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Quiz 2 Solutions

This document contains solutions to 4 problems regarding integrals and functions. Problem 1 defines bounded variation and provides examples of a continuous function that is not bounded variation and a function where the derivative exists and is unbounded but the function is bounded variation. Problem 2 proves an identity relating the sum of a function over integers to an integral involving the integral of the derivative. Problem 3 computes integrals of a piecewise defined function and shows the integral of this function over y exists and evaluates to 1. Problem 4 states the Lebesgue criterion for Riemann integrability and applies it to show the characteristic function of a set of measure 0 is Riemann integrable.

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Ditmar Sayritupac Ventura
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61 views3 pages

Quiz 2 Solutions

This document contains solutions to 4 problems regarding integrals and functions. Problem 1 defines bounded variation and provides examples of a continuous function that is not bounded variation and a function where the derivative exists and is unbounded but the function is bounded variation. Problem 2 proves an identity relating the sum of a function over integers to an integral involving the integral of the derivative. Problem 3 computes integrals of a piecewise defined function and shows the integral of this function over y exists and evaluates to 1. Problem 4 states the Lebesgue criterion for Riemann integrability and applies it to show the characteristic function of a set of measure 0 is Riemann integrable.

Uploaded by

Ditmar Sayritupac Ventura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quiz 2 Solutions

1. Define a function of bounded variation on [a, b].

(a) Give an example of a continuous function that is not of bounded


variation on [a, b]. Justify your answer.
(b) Give an example of a function f such that f 0 exists and f 0 is
unbounded on [a, b], but f is of bounded variation on [a, b]. Justify
your answer.

Solution. a) Let f (x) = x cos(2π/x) if x 6= 0, f (0) = 0. Then f is


1 1
continuous on [0, 1]. For the partition P = {0, 2n , 2n−1 , . . . , 12 }, we can
see that
2n n
X 1 1 1 1 X1
|∆fk | = + + ... + + = .
k=1
2n 2n 2 2 k=1 k
P1
This is clearly not bounded for all n as the series n
is divergent.
b) Consider the function f (x) = x1/3 . Clearly f is of monotonic, and
hence of bounded variation on [0, 1]. But f 0 is unbounded on [0, 1].

2. Let (an ) be a sequence of real numbers. For x ≥ 0, define


[x]
X X
A(x) = an = an ,
n≤x n=1

where empty sums are interpreted as zero. If f is continuously differ-


entiable in [1, a], then show that
X Z a
an f (n) = − A(x)f 0 (x) dx + A(a)f (a).
n≤a 1

Solution. Using integration by parts, we see that


Z a Z a
0
f (x)A (x) dx + A(x)f 0 (x) dx = A(a)f (a) − A(1)f (1),
1 1

which would imply that


Z a Z a
0
f (x)A (x) dx + a1 f (1) = − A(x)f 0 (x) dx + A(a)f (a).
1 1

1
From the proof of the Euler’s summation formula, we know that
Z a X
f (x)A0 (x) dx = f (n),
1 1<n≤a

which together with previous equation gives the required result.


3. A function f is defined at each point (x, y) in the unit square [0, 1]×[0, 1]
as follows: (
1, if x is rational
f (x, y) =
2y, if x is irrational
R1 R1
(a) Compute 0
f (x, y) dx and 0
f (x, y) dx in terms of y.
R1 R1
(b) Let F (x) = 0 f (x, y) dy. Show that 0 F (x) dx exists and find
its value.
Solution. a) Fix y ∈ [0, 1] and assume first that y ≤ 1/2. Then
min(2y, 1) = 2y and max(2y, 1) = 1, and for a partition P ∈ P[0, 1],
we have that n
X
L(P, f ) = mk (f )∆xk = 2y.
k=1
If y ∈ (1/2, 1], then min(2y, 1) = 1 and max(2y, 1) =R2y, and hence
1
L(P, f ) = 1. Consequently, we can conlcude that 0 f (x, y) dx =
min(2y, 1).
R1
Similarly, we can infer that 0 f (x, y) dx = max(2y, 1). Therefore,
R1
0
f (x, y) dx, exists only when y = 1/2.
b) Fix x ∈ [0, 1]. If x ∈ Q, then
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
f (x, y) dy = f (x, y) dy = dy = 1.
0 0 0

Similarly, when x ∈ Qc , we see that


Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
f (x, y) dy = f (x, y) dy = 2y dy = 1.
0 0 0
R1 R1
Therefore since F (x) = 1 is constant, 0
F (x) dx exists and 0
F (x) dx =
R1
0
dx = 1.

2
4. State the Lebesque criterion for Riemann integrability. Let A = { n1 :
n ∈ N} and let χA be the characteristic function of A on [0, 1] defined
by (
1, if x ∈ A ∩ [0, 1]
χA (x) =
0, if x ∈ Ac ∩ [0, 1]
Is χA (x) Riemann integrable in [0, 1]? Justify your answer.
Solution. Since A is a countable set, A is of measure zero. Clearly,
χA is continuous at all point in Ac ∩ [0, 1]. By the Lebesque criterion,
we colnclude that χA is Riemann integrable in [0, 1] since its set of
discontunities is of measure zero.

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