PHYSICS FORMULAS

Physic 1st year

Measurements
1. Smallest unit of measurement by;
Measurement tape → 1 cm or 1mm
Meter rule or half meter rule → 0.1 cm or 1 mm
Vernier caliper → 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm
Screw gauge → 0.001 cm or 0.01 mm
2. θ = s/r
3. 2π rad = 3600 = 1 revolution
4. 1 radian = 57.30
5. 1 degree = 60 minute
6. 1 minute = 60 seconds
7. Angle at circle is 2π radian.
8. Angle at sphere is 4π steradian.
9. Volume of slid cylinder = πr2l
10.Area of sphere = 4πr2
11.Volume of sphere = 4/3 πr3
12.Dimension of velocity = [LT-1]
13.Dimension of acceleration= [LT-2]
14.Energy of photon; E = hf
15.Time period of pendulum; T = 2π √

Vectors and equilibrium

16.Commutative property of vector= A+B = B+A
17.Fx =F cosθ
18.Fy = Fsinθ
19.F = √
20.A.B = AB cos θ
21.A x B = AB sin θ
22.Scalar product; work and power
23.Vector product; torque
24.τ = r x F
25.First condition of equilibrium; ∑F = 0
26.Second condition of equilibrium; ∑τ = 0
Motion and Force
27.v = s/t
28.a = v/t
29.vf = vi +at
30.s = vit + ½ at2
31.2as = vf2 – vi2
32.S = vave x t
33.Vave =( vi + vf )/2
34.g = 9.8 ms-2 = 32 ft-2
35.F = ma
36.P = mv
37.P = F t
38.Impulse; J = F x t = ∆P
39.Law of conservation of momentum; ∆p = 0
40.Elastic collision in one dimension; [v1 + v2] = [v1’+ v2’]

41.Magnitude of projectile velocity; Vf = √

42.Height of projectile; H = vi2sin2θ/2g
43.Time of flight; T = 2 vi sinθ/g
44.Time of summit or time to reach to highest point; T = vi sinθ/g
45.Range; R = vi2 sin 2θ/g
46.Rmax = vi2/g
47.R = Rmax at 450
Work and Energy
48.W = Fd cosθ
49.Power; p=W/t or p =Fv
50.1 watt = Js-1
51.1 hp = 746 watts
52.K.E = ½ mv2
53.P.E = mgh
54.Efficiency = output/input = W x D/P x d
55.Absolute potential energy =Fr = - GmMe/Re (- because work is done against gravity)
56.Gravitational potential = E/m = GMe/Re

57.For escape velocity compare K.E with Absolute potential energy; vesc = √ → vesc

=√
58.G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
59.Re = 6.4 x 106 m
60.Me = 6 x 1024 kg
61.Vesc = 11.2 x 103 ms-1
62.Wh = K.E + fh → (Wh = loss in potential energy)
63.Loss in P.E = Gain inn K.E + work done against friction
64.E = mc2 →(c= 3 x 108 ms-1)
Rotational and circular motion
65.Angular velocity; ω = ∆θ/∆t
66.Angular acceleration; α = ∆ω/∆t → a = α x r
67.v = r ω
68.Fc = mv2/r
69.ac = -(v2/r)
70.Centrifugal force= mv2/r
71.F sin θ = mv2/r
72.F cos θ = mg
73.Tan θ = v2/gr
74.Τorque = r F = rma = rm (rα) =( r2m)α = I α
75.Moment of inertia; I = mr2
76.Ring or thin walled cylinder inertia(I) = MR2
77.Disc or solid cylinder inertia = ½ MR2
78.Disc inertia = ½ M (R22 + R12 )
79.Solid sphere inertia = 2/5 MR2
80.Solid rod or meter stick inertia = 1/12 Ml2
81.Rectangular plate inertia = 1/12 M (a2+b2)
82.Angular momentum = L = r x p = r mv = rmrω =r2mω = Iω
83.L = rmv → L/t = rmv/t = rma = rF = τ
84.L/t = τ
85.Linear kinetic energy = ½ mv2
86.Rotational kinetic energy = ½ Iω2
87.Velocity of hoop = v = √

88.Velocity of disc = v = √
89.Critical velocity = v = 7.9 km2

90.The orbital velocity = v =√

91.Lift at rest → T =w
92.Lift moving downward → T = w – ma
93.Lift moving upward → T = w + ma
94.Lift falling freely = T mg-ma = 0

95.Frequency for artificial satellite → f = √

 Fluid dynamics
96.Drag force → Fd = 6 πη r v
97.Terminal velocity → vt =
98.Continuity equation → A1 v1 = A2 v2
99.Av=∆V/∆t = constant
100. ∆m/∆t = ρ ∆V/∆t
101. Bernoulli’s Equation = P + ½ ρv2 + ρgh = constant
102. Torricelli’s Theorem → v = √

103. Flow meter or the venture meter → v1 =

√

Oscillation
104. Frequency → f=1/T
105. Angular frequency → ω = 2πf
106. Time period → T = 2π/ω
107. Velocity of projection → vy = ω√

108. Simple pendulum time period → T = 2π √

109. Simple pendulum potential energy = ½ kx2
110. Simple pendulum kinetic energy = ½ kx02 -½ kx2
111. Total energy of simple pendulum = ½ kx02
112. Resonance frequency = Fn = nf1
113. Phase → θ =ω t
Waves
√ √
114. Transverse wave speed →
√
115. Longitudinal waves speed →
116. Phase change→ 2π = λ
117. Phase difference → δ = 2π/λ

118. Speed of sound by newton → v = √ = 281 ms-1

119. Laplace correction → v = √ = 332 ms-1

 Chap No.11 ELECTROSTATICS
120. 1 e = 1.602 x 10-19 C
121. Q = ne
122. Coulomb’s Law; F = k
123. K=
124. K = 9.0 x 109 N m2 C-2
125. εo = 8.85 x 10 -12 C2 N-1 m-2
126. εr =
127. Fmed =
128. E= = =K
129. Ф = E A cos θ = N m2 C-1
130. Ф=
131. E due to sheet of charge; E =
132. E due to charge palates; E=
133. V= = Volt = Joule / Coulomb
134. Electric potential energy; U =
135. Electric potential; V= = =
136. Potential Gradient = E = -
137. 1 eV =1.602 x 10-19 C x 1V → (1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J)
138. C = = C V-1 = farad
139. Charge density; ς =
140. Cvac = = =
141. εr = Cmed / Vvac
143. Capacitors In Series;
144. Q = Q1 = Q2 =Q3
145. V =V1 + V2 + V3
146. 1/Ce = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
147. Capacitors In Parallel;
148. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
149. V = V1 + V2 +V3,
150. Ce = C1 + C2 + C3
151. Electric dipole; P = q d
152. Energy = U = = (Ed)2
153. Energy density; E2
154. Maximum charge on capacitor = C x e.m.f
155. q/q0 = 63.2 % →for charging
156. q/q0 = 36.7 % →for discharging
-t/RC
157. q = q0 (1-e ) →for charging
-t/RC
158. q = q0 e →for discharging
 Chap No. 12 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
159. Current, I = Q/t → C s-1 = A
160. Drift velocity order = 10-5 m/s.
161. V = IR
162. Tan θ = I/V = 1/R
163. Resistance, R = V/I → 1Ω = 1V/1A
164. R = ρ L/A → Ω.m
165. Conductance, G = 1/R → Siemen(S) or mho
166. Conductivity, ς = 1/ρ =L/RA →mho/m or S/m
167. Pure metals R inc with T inc.
168. Electrolytes and insulators, R dec with T inc.
169. ΔR = αR0 T → RT = R0 (1+αT)
170. Temperature co-efficient of Resistance, α = RT – R0/R0T → K-1
171. Resistivity, ρ T = ρ 0 (1+αT) OR α = ρ T – ρ 0/ ρ 0T → K-1
172. Electromotive Force, ε = W/q → 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
173. Open circuit, I = 0 so V= ε
174. Terminal Voltage, Vt = ε - Ir
175. Power, P = W/t = VI → 1 Watt = 1V x 1A
176. 1 kWh = 1 unit of electrical energy
177. 1 J = 1W x 1s
178. Maximum output power, (Pout)max = ε2 /4r = ε2 /4R
179. Thermo emf, ε = αT + ½ βT2
180. KCL, ƩI = 0
181. KVL, Ʃε = ƩV = ƩIR
182. KCL based on L.O.C.O.CHARGE
183. KVL based on L.O.C.O.ENERGY
184. Wheatstone Bridge, X = PQ/R
185. Potentiometer, ε2 /ε1 = I2 /I1
 Chap No. 13 ELECTROMAGNETISM
186. Force on current carrying wire, F=BIL sin θ.
187. Magnetic field or magnetic induction, B = F/IL →1 tesla =1 NA-1 m-1
= 1 Wb m-2
188. 1 T = 104 G
189. Magnetic Flux, Ф = B A cos θ → 1 Wb = 1 N m A-1.
190. Ampere’s Law, B I/r = μ0 (I/2πr) OR ƩB.ΔL = μ0 I
191. Bnet = B1 + B2
192. Magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid, B = μ0 n I → n=N/L
193. Motion of charge particle in uniform magnetic field, F=q v B sin θ
194. Centripetal Force = Magnetic force → mv2/r = qvB
195. Time period of charge particle in B, T = 2πm/qB
196. Frequency of charge particle in B, f = qB/2πm
197. Velocity selector, FE = FM → qE = qvB → v = E/B
198. Torque on current carrying coil, τ = NBIA cos θ
199. Ρestoring torque, τ = C θ
200. Galvanometer, NBIA cos θ = C θ → I = Cθ/NAB → I θ
201. Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter, small R connected in
parallel
202. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter, large R in series are
connected
203. Ammeter, Rs = Rg Ig / (I – Ig) → Ideal ammeter → 0 R
204. Voltmeter, Rh = (V/Ig) – Rg → Ideal voltmeter → infinite R
205. Chap No. 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
206. Faraday’s Law, ε N (ΔФ/Δt) → ε = N (ΔФ/Δt )
207. Lenz Law, ε = –N (ΔФ/Δt )
208. Flux motional emf, ε = Blv sin θ
209. Rate of work done, W= Bilv
210. Rate of production of electrical energy, energy =ε I
211. W = energy → Bilv = εI → ε = Blv
212. Power, P = F v
213. ε = L ΔI/Δt or ε = N ΔФ/Δt → LI = NФ
214. Self-Inductance, L = NФ /I
215. ε = M ΔI/Δt or ε = N ΔФ/Δt → MI = NФ
216. Mutually inductance, M = NФ /I
217. F = 1/T
218. Induced emf, ε = NAB cosωt or NAB ω sinωt
219. ε = εmax sin ωt
220. Back emf, V = ε + IR
221. Ns / Np = Vs / Vp = Ip /Is

Chap 16 PHYSICS OF SOLIDS

222. Elastic modulus =

223. Tensile stress =
224. Tensile strain =

225. Young modulus = = Nm-2

226. Shear stress =

227. Shear strain = = tan θ

228. Shear modulus = rigidity modulus = =

229. Bulk or volume stress =

230. Bulk modulus (in fluids) = Δp =
231. Volume strain =-
232. Bulk modulus = =

233. Stress strain (Hook’s law)

234. A = r2
235. W = ½Fe (work done on stretching wire).
236. Strain energy = ½ F e
237. Strain energy per unit volume = = ½ (stress) (strain )

238.

Chap 18 DAWN OF MODERN PHYSICS

239. E = m0 c2

240. L= L0 √

241. T = t0 √

242. M = m0 √
243. λmax T = 0.2898 x 10-2 m k (Wein’s displacement law)
244. E = ς T4 (Steffan-Bolts Law)
-8 -1 -4
245. ς = 5.67 x 10 Wm K
246. E=nhf
247. K.Emax = e V0
248. K.Emax = h f – Ф
249. H f0 = Ф =
250. K.Emax = hf - Hf0
251. Hf = K.E +hf’
252. P=
253. Δλ = 1-
254. = + 1-
255. Ephoton = Eelectron + Epositron
256. Photon rest mass energy = 2m0c2 = 1.02 MeV
257. = mve- + mve+

258. λ= =

259. Δp = and Δx = λ
260. (Δp)(Δx) = h
261. (ΔE)(Δt) = h

Chap 19 ATOMIC SPECTRA

262. =R( - )
263. R =E0 / hc = 1.097 x 107m-1.
264. mvr = nh/2π.
265. h = planks constant = 6.6256 x 10-34 j s.
266. E = hf = En – Ep
267. rn =
268. En = -
269. En = = 2.17 x 10-18 j/ n2 = +13.6 ev/ n2
270. rn = n2 r1 → r1 = 0.53 0A.
271. 1 0A = 10- m
272. 2πr=nλ
273. eV → hfmax = hc/λmin
274. λmin = hc/eV
275. excited state for 10-8 s.
276. metastable state for 10-3 s

Chap 20 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

277. Nuclear size is of the order of 10-14 m.

278. The mass of the nucleus is of the order of 10-27 kg.
279. ½ mv2 = Vq
280. Bqv = mv2/r
281. Bqv = mv2/r → m = Bqr/v
282. ½ mv2 = Vq → v2 = 2Vq/m
283. So m = qr2B2/2V
284. Δm = Zmp + Nmn – M(A,Z)
285. The binding energy in MeV is 931 x Δm.
286. The binding energy per nucleon = Eb/A.
1 1 0
287. 0n → 1H + -1β + antineutrino 12 MIN
288. ΔN/Δt =-λN
289. R =- ΔN/Δt =λN
290. N= N0e-λt
291. 1 Bq = 1 decay per second
292. 1 Ci = 3.70 x 1010 decay/s
293. λT ½ = 0.693
294. 295. U 296. T 297. +2
/3e
298. S 299. 300. C
301. - 302. D 303. B 304.
1/3
e

305. The charge on u,t and c, in term of electron is +2/3e.

306. The charge on s,t and b in term of electron is -1/3e.
307. proton =2U→D.
308. neutron =U ←2D.
 CHAP# 9 Diversity Among Animals

S.No Questions Answers

1. The world Animalia is derived from Latin world which means Soul or breath

2. Number of species of animals are 15,00,000

3. The outer most covering of animal is Cell membrane

4. Animals evolved from single cell organism included in kingdom Protoctista

5. On basis of cell composition animals are divided into three categories:

S.No Type Cell & tissues

1 Protozoa Single celled organism

2 Parazoa Simple multicellular having no tissues and organ

3 Metazoa Multicellular organisms having tissues and organs

6. The gel like non-cellular material present in diploblastic are called Mesogloea

7. The central cavity od diploblastic are called Coelenteron or Gastro-vascular cavity

8. There is transport and nervous system in Diploblastic

9. Diploblastic have no anus and their digestive system is also called Sac like digestive system

10. In triploblastic, layers appear through embryonic life and in adult they are represented by the organs

11. Three layers of triploblastic:

S.No layer Organ formed from layer

1 Ectoderm Skin & nervous system

2 Endoderm Digestive system & associated glands

3 Mesoderm Skeletal, excretory, reproductive and all other body organs and systems
12. Acoelomates are those animals which do not contain Coelom or body cavity

13. Instead of parietal and visceral layer, in Acoelomates the mesoderm Mesenchyma or
forms loose tissues called parenchyma

14. In Pseudocoelomates the cavity is Not a true body cavity

15. The Pseudocoelomatess the cavity develops from blastocoel not from Archenteron

Parazoa Phylum Porifera

Metazoa or Diploblastic Radiata Phylum coelenterates

Eumetazoa
Triploblastic Bilateria Acoelomates Phylum Platyhelminthes

Pseudocoelomates Phylum Aschelminthes

Coelomates Protostomes Phylum Annelids

(first mouth ) Phylum Molluska

Phylum Arthropoda

Deuterostomes Phylum Echinodermata

(anus first) Phylum Chodata

16. Animals of Phylum Echinodermata are are bilatrial symmetrical in their Radial symmetry
larval stage and adults gain

17. Coelomic epithelium is absent in Pseudocoelomates

18. pseudosoelom has no relation with Reproductive system and Excretory system

19. Coelomates are those animals in which true body cavity or coelom is Present

20. Daughter cell lie on the top of previous cell Radial cleavage

21. If embryonic cells are separated, each one will develop into a complete fate of cell is indeterminate
organism

22. Radial cleavage and fate of cell is indeterminate are properties of Deutrosomes

23. Phylum ctenopora is also called ”minor pyla” which contain Ignored animals or less in
no animals

24. The categories of Phylum Phylum can be sub divided by using prefix sub Genus
or super except for

25. The smallest and basic unit of classification is Species

26. System of naming of animal is called Binomial nomenclature

27. The pores of phylum porifera are called Ostia

28. Body of porifera is tubular and open anteriorly end called Osculum

29. Walls of porifera are made of two layers, the outer Pinacoderm and the Choanoderm
inner

30. Pinacoderm is made of flattened cells called Pinacocytes

31. Choanoderm is made of flagellated collar cells called Choanocytes

32. Porifera contain some special mobile cells called amoebocytes which Ova & sperm
produce

33. The poriferas dependence of dead decaying organic matter is 80%

34. All sponges have skeleton except class Mycocpongida

35. Sponging is a form of protein in the form of Fibers

36. Sponges are found in warm water of Mediterranean sea

37. Sponges are used to absorbs Sound waves

38. Examples of sponges are:

Sycon Marine sponge

Spongilla Fresh water sponge

leucolsenia Tubular marine sponge

Wuplectella or venus flower basket Siliceous sponge

39. Predatory sponges are found 5000 m beneath the sea and belongs to Family Cladorhizidae

40. Word coelenterate is derived from Greek: Kolios means hollow & enteron Intestine
means

41. Coelenterates are also called cnidarian due presence of cnidocytes cells Rise to nematocyst
which

42. Majority of Coelenterates are marine but some also live in Fresh water as well

43. The cells of endoderm in Coelenterates are specialized for Digestion

44. In coelenterates mouth are surrounded by tentacles which bear organ of Nematocyst
effence and defence called

45. In coelenterates the enzymes are produced from Glandular cells of

endoderm

46. In oelenterates special feeding zooids which are called Gastrozoids

47. The function of gastrozoids are to nutrition to Whole colony

48. Gastrozoids are found in obelia & animals of order Siphonophora

49. Coelenterates are Carnivorous

50. In coelenterates the digestion are both Intra and extracellular

51. Portuguese man of war are commonly used for Physalia pelagica

52. The speed of Physalia pelagica is 12.1 cm/sec

53. The fast moving coelenterate is Jelly fish (just-propulsion

method)

54. The very common characteristics of coelenterates are the presence of Metagenesis
Polymorphism and alternation of generation or

55. Two major types of zooids are Polyps(tube) &

Medusa(umbrella)

56. In obelia, the polyph form, called blastostyle reproduce into a seuser Meusae
shape

57. Coral reefs are of four types:

S.No Types

1 Fringing reef or shore reef Simplest

2 Platform reef or table reef Without a lagoon

3 Barrier reef No connection with land

4 Great Barri cer reef

58. A strip of sea water is always present between barrier reef and and main Lagoon
land called

59. The lagoon may be 180 feet to 3 miles wide

60. The length of the great Barri cer reef of Australia is 1250 miles (2012 km )

61. Word Platyhelminthes was coined by Gaugenbaur (1859) which means Flat worms

62. The bodies of Platyhelminthes are unsegmented or Superficially True segmentation is

segmented & absent

63. In Platyhelminthes cilia are present in free form while cuticle is present in Parasitic form

64. In Platyhelminthes, organs of attachment are present in the form of Hooks and suckers
65. In earth worm, mucin and energy are produced by Pharyngeal mass

66. Two chamber heart are present in fish

67. The term “bivalent” means 2 chromosomes

68. Kangaroo is Homeothermic

69. Polymerization is a process of producing high molecular weight compound From Monomers

70. In Platyhelminthes, in free from D.S is well developed while it is poorly Class Cestoda
developed in Class Trematoda and absent in

71. Thin elastic wall with nucleus and cavity containing cilia flickering through Flame cell
flame

72. In Platyhelminthes flame attached with duct which open with Excretory pore

73. In Platyhelminthes, the nervous system consist of pair of anterior cerebral Nerve ring and 1/3 nerve
ganglion and ventral ganglion connected by cords

74. Platyhelminthes are Hermaphrodite

75. Muscular system is well developed in free form of Platyhelminthes

76. In Platyhelminthes, reproductive system is well developed with gonads, And copulatory organs
ducts

77. Egg are small with yolk and are produced in large numbers in Platyhelminthes

78. Fertilization is always internal in Platyhelminthes

79. In Platyhelminthes, the fertilized egg grow into new individual as in Planaria and tape worm

80. In Platyhelminthes different type of larvae are formed in Liver fluke

81. In Platyhelminthes regeneration ability is present in class Tubellaria (planaria)

82. In Platyhelminthes regeneration ability is absent in class Trematoda(liver & Cestoda (tape worms )
flukes)

83. All the members of Platyhelminthes are Solitary

84. Trematoda(liver flukes ) & Cestoda (tape worms ) are parasite so Ability is absent
regeneration

85. The total number of species of Platyhelminthes are 15,000

86. The length of planaria is 10 mm

87. The length of tape worm is 16 feet or 5 meter

88. The tape worm found in human is Taenia saginata

89. According to Hegner and Engemann, phylum Aschelminthes consist of Five Classes

Gastrotricha, rotifera, kinorhyncha, nematode and nematomorpha

90. The spiny, marine and microscopic organisms are called Kinorhyncha

91. The word nematode is of Greek origin which means Thread

92. The body of nematodes are Non segmented and Tapering at both ends

93. The fluid contained in the body of the nematodes work as Blood

94. Excretory consists of two longitudinal canals on each side which opens on Nematodes
ventral side behind the mouth is about

95. The nervous system consist of nerve ring which encircles the pharynx and Nematodes nervous
send its branches to body parts system

96. In nematodes muscles are arranged in four longitudinal bands while Absent
circular muscle are

97. male
A is smaller than female of Ascaris

98. Power of regeneration is absent in Nematodes

99. Most nematodes are white or cream but ascaris is reddish tinge because Dissolved haemoglobin
of
100. In male of nematode the testes is long, coiled thread with seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct
and open in rectum by short

101. In female nematodes the two uteri unite posteriorly forming vagina which Middle line
on ventral surface at the female genital aperture situated in the

102. The most common animal of phylum nematode is Ascaris lumbricoides

103. The length of female Ascaris lumbricoides is 8 – 16 inches

104. The length of male Ascaris lumbricoides is 6 – 12 inches

105. The past of male ascaris is curved with two spine like structures called Penial setea

106. Female ascaris may contain 17 million eggs at one time at lay about 2 lac eggs per day

107. Enterobius vermicularis is human parasite commonly known as Pinworm

108. The parts of body where Enterobius vermicularis lives are Vaecum, colon & rectum

109. The word mulluscus is been derived from Latin word “molluscus” means Soft

110. The largest phylum of invertebrates is Arthropoda

111. The second largest phylum of invetebrates are Phylum mollusks Phylum mollusks

112. The number of species of phylum mollusks are 80,000 and fossils are
35,000

113. Most mollusks are protected by shell of calcium carbonate secreted by Mantle

114. In some mollusks the shell may be internal, external are Completely absent

115. The body of mollusks can differentiated into head, dorsal visceral hump Ventral muscular foot
and

116. The space between the body in mollusks are called Mantle cavity in which Kidney and anus opens

117. Mollusks respire through gills present in the Mantle cavity

118. Mollusks have respiring tongue called Radula

119. The blood mollusks are colourless and contain WBCs and have no Respiratory pigments

120. Nervous system consist of three pairs of orange colour ganglia connected Nerve cords in mollusks
by

121. The tsetse are white and ovaries are reddish and fertilization is external in Mollusks

122. The word annelida is of Greek origin annelus means Little ring

123. The animals of phylum annelids are called annelids because they have Metamerically Segmented
body

124. Annelids have Closed circular system

125. The colour of annelids blood is red due to Haemoglobin dissolve in

plasma

126. Excretory system of annelids consist of metamerically arranged Nephridia

127. Nephridium opens to the exterior through Nephridiopore

128. Locomotary organs are setae in earthworm and parpodia in Neries(gills under
parapodia)

129. The body of annelids and arthropods are covered with Cuticle

130. Mostly annelids are Hermaphrodite

131. The word arthropoda are derived from two Greek words ; Arthros means Limbs or legs
jointed and Podos means

132. Body of arthropoda are differentiated into head, thorax and Abdomen

133. The blood of arthropos are haemolymph because it does not contain And carries food only
oxygen

134. Respiration in arthropods in aquatic life takes place through gills and in Terrestrial through trachea

135. Trachea communicate with exterior in arthropods by Spiracles

136. Arachinids(scorpion & spider) are group of arthropods which have Book lungs

137. In arthropods the excretion occur either malpighian tubule in insects and Green/coxal gland in
crustacean

138. Sexual dimorphism is generally present in Arthropodes

139. A pair of cerebral ganglia(brain) connected to a double nerve cord in Arthropods

140. All the changes occurring from the fertilization of an egg to the formation Arthropods
of an adult are collectively called Metamorphosis which occur in

141. During metamorphosis a larva undergoes a series of changes called Ecdysis or moultuing

142. The stage between ecdysis are called Stadia

143. The stadia attained by insect larva in any stadium between two ecdysis is Termed as instar

144. The final instar is the Adult or imago

145. On the basis of metamorphosis the arthropods are divided into three groups

S.No Types Metamorphosis Examples

1 Ametabola No metamorphosis Collembolan & other wingless insects

2 Hemimetabola Incomplete metamorphosis Cockroaches & wasps and other insects

3 Holometabola complete metamorphosis Flies, butterflies, moths, beetles e.t.c

146. The connecting link between annelids and arthropods are Onychophora

147. Onychophora, a group of arthropods consist of 70 species classifies in 10

genera

148. The name of Phylum echindermata are derived from two Greek words : Derm means skin
echinos means spine and

149. Echinoderms are Exclusively marine

150. Echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical in larval stage and radial As adults
symmetrical

151. In echinoderm the water vascular system including tube feet are used for Locomotion

152. A typical circulatory system present in echinodrerms also called Heamal system

153. Digestive system of echinoderms consist of 10 pairs of pyloric caecae, the Digestive glands

154. All the echinoderms including the starfish are Carnivores

155. In echinoderms fertilization is external but some are Viviparous

156. In echinoderms respiration occurs through a variety of structures e.g

Echinoderms Structures

Starfish Papule

Sea urchins Peristomical gills

Sea urchins Genital bursae

Brittle star Cloacal respiratory

tract

157. In echinoderms amoebocytes absorb wastes waste and remove them by Rectal caecae

158. In echinoderms, Nervous system consist of radial ganglia containing nerve Are poorly developed
cords & sense organs

159. In echinoderms, the radial nerve cords ends in a pigmented mass known Eye
as

160. A single arm with a part of central disc regenerate into a New animal

161. Echinoderms have no parasitic member and all are marine, bilaterally Secondary phylogenetic
symmetrical in larval stage and radial symmetrical in adult stage which origin
seem as

162. Brittle star is brittle because it can break off its Arm when injured
163. Energy for muscular activity in echinoderms and chordates are available Creatinine phosphate
by

164. Pattern of cleavage of ferteliziation egg, formation of mesoderm, anus, Echinochordates and
mouth and coelom are similar in hemichordates

165. Echinoderms and chordates are evolved from Common ancestors

166. Hemichordates are worm like animals which are found in Shallow ocean bottom

167. Hemichordates are closely related to chordates but similarities with Echinoderms

168. Hemichordates body are divided into three regions, anterior protosome, Proboscis, collar & trunk
middle mesosome and Posterior metastome or

169. Body wall of hemichordate are made of unicellular epidermis and Mucus secreting cells

170. Digestive system is complete and consist of long straight tube in Hemichordates

171. Circulatory system is composed of dorsal and ventral vessel Hemichordates

172. Gills
T slit are present behind the collar which perform function of Hemichordates
respiration, in

173. A single glomerulus connected to blood vessels constitutes excretory Hemichordates

system of

174. brain occur in middle mesosome and main nerve tracts are present in Mid dorsal and mid ventral
line

175. Tornaria larva resembles to Bipinnaria larva

176. The word chordate are derived from Notochord where chord means Thread or rope

177. Basic characteristics or chordate characteristics are as follow:

1. A dorsal stiff rod is found I all chordates called Notochord.

2. In higher chordates notochord are replaced by Vertebral column.
3. All chordates have central, dorsal, hollow nervous systems which lies above the notochord.
4. All chordates develop gills slits which sometimes called Perforated Pharynx at least in the
embryonic stage.
5. Perforated pharynx are functional in fishes and amphioxus.

178. Phylum chordate are classified into two divisions and three sub phylums:

Divisions Sub phylum Groups classes

Protochordat Urochordate -----------

a or Acrania
Cephalochordat -----------
e

Craniata Vertebrata Pisces Cyclostomata/ Agnatha

(fishes) Condrichthyes/19artilaginous
fishes

Osteichthyes / bony fishes

Amphibia

Reptilian

Aves

(Birds)

Mammalia

179. In Protochordata or Acrania, skull is Absent

180. In Urochordata, skull is Present

181. Notochord is present in free swimming larvae and absent in adults in Urochordata

182. Subphylum Urochordata are also called tunicate because they contains Tunicin (related to
shealth called tunic which is made of cellulose)

183. The body of Cephalochordate are in form of long rod hence called Sea lancelet
184. Hollow cord runs through out the body in Cephalochordate

185. Hooves, Hemoglobin and enzymes are Proteinous

186. Cephalochordate are Filter feeders and it’s example is Branchiostoma(amphioxus)

187. Vertebrates are divided into Five groups /super classes PARAM (formula)

(Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves or Birds, Mammalia )

188. The largest group of vertebrates are fishes , which constitution is 48%

189. The number of living fishes are more than 29,000

190.
Cyclostomata Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes

Skeleton Fibrous cartilage cartilage bones

body Long eel like Streamlined

Scales Lacked paired covered with placoid scales Body covered with scales
fins/appendages

Mouth circular ventral Jaw eith teeths

Skin naked without scales covered with placoid scales

Gills by Not Covered Not Covered Covered

operculum are

Swim bladder Absent Absent Present

Parasitic Carnivores

Marine Aquatic

191. Class cyclostomata or Agnatha:

1. Jawless fishes having circular mouth

2. Long eel like body
3. Skin is naked without scales
4. Lacked paired fins or appendages
5. Seven pair of gills are found which opens to outside separately
6. Gills not covered with operculum
7. Skeleton is of lower grade means of fibrous cartilage
8. They are parasitic and have no stomach
9. Mouth is adopted for sucking
10. e.g: Petromyzon merinus (lamprey) and Maxile glutenosa (hag fish)
192. Class chondrichthyes ;

1. Skeleton made of cartilage

2. Streamlined bodies
3. All live in marine environment
4. Mouth is ventral
5. Body is covered with placoid scales which are small and numerous and give the skin a touch of
sand paper
6. Circulatory system is with many pairs of aortic arches
7. Heterocercal tails in which dorsal lobe is longer than ventral lobe
8. Respiration takes place through 5-7 pairs of gills
9. Gills are not covered with operculum and open separately
10. Most are carnivorous
11. Swim bladder is absent
12. Sexes are separate and most of them are viviparous
13. E.g: sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras
193. Class osteichthyes;

1. Skeleton made of bones

2. Inhibits all types of aquatic habitats
3. Body covered with scales such as (1.Median fins: dorsal fin, anal fin, caudal fin. 2. Paired fins:
pectoral and pelvic fins)
4. Swim bladder is found which are hydrostatic in function and provide buoyancy
5. Respire through gills which are covered with operculum
6. Jaws may be with or without teeth
7. Brain is developed with ten pair of cranial nerves
8. Blood contain haemoglobin and its colour is red
9. Sexes are separate but some are external
 10. Majority of bony fishes are oviparous but some are ovoviviparous and viviparous
194. Fishes of subclass Dipnoi are called Lung fishes which are only 3 live in this world

195. Dipnoi fishes when aestivate in holes they respire through extremely Vascularized swim bladder

196. In rainy season dipnoi came out of holes and respire through Gills

197. The word amphibian is derived from latin word Amphi which means Both

198. Amphibian are considered on border line of both Aquatic& terrestrial

199. Transition from aquatic life to terrestrial is clearly indicated by Amphibian

200. Certain fin fishes of dipnoi came to live in shallow water in period of Devonian

201. Amphibia are poikilothermic and fertilization is External

202. Tadpole larva respire through gills and swim with the help of Laterally flattened tail

203. After developing gills during metamorphosis, amphibian came out Of water

204. In some amphibian, gills are retained through out the life such as in Necturus

205. Amphibians have tetrapods having two pectoral two pelvic limbs, Caecilians
someare legless like

206. Amphibian feet are webbed and without Claws

207. The skin of amphibian are pigmented, smooth and glandular

208. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated takes place in one ventricle Amphibian
in

209. In hibernation, amphibian get energy out from fat bodies deposited Kidneys
around the

210. The true land vertebrates are Reptiles

211. The bodies of reptiles can be divided into four region, Head, neck, trunk and tail

212. Reptiles are;

1. Pentadactile means having five fingers

2. Lowest amniotes having embryo covered with amnion
3. Have protective membranes such as yolk sac,, amniomn, chorion & allontoise
4. They are oviparous and lay shelled eggs
5. Their skin is thick and acaly and dvoid of glands
6. Exoskeleton is in the form of nails and epidermal cells and digits are with claws
7. Teeth are present in jaws except turtle and tortoise
8. Colour of blood is red due to presence of haemoglobin
9. Respiration takes place through lungs which have spongy tissues
10. Gills never develop in reptile
11. Excretory organs are metanephric kidneys
12. Uricotelic means excrete uric acid
13. Dominant in age of reptiles
14. Flourished in Mesozoic period(225-65 million years back)
15. Modern reptiles are the descendents of Dinosaurs of Jurassic period (195-136 million years
back) and Cretaceous period(136-65 million years back)
213. Birds like characteristic of archaeopteryx:

1. Well developed contour and feathers

2. Forlimbs modified into flying wings
3. Tail with two rows of feathers
4. Large skull with single occipital condyle
5. Jaw elongated to form beak
Reptilian characteristics of archaeopteryx:

1. Presence of scale on legs

2. Solid bones without air spaces
3. Long tail consist of 20 caudal vertebrae
4. 9-10 cervical vertebrae
5. No fusion of trunk and sacral vertebrae
6. Sternum not keeled free cervical and abdominal ribs are also present
7. Simple brain with cylindrical hemisphere and unexpended cerebellum
8. Fore limb with three clot fingers
214. Archaeopteryx, the lizard tailed bird are found in rocks of Jurassic period 1861
in

215. Archaeopteryx have both the characteristics of Reptiles & birds

216. both bird and mammal are evolved from reptilian ancestors

217. The connecting link between reptiles and birds are Archaeopteryx

218. Characteristics of Birds:

1. Homoeothermic means cold blooded

2. Body covered with epidermal exoskeleton
3. Body is fusiform(streamlines)
4. Forelimbs are modified to wings
5. The aquatic bird posses webbed feet
6. Skin without gland except uropygial gland at the base of tail
7. Hollow bones
8. Sternum is keel
9. Jaw without teeth and form beak
10. Digestive system has a crop to store and the gizzard to grind it
11. Blood is red due to haemoglobin contained in oval, nucleated RBCs
12. Vocal cords are not present in larynx but special sound box is present in junction of trachea and
bronchi
13. Lungs are provided with extra air sacs which extends to viscera
14. Eyes are provided with third eyelid, the nictitating membrane
15. A rudimentary pinna is present outside the external auditory opening
16. Excretory organs are metanephric kidneys, ureter open in the cloaca and nitrogenous wastes
are excreted in the form of semisolid urates
17. Females have only left ovary and oviduct is well developed
18. Females have shell secreting shell
219. Flightless birds are also called Running birds

220. Flightless birds have not hollow bones and not keeled sternum and Irregularly arrangement
feathers are

221. Flying birds have strong wings for fight and Keeled sternum

222. Ostritch, emu, kiwi, cassowary, penguin are examples are Flightless Birds

223. Pigeon, sparrow, parrot, eagle, owl are examples of Flying birds

224. The characters which placed mammalian on top of evolutionary tree is Brain & nervous system
due to development

225. Ancestors of mammals lived with reptiles in Jurassic period and are called mammal like reptiles

226. Fossil animal recovered from texas which has 50% mammalian character Varanope
is

227. The ancestors of mammals were of the size of mice and lived on Trees

228. Mammals become dominant in Cenozoic period

229. Mammals have two pairs of Pentadactyle limbs

230. In mammals brain is well developed with two large cerebral hemisphere 12 pairs of cranial nerves
and

231. Only left aortic arc is present in mammals

232. Besides mammals, diaphragm is present in crocodiles

233. In mammals, blood is red due to presence of haemoglobin in biconcave Non nucleated RBCs

234. In mammals the embryo is kept inside the female body for development gestation
and this process is called

235. Mammals are also called Amniotes

236. Mammals are divided into three subclasses:

1. Prototheria or montremata
2. Metatheria or marsupials
3. Eutheria or placentalia
237. Prototheria or montremata are most primitive animals and are also called Egg lying animals

238. Calass Metatheria / Marsupials are also called Pouched mammals

239. There is no connection between body of mother and foetus in Prototheria / montremata

240. The Prototheria or montremata animals are rightly be called as Ovo-viviparous

241. Young birth are in immature form and nourished by treats present on Prototheria / montremata
 ventral side of the body in females until they enough grow, are about

242. Prototheria are restricted to Australian Tasmania, New Guinea and their Neighbouring island

243. In adults teeth are absent and beak are found in Prototheria / montremata
o
244. The body temperature of Prototheria / montremata are about 25 – 28 C

245. On ventral side of female of Metatheria / Marsupials bear a pouch called Marsupium

246. There is no placenta formation but teats of mammary gland are present in Metatheria / Marsupials
pouch in

247. Marsupials are also restricted to Australian region except American opossum

248. Their body is covered with hairs and are terrestrial and Arboreal (live in trees)

249. Eutheria or placentalia are also called Placental animals

250. In Eutheria or placentalia, cloaca is absent and urino-genital duct opens Indefinitely of rectum

251. Eutheria are divided into Sixteen orders