = × 100
xV2 I 2Cosθ 2 + Wi + Wsc
V0
Xm = =  Where, x = Fraction o f Full loa d current
Im  
Wi = Iron losss = Wo , W sc = Cu loss = x Wsc 2

Note: The Transformer is taken as

step up Transformer.  I 2 R02Cosθ2 +I 2 X 02Sinθ2

% Re gulation = × 100
V2
Wsc
R02 = 2
=  (+ for Lag pf , − for Lead pf )
I sc  
Where, Cosθ2 = Load pf

Vsc
Z 02 = =
I sc

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Calculations Table:

Predetermination of Efficiency:

I2= 13A ; V2= 230V ; R02= ; Wi= ; Let Cosθ2=0.8

Load Cu losses Total Losses O/P power I/P power η (%)
WCu = x 2Wsc WT = Wi + WSC = xV2 I 2 Cosθ 2 = Output + WT POutput
= × 100
PInput

x=0.1

¼Full load(x=0.25)

½ Full Load(x=0.5)
¾ Full Load(x=0.75)
Full Load(x=1)

Predetermination of Regulation:

I2= 13A ; V2= 230V ; R02= ; X02=

% Regulation
Load pf
lag lead
I 2 R02Cosθ +I 2 X 02 Sinθ
0.6
% Re gulation = × 100
V2
(+ for Lag pf , − for Lead pf )
0.7 Where, Cosθ = Load pf

0.8

0.9

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Equivalent Circuit:
Considering the Step up transformer and Referred to LV side.

Ph Ph

Ro1 Xo1

V1 Ro
Xo

N N

Model Calculations:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 
Precautions:

1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially.

2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the Primary of the Transformer.
3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the rated load current only.
4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Expt No: 12

Load test on a 1-φ transformer

Aim: To conduct Load test on the given 1-Φ Transformer and to calculate its, Efficiency & Regulation.
Name plate details:
1-φ TRANSFORMER
Capacity 3KVA
I/P voltage 115V
I/P current 26A
O/P voltage 230V
O/P current 13A
Frequency 50Hz

Apparatus required:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeters 0-150V, 0-75V M.I 1, 1 No
2 Ammeters 0-2A, 0-15A M.I 1, No
2A, 150V, 60W, LPF Dynamo meter
3 Wattmeter 1, 1 No
15A, 50V, 600W, UPF

4 Auto T/F 230V/0-270V 1-φ wire wound 1 No

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Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. By varying the Auto transformer, rated voltage is applied to the input side of the
transformer and should be maintained constant throughout the experiment.

3. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter are noted down in
each step.

4. Efficiency and Regulations are calculated in each step and tabulated.

5. Graphs are drawn Output Vs Efficiency and

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Circuit Diagram
(0-15)A
20A, 150V, 60W, LPF 115V 230V MI
DPST M L
Ph A
V
C

1- Φ 230V (0-150)V
V V
50 Hz AC MI (0-300)V
Supply MI

N Variac 1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ (0-270) V 3KVA, 230V/ 115V
Fig -1

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Calculations table:
Rated Secondary Voltage, V2=230V

S.No Secondary Voltage Secondary Current, Input Power Output Power ,

Efficiency % Re gulation
Ι I2(A)  (Watts)(wattmeter reading) =V2хI2 (Watts)  POutput I
V2 (V)  V2 − V2
η= ×100 = × 100
PInput V2

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Model calculation:

Precautions:
1. The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially.
2. Rated voltage should be maintained on the Primary of the Transformer.
3. The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.

Result:

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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Electrical Engineering Lab 

Important Viva-voce questions:

1. What is the principle of operation of a DC Generator?

2. What are the main parts of a DC Generator and their functions?

3. What is the function of a DC Generator?

4. What are the different types of a DC Generator?

5. What is the principle of operation of a DC Motor?

6. What is the function of a DC Motor?

7. What are the different types of a DC Motor?

8. What is the purpose of a Three point starter?

9. What is the purpose of a fuse?

10. Why the field rheostat should be kept in minimum position?

11. What is the purpose of changing the voltage level in AC Transmission?

12. What is the principle of operation of a Transformer?

13. What is the function of a Transformer?

14. What are the different types of a Transformer?

15. What are the different parts of a Transformer?

16. What are the different types of measuring instruments?

17. What is meant by “Pre determination” with respect to electrical machines?

18. What is meant by efficiency and regulation?

19. Can we start the motor without using three point starter? If so, how?

20. What is the purpose of Auto transformer(or Dimmerstat)?

Note: In addition to the above, students are supposed to know the basic theory and things related for

the conduct of a particular experiment.

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