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Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory

1. The document discusses theories for predicting molecular shapes and bonding, including valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, valence bond theory, and molecular orbital theory. 2. VSEPR theory uses electron groups around a central atom to predict molecular geometry, where an electron group can be a single, double, or triple bond or a lone pair. 3. Molecular orbital theory describes molecular bonds as linear combinations of atomic orbitals that determine if a molecular orbital is bonding or antibonding.

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Emely Jimenez
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105 views2 pages

Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory

1. The document discusses theories for predicting molecular shapes and bonding, including valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, valence bond theory, and molecular orbital theory. 2. VSEPR theory uses electron groups around a central atom to predict molecular geometry, where an electron group can be a single, double, or triple bond or a lone pair. 3. Molecular orbital theory describes molecular bonds as linear combinations of atomic orbitals that determine if a molecular orbital is bonding or antibonding.

Uploaded by

Emely Jimenez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Emely Matta Study Guide

Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond


theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory
Vocabulary:
Valence Shell electron Pair repulsion: a theory that allows prediction of the shapes of molecules
based on the idea that electron- either as lone pairs or as bonding pairs- repel one another.
Electron Geometry: the geometric arrangement of electron groups in a molecule.
Electron groups: A general term for lone pairs, single bonds, multiple bonds, or lone electrons
in molecule.
Valence bond theory: An advanced model of chemical bond in which electrons reside in
quantum-mechanical orbitals localized on individual atoms that are hybridized blend of
standard atomic orbitals; chemical bonds result from an overlap of these orbitals.
Hybridization: A mathematical procedure in which standard atomic orbitals are combined to
form new, hybrid orbitals.
Hybrid orbitals: Orbitals formed from the combination of standard atomic orbitals that
correspond more closely to the actual distribution of electrons in a chemically bonded atom.
Pi bonds: The bond that forms between two p orbitals that overlap side to side.
Sigma bonds: the resulting bond that forms between a combination of any two s, p, or
hybridized orbitals that overlap end to end.
Bond order: For a molecule, the number of electrons in bonding orbitals minus the number of
electrons in nonbonding orbitals divided by two; positive bond order implies that the molecule
is stable.
Key Concepts:
VSEPR THEORY: the properties of molecules are directly related to their shapes. In VSEPR
theory, molecular geometries are determined by the repulsions between electron groups on
the central atom. An electron group can be single bond, double bond, triple bond, lone pair.
Polarity: the polarity of a polyatomic molecule containing polar bonds depends on its geometry.
If dipole moments of the polar bonds are aligned in such a way that they cancel one another,
the molecule is not polar. If they are aligned in such a way as to sum together, the molecule is
polar.
Molecular Orbital Theory: the simplest molecular orbital are linear combinations of atomic
orbitals, weighted averages of the atomic orbitals of the different atoms in the molecules. The
stability of the molecule and the strength of the bond depend on the number of electrons in
bonding orbitals compared to the number in antibonding orbitals.

Formulas:
Bond Order of a Diatomic Molecule:
(# 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑂𝑠) − (# 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑂𝑠)
𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
2
Example problems
1. Why is molecular geometry important?
2. In valence bond theory, what determines the geometry of a molecule?
3. What is a binding molecular orbital?
4. What is the role of wave interference in determining whether a molecular orbital is
bonding or antibonding?
Key questions:
1. A molecule with the formula 𝐴𝐵3 , has a trigonal pyramidal geometry. How many
electrons groups are on the central atom (A)?
2. Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar
a. 𝑆𝐶𝑙2
b. 𝐵𝑟𝐶𝑙5
3. Write orbital diagrams to represent the electron configuration of carbon and ater sp
hybridization.

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