MATHEMAi1

Cs.~ eRA OF MATRICES

,ALGE 5.7
5.6
,din tlw form of n 3 x 2 matrix as foll
rcprcscntc oivs• onstruct .i 2 x 3 matrix A = ln,1] whose clements n

l
tion cJn bI.' kerS · ~- C .,1 are given by:
SOLtJ7'10N The gi,·en inforrna Wonicn wor ,
~
(i) a;j = i x j (ii) lli1 = 2J - j (iii} lli1 = i + I (iv} n,1 - Q_~)_2
~[lc;/·orkers 2
1 5, Construct;, 2 x 2 matrix A = h, Iwhose clements a,; arc given by:
ll 25 26 (i + j)
lll 27 represents the number of women workers . I (i) ~ INC El{TJ
The entn· .lll third row and seco
nd column ill I (I. - I. }2
n,, = - 2-
~
(ii)
factory Ill.
(i - 2,)2
2 ] [ 6 2 ] fiud the 111/r1es of a and b.
L
(iii) n,, = -2- ICBSE 2002, i\C ERT EXEI\IPLAR]
a+,,
= S '
EX,\ MPLE s If [ 5 a/1 5 trices are equal. (21+!)2
. elements of two equa1ma (iv) n;1 = - 2- [CBSC2002]
SOLlJI10N The correspanding
2 = !2i - 3jl
a +b2 ] - [ 6 ] 2 (!\CERT [X[MPL I\RI
:. [ 5 ab - 5 8
!-3i+il
⇒ a + b = 6 and ab = 8 2 INCERT]
2ix • .
⇒ a+~= 6 (vii} /l;J = e sm XJ IN CERT EXEM PLAR]
a ( _ 4) (a _ 2) = O ⇒ a = 2, 4.
⇒
a2+S=6a ⇒ a2 - 6a+8=0:::, a 6, Construct a 3 x 4 matrix A = la,jl whose elements a,i are given by:
(i} a;, = i + j (ii) ll;j = i - j (iii} a,· = 2i
Now, a=2and ab=B:::, b= 4 1 I
a = 4 and ab = 8 :::, b = 2 (iv) tlij = I (v} ll;j = I - 3/ + ji
and' a = 4 and b = 2 2 INCERTI
Hence a = 2 and b = 4, or
EXAM;LE 9 For what values of randy are the Jollowtg ma]tnces equal?
7 Construct a 4 x 3 matrix A = [~ ] whose elements a,; are given by:
. i .. I- I
2r + 1 3y ] B = [ r+ 3 y + 2 (i) a;· =21 + - (u) ll;j =-. - . (iii} O,j = i
J I I+ I

-! -n •
A =[ O / - Sy ' 0 -6
3x + 4y 2
SOWTIOK The correspanding ele
ments of two equal matrices are equal. Therefore, 8. Find x, y, a and b if [ a+ b Za - b X = [; =;Y ]
[r+ 3 / +2]
l
-2r+ 1
O
/Y ] =
y -Sy

2r+l=x+3, 3y=/+2 and / - Sy= - 6

o -6
9. Find x, y, a and b if

[
2x - 3y a - b
1 x + 4y 3a + 4b
3 ] [1-2 3]
= 1 6 29
⇒

⇒ r=2,y2 - 3y+2=0 and y2 - 5y +6=0 10. Find the values of a, b, c and d from the following equations:

⇒ r = 2, (y - 1) (y - 2) = 0 and (y - 2) (y = 3) = 0 2a + b a - 2b ] [ 4 - 3] INCERT]
[Sc - d 4c + 3d = 11 24
⇒ x = 2, y = 1, 2 and y = 2, 3
⇒ X =2, y = 2 [·: y =1, 2andy=2, 3 ⇒ y=2) 11. Find x, y and z so that A = B, where

EXERCISE5.1 A = [
2
\;z ! ~ l
y 2 B = [ 6t : ~y]
3x - y] _[3 2] . ,
LEVEL-1
I. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it has 5
12. u[2.t x
+ :: 3y - w - 4 7 , fmdx , y, z,w.

elements? [ 2 3 -Si [ 2 _ I] [NCERTI 13. If[ .\' -y j [-14]find x, y, z,

z
2x - y w =
1

0 5
, w. !CBSE:?01-11
2. If A = (n,1] = 1 4 9 and B = [b,j] = - 3 4 then find
0 7 -2 1 2 X + 3 z+ 4 6
2y - 7] [ 0 3y - 2]
H. If 4.t + 6 a- 1 0 = 2.t - 3 2c + 2 (:-:CERT]
(i} au + b21 {ii) a11 b11 + a22 b
22 [ - 21 0
b- 3 3b z + 2c 2b + 4
3. Let A be a matrix of ~rder 3 x 4. If R1 denotes the first row of A and C denotes its second
column, then deterrrune the orders of matrices R d C 2 Obtain the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
I an 2·
 5 .8 ~ u,TRICES
MAT l1E MAT1c f9~AofN
S-X11 1•• Sa
,10 J,
_ t,
'
fi nd th-, valu,:, o f(., + v) 2 V= '
l a = 0, /1 = 5
> 1 ' . 2 r = 3 , d =4
'I X = 2, I/ = I , " = 3, b ~ s
II X = ll , _y = 9, z = 3
1 1• = '

'I
:7, : =- 2,c,, = 14 13. x = l , y : z _
16. u[:" 4
_ ... 6 x+y_
8
1 = [ 0 "6'] thenfindthevaluesof x, -v, : and ;,,. IN C ERTEXEMPL
AR]
tl l '- '
... 3, y
tJ. I ' b - - 7, c= - L x= - 3 , y = - 5, z = 2
, . 2, - 6 4 •
, z - 4, tJ) ~ 5
_
h . 7, - 3
17 Gh·e an e xample of 11 1- : 4, z =- , w = o r x = -. , y = 2, z =-6, w = 4
2 I
,.. 1• · y [ 2 0 0 ]
~ i ~}
(i) .1 ro \\· matri., ,,·h.ich is also a colunm niatrix
(ii) a diagonal matnx which is not scalar (ii) 0 3 0 (iii) [
(iii) a triangular matrix.
t'-nl 151 o o -1 0 0 2
J LEVEL-2 j Deluxe Premium Sta nda rd Deluxe
18. The sales figure of two car dealers during January 2013 s howed that d eale r A sold 5 d
3 premium and 4 s tandard cars, while dealer B sold 7 deluxe, 2 premium and 3 s t e~uxe,
oealerA
l! oe,lel 8 7
[5 3
2
~], Dealer A
Dealer 8 1o
[8 Premiu m
7
St,1ndard
67
cars. T o tal sales o,·er the 2 mo nth period of January-February revealed that d ealer Aan •rd d 8 cannot be equal for any value of y. 20. x = 3, y = 1
5 7j
d e Iuxe 7_ pre=umand6
· s tandard cars. lnthesame 2 m onth p erio_ sold 8
· d , d eale r 8sold I Odel 1t AaJl 21 a= 2 , b = 2
5 prerruum and 7 s tandard cars. Write 2 x 3 matnces s u mmanzm g sales data for }a UXe,
and 2-mo nth p e riod for each dealer. nuary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
19 Fo r what , ·alues o f x and y are the following matrices equa l? ~ v that an m x 11 matnx _has 11111 elements. Therefore, to find all .
1
A =[ 2x +
0
I y - - 5y J
? 2y - , B = [ x +
O
3 y2- +6 2] s
I. triX with elements, we w ill have to find all o rdered pairs ( b P~•ble orders of a
rctors
of 8. Clearly, all poss ible ordered pairs of th.is type ar:( l )
th
::~s
at a and bare
Hence, possible orders of the m atrix are: 1 x 8 , 8 x 1, 2 x .\, .\ x 2 ' ' ' l ), ( 2 , .\), (.\ , 2).
20. Find the values of x and y if
U, matrix has 5 elements, the n its possible o rders are 1 x 5 and 5 x 1.
rx + 10
L o
y2+2y] = [ 3x+4
- 4 o ;. (i) r.,,t A = (a,;l be a (i + ,)2
2 x 2 matrix s uch that a,1 = - - . Then,
2
21. Find the values of a and b if A = B, w here
2 (1 + 1)
2
2 = (1 + 2) 2 9 = (2 + 1) 2 9 _ (2 + 2)2
A =[a+ 4 3b] , B=[2a+2 b2 +2] I NCERT EXEMP LAR!
•11 = - - 2- = ' a12 2 2 , a21 2 = 2. "2:: - 2 = 8.
8 -6 8 b - JO
a 11 a12] _ [ 2 9/ 2]
A = [ a21 a22 - 9 / 2 8
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- -- - ANSWERS
1 . (i) l x 8 , 8 x ] , 2 x 4, 4 x2 (ii) ] X 5, 5 X 1 (vi) Let A = [a,;l be a 2 x 2 matrix such 1- 3; + ii
that •~, = - -,- - . Then,
2. (i) 1 (ii) 20 3. I x 4, 3 x I

" · (i) r~ ~ n (ii ) r~ ~ -:1 ···i [

(lU 2 3 4]
3 4 5
. [ 2
(iv) 9/2
9/2
8
8 ]
25/ 2
•11 = 1- 3/ 11 = 1, at2 = l - 3/21

A= [nu
a
a12 ] =
a
[ 1 1/2]
5/ 2 2
~ - a11 = 1- \+ l l %·•':u = 1- \ + 2 1 = 2

5. (i) [ 9 ~ 2 9~ 2] (iJ) [ 1J 2 1~2] ···i [ l / 2 9/ 2]

(Ill 2
. [ 9/ 2 8] 21 22
Q (iv) 25/2 18
i. (v) Let A = (a,1'3 • 4 be ,1 matrix s u ch that a,1 = ½ I - 3i + j 1- Then, a,1 = ~I- 3i + / I g ives
1/ 2 2] [ I
(v) [ 1/ 2 1 (vi) 5/ 2 1 I I 1 I 1
•11 = - 1- 3 + 1 1 = I , "I' = I - 3 + 21 = , 1111 = - 1- 3 + 31 = O, n14 = - 1- 3+ -l l =

i i ]]
2 "2 2 · 2 2 2

6 . (i) [} (ii) fr -~ 1
•21 = - 1- 6 + I I =
2
1
5
2 ' "
I
2
1 7
I
2
1
3
2
1
112, = - I - 6 + 2 \ = 2, 112.3 = I - 6 + 3 I = - , n24 = I - 6 + 4 I = 1
2
_ I _5
12 • 31 = - I - 9 + 1 \ ~ -1, ,132 = - \- 'J + 2 I = - • 11 33 = \ - 9 + 3 \ = 3, a 34 - ? 1- 9 + -1 1 - ,
[s
\2 ~ ;n] 2

~~~J
2 2

1~2
2

1~21
- -

l
(v) ~/ 2
4 7 /2 3 5/ 2 A = [ :~: :~ ::~~ =:, A = [5\ 3~2

7. (i) [
12
: ]: ~ :
JO
tf1j
28/ 3
(11··i [ 1J 3
1/ 2
3/ 5
- l /3
0
1/ 5
l/ 3
-- 1/
1/ 52

1/ 7
0
... )
( Lil [;
3
4
ll We have,
2a + b
n31

[ 5c - d 4c + 3 d
"32 1133

a-2b ] = [4
1134

- 3]
11 24
-
~
.\

?a + b = 4
- '
7 /2

c1 -
3 5/ 2

21> = - 3, 5( - ti = 11 , .\ ,· ~~ti = ~.\

 M
'?• FMAfRiCES
9~O 5.19
5.18 ATHEMAT1cs.x11 1(GE + : _ 3) + [y 4 SJ = [4 9 12)

-------- - - - TI~Ef-Ff_ _____ _ EX"'c:Rc1s1: s.2 , []

111) [(Y
2
[3] [-
+ 8 - J-o
[ LEVEL·1] (111) t ~ + y 5 -11 [ 7 0] INCEl{T [ \ f\1l'L,\l{ J

1. Compute the following sums. [ 2 1 3] [1 -2 il] .z[ 3 x ] + [ lo i ] lO S , find x and

U 4 = [ y.
. [31 - 42] + [- 21 34] (ii)
2 6
1'
5 f a non-zero scalar, if A 1 0
-O
1 3
2 5
5 + 0 - 3 d the value o 1,. ,
(1)
3 4
5
+
- 1 - 3 2 - 4 2 14
2] 2[ 1 2 3]-[4 4 10]
2 4
] -[ I 3 ] and C =
2. Let A = [ 3 2 ' B - - 2 5
r- 2
S ]· Find each of the following:
3 4
(. fill
. ti) Find a rna
trix X such that 2A + B + X =0 , where A
[-12] [3-2]
("') 3A- C ] (iv) 3A - 2B +3C 1~ = 34 , B = l 5
(i) 2A - 3B (ii) B- 4C Ill
1 2 3

~
3. If A = [ 2 3 ] , B = r - 1 0 I2 ] , C -- [ - 2 1 0 , find _2 ICBSE 20001
5 7
(i) A + Band B + C
3 4
(ii) 2B + 3A and 3C - [4 ~- S
5 2
] 1u) If A = [ 3
~ - ~]andB =[
6 - 5 i], then find the matrix X of order 3 x 2 such that
- 1 O 2]
-1. Let A = [ 3 I 4 , B= [O - 2
1 -3 I JandC= 6 - O _ 4 . Compute2A - 3B+ 4c 2A + 3X =58.
[NCERTJ
Y z andt, if
5. If A = diag (2 - 5 9), B = diag (1
(i) A - 2B (ii) B + C - 2A
- 4) and C = diag (- 6 3 4), find
(iii) 2A + 3B - SC \) 3[:
d
! Fil\ x, ' [
n = _;
6 ]
21 +
[ 4
Z+I x+y ]
3

l l
11'\CERTI

6. Giv:n ~e[r~r ] ' ~ B =[ ~ ~ -! and C =[ : =~ g X

(tl) 2[ 7 y - 3
] + [ 3 4 ] _ [ 7 14 ]
5
J 2 - 15 14 [NC ERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE2002,2012J
0 24
(A+ B) + C =A+ (B + C).
21 6 9 4 5
1'). 2;
UXand y are [ \m]atrices, then[~ote ~]e following matrix equations for x and Y.

7.
Verify that

FindmatricesXandY, ifX +Y =[~ ~]andX - Y=U -n' 2

2X +3Y= 4 0 , 3X+ Y= l -5 INCERT EXEMPLARl

8. Find X, if Y = u] ~ and 2X + Y = [ _ ! n· [NCERTJ

, In a certain city there are 30 coll_eges. _Each col~ege has 15 peons, 6 clerks, l typist and 1
.1. section officer. Express the given mformation as . a ~olumn matrix. Using scalar

9. Find matrices X and Y, if 2X - Y = [ _ : - ! n and X + 2Y = [ _ ; 2

[NCERTJ
_; ] .
' 1
multiplication, find the total number of posts of each k111d 111 ~II the colleges. .
The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are 111 the ratio 3 : 4 and theu- monthly
1.. expenditures are in the ratio 5 : .7. lf each saves , 15~ per month, find their monthly
incomes using matrix method. This problem reflects which value? [CBSE2016!

10. If X - Y = [ ~ i ~ ] and X + Y =[ -
100
i i ~ ],
1180
find X and Y.
_ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ANSWERS

[! ;]
11. FindmatrixA,if[~ ~ - ~ ] +A= [ - ~ -i !l 1. (i)

12. If A =[; ~] , B= p l 1; find matrix C such that SA + 3B + 2C is a null matrix.

I -1]
t (i) [ 12 - 11 (iii) - 2 21 ]
(iv) [ 22 8

13. lfA =[-5~ -;],B=[!3 - ~] , findmatrixXsuchthat2A+3X =5 B.

l. (i) A+ B does not exist, B + C = [ - ; ; ~ l
1 6
(ii) 28 + 3A does not exit, 3C - 4B = [ -! 4 [272 - 1411 -- 113]
14. IfA = G-~;] and,B = [~ - ~ =iJ , findthematrixCsuchthatA+B+Cis zero
·

matrix. ::x~[~ia\(]O ; : [li) _2 ] (ii) diag(- 9 14 - 18) (iii) diag (37 - 22 - 14)
15. Find x, y satisfying the matrix equations 0 4 ' 0 5
8. [ =~ =~ ]
(i) [ X-y 2 - 2] + [ 3 - 2 2] = [ 6 0
4 X 6 ] 0 -1 5
2x+ y 50] I 9.X:f -~ -2 -~ly =I ~~
 -- .

5.20
MATHEIVIAT1c
'T f 8~~oF
MATRICES

S-X11 1\G

=; -!]
11 [ - ~ 1,- · l- _ 2-l
- 10
- ~S - 38
J 13. [ ]~ -1:j
25/ 3
;J
28/ 3 1'·
11) 1vch[,we,y] - [ X
3 ~ I - - 1
6] + [ 4
21 z+I
X +
3
y]
n[=~~ =;J JS. (i) x=f , y= - % (ii) :r = l , y=3, z=10 (ii i) X=l , y =
,::, [;: JI
Jy] = [- 1 ++: 4+ I 21+y+ +3 6]
X X
2

lo. X= 2, y= - 8 17. ,. = 2 1S. (i) [ .::~ - ~;] (ii) [

- 31 / 3
- ; -;~j;]
- 7/ 3
3r = X + 4 , 3y = X + y + 6 , 3z = - 1 +~ + I, 31 = 21 + 3
,::, 2X = 4' .r - 2y + 6 = 0, 2.z - I + 1 = 0, t = 3
"' X ::: 2, y = 4 , z = 1 , t = 3
J9. (i) X= 2, y= 4, 1=3, :=] (ii) X =2, y =9 20. X =: -~l
=[ Y =[! ~] (i)
"'
1Ve have, - ] [ 3 4]
[X :, +
2 7 y- 3 1 2
~ _ 6
15] , 180
_ [ 450]
-l. A -
[
; , .,o A - ;~ 22. <90,000, <120,000
2x + 3 14 ] _ [ 7 14]
"' [ 15 2y - 4 - 15 14 ⇒ 2x + 3 = 7 , 2y - 4 = 14 => X =2, y =9
- ~ - - - - - - - - -- - - -HINTS TO NCER T & SELECTED PROBLEMS PLICATION OF MATRICES
7. We have, S.i 11ULTI .

X + Y = [~!] and X - = [; Y -n [IIUS fiust define the produc t of a row m ahi[x anld a column ma trix.

!~
⇒ (X +Y)+(X-Y) = [~ !]+[; -~] and, (X+Y) -(X -Y) = [~ !]-[; _61] I Q2 ··· an] be a row matrix and B =
1.11A.a1 :
b,,
be a column matrix • Then, we d e fine

[i :] ~~]
J
2X = and 2Y = [~ AB = a1 bi + a2 b2 + · · · + a,, b,, ·

⇒ X = ½[i :] and Y = ½[~ ~t] ⇒ X = [~ !] and Y 2

= [~ ~ ] • - ;f A• !' -2 3 •J and 8 •[ Thffi

8. We have, Y = [; ~] and 2X + Y = [_\ ~]

2X + u~] = [ _\ ~] M•ll - 2 3 ,, [ :l] · '"5 •(- 2)(- 'l '3 d « • (- 2)a5 • 8 . , _ , _,

⇒ 2X= [_\ ~]-[; ~]=[=: -2] - 2

⇒ X 1[-2 -2] - [-1 -IJ
= -2 - 4 - 2 - - 2 - 1 Csing the product of a row matrix and a column matrix, let us now define the multiplication
danytwo matrices.
18. (ii) We h ave,

A = r~ -~], ~
Now, 2A + 3X =5B
3 6
B = [
-5
-/ ]
1
and , 2A + 3X = 5B.
W!NmON Two matrzccs A and B arc co11for111ablc for the product AB if the 1111111ber of co/1111111s in A
lrr~multiplier) is same as ti,,, 11111nber of rows in B (J'ost-11111/tiplicr).
llvs, ifA =[aijl m, 11 and B = [b,1 ] 11 x I' 11rt' two matric,•s of ordt'rs 111 x II a11d II x p respectiv<'ly, then tl,e,r
fffiluct AB is of orders 111 x p mid is defined ,,s
th
(AB);; = (i row o f A) (j th column of 8) for all i = 1, 2 , ... , 111 and j = 1 , 2 , .. , p.

⇒ 2[! -!]+3X

II

= -10/3]
14/ 3
. + a,, b,J + ... + 11;,, b,,1· = 1: II;, b,,
r = 1

- 7/3 ~ If A and Bare two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may IIOI cxiSt .
 MATHE MA ~ _,.. o F rJ/ITRICES
5.41

5.40
ncs ,, :•' '''.: S][; ; ] a ~ 3] [: ; ]
' Al(l +Al
(l+Al3= (/ + J
- 1(I +A)-dA (I +Al a+Sb 3x +Sy! = [7a + 3b 7 x + 3yl
13
- ' A 3(Al)+3(AAl +Sb =7a + 3b and 3x +Sy =7x + 3y
= 1- +J + 30
I·: IA "Al ~A] b = 2a and y = 2x.
=I+ A+ 3A + 3A 2

=I ,.A+ 3A+ 3A
[·: A2 ~A] -[a x] ,
C - 2a 2x
wherea, xER.

= I +i A uch tlzat A 2 = I, I I1en Ji nd I I1e simplified v 1 Siniilarly, if ,[1 = 3 x y ]

a square matrix S a lie of _ a , where a, x, y ER and so on.
E\ \ \IPLE 3-' if A L< ICBS!: 20161 C - 2a 2x 2y
(A - /)3 +(A +/)3 - 7A
A2 - I EXERCISE 5.3
soumo:s: We ha\'e, -
•-.(i)
- - - - - - - - - - · , LEVEL-1 I
. A3=A2A= IA =A
t. Compute the indicated products:
~eknow that 2 B3 and (A - B) 3 = A 3 - 3A 2 B+3AB2 - B3
(A+ B) -
3_A3+3A 2B+ 3AB + '
(i) [ _; : ][ ; -: ] (ii) [ ~ - ; ][ - !; (iii) 23 4 ][ 10 - 35
3 4 5 2 4]

~r. ii:.~~[i°:rfotlowm~li:•~:[-;
[ 456 3 05
• AB= BA.
, proVJ'ded •hat
SinceAl=IA=A. , 2 2 /3 d (A - /)3=A3 - 3A2/+3A/2 - / 3
(A.,. !)3 = A J + 3A I + 3Al + an
3 3 2 l : A~
, 2 3A I and (A - I) = A - 3A + 3A - l
(A+/)3=AJ +JA + +
3

⇒
(A+ !)3 +(A - 1) 3 = 2 (A + 3Al

(A+l)3+(A - l) 3 = 2(A + 3A) [Using (i)] l\li] A•[\ f !] ,nd B• [ : i 1]

: ::t :r~:·::tt:r:"7·~rrr:il:i ~rt:r-
⇒ (A+l)3+(A - /)3=BA
Hence,(A - 1) 3+(A+ 1)3 - 7A =BA - 7A =A.

D AM PLE3~ lrfA
~ =
(3 SI, B -- [7 3) ' then find a non-zero matrix C such that AC = BC. J.

··m ['.]•I• ~[il

[NCERT EXEM PLAR!
SOUJTION Clearly, A and Bare I x 2 matrix. Therefore, products AC and BC exist if C is of
order 2x n, where n E N. 1•1 A,]! - 1 2 3J and 1;,1 1, b] b,
Now, following cases arise.
CASE I When n = I: In this case, matrix C is a 2 x I matrix. So, let C = [ ; ] . Then,

AC =BC
t Show th[a; AB; B~
(i) A = 2 - 1 - 1
tl each of th[~~oll; w~flcases:
10
and B = - 1 2 - 1 (ii) A = - 11
[
-:-~i and B = [ ~ !; ]
3 0 -1 -6 9 -4 9 -5 1 1 3 2
(3 5] [;] = 17 31 [:]

i ~ nln
;, Evaluate the following:
⇒

⇒
3a+5b =7a + 3b
4a= 2b
2n=b
(i) ( [ - ~ - ~ J+ [ - ~ -n)[; :!J (ii) (1 23il
C = [ ; 0 ] , where a E R.
•1[\ -i]r[:: :J-[: ~ :ii
L\i;ll Wiren n = 2: In this case, matrix C is a 2 x 2 matrix. So, Jet C = [; : J Then,
&, lf A=[~ ~l B=[~ -n andC= [ ~ ~ ] , thenshowthatA =B
2 2
=C
2
=12.
AC=BC
 IMI T Hr-t ~ oF MATRICES
5.42 · '1 1\Tics.a , G~s~II 5.43

~ IfA = [ ~ - ~ J and B =[ - ~ ; J, find 3N - 2B+/.

'" >•
,q_ coit1P'
,tc th e

[~
/\" 0 3 2
~ ~1[- i -;1[o
clem ents 1143 a nd n22 of them t .

4 3 3 - 3
1 _·: nx: 2
-l - -l ;J
(I If A =[ - ~ ; ]. provethat (A - 2J )(A - 31) = 0 . 4 0 -1

'l If A = [ ~ !l s how tha t A = [

2
2
~ n and A3 = [ ~ , ,, [Pg
; 0. If f' q
~ ~1
r
and / is the identi ty matrix o f o rder 3 s h
, owt h atA 3 = pl+qA +rA1
2
1n If A = [ a~ b ] , show that A = 0 .
- a - ab
;,. Jf rll[is[ a~co: ~~cx;:~ble~o[ ~::f ? t y tlolw[ t t]=[ g
- [ cos 2 e sin 2 e ] find A 2 . [c nsc2oooci
• lJ 1f A - - sin 2 e cos 2 e · w2 1 w w w2 1 w2 0 ]

2
lfA =[ - 1 - ; - ; J andB = [ - ~ _ ; _ ; J , showthatAB = BA = 0 3 3 lfA=[-~ -~ - ; J , show tha tA 2
= A.

l
- 3 - 4 - 1 3 S X • ll- J - 3 - 4
1

13 A=[-! ~ A=[;3 --~I =

ab

If
- ~ ] andB = [ ::
bi ac
be , show that AB =BA = o3 x 3_ !l- If 1] ,sho w that A
- 3
2
= 13 .
- a O ac be c2

-; J andB= lr - ~ - ~
- : ] , show that AB = A and BA = B. ll. (i) If [I 1 x] [ ~ ~
2 1 nuJ = 0, find X.

- 4 l - 2 - 3
iJ[-~ -n=[=:
JS LetA = [ - i -i - i ] andB = [_ I - ; - ; J, computeA - B .
2 2

i;.
(ii) ll [ ;

If [x 4 1] [ ~ 2~
! ]. find .,·.

; ] [ : ] = 0 , find x.
[C BS£ 2012 )

16 For the foUowing matrices verify the associativ ity of m a trix multiplication i.e. 0 - -1 - 1
( AB) C = A (BC).

(i)A =[- ! ~ n, B=[ - i i ] andC =[ - ! ]

~ Ifll - 1 xj[ ~ i -~][f] = 0, find x.

27. II A= [ ; =; ] and / = [ ~ 7] ,then prove that A 2

- A + 2/ = o.
4 2 3] 1-11 ] [12-1]
( ii) A =
[ 1
3 0 1
1 2 , B=
[ 0
2 - 1 1
1 2 and C = 3 0
0 0
1
1
.
28. 1/A =[ - ~ ~ ] and/ =[ ~ 7] , thenfind1,.so thatA 2
=5A+ Ai.

J- Fo r the following matrices verify the distributivity of m atrix multiplica tion over matrix 29. If A =[ - ~ ; ] , show tha t A 2 - S A + 712 = 0 . ICBS E 2003, 200i]

(i) A = [ ~ -n. n
additio n i.e. A ( B + C) = A B + AC.
B=[ - ~ and C = [ 7 _! ] 30. If A=[ _: g],s how that 2
A - 2A + 3/ 2 =0.

_f -u. 7
3 2
ll. Show that the ma trix A= [ ; ; ]sa tisfies the eq uation A - 4A + A =0. [C BSE 2005 )
(ii) A = [ B =[ ! ] and C = [ ~ - ; J 2
1275 3

n,
lt Show that the matrix A = [ ] is a root of the equation A - 12A - I = 0 .

,B. If A = [_ i -r - n , B=[ =~! -n and C =[ - i _: verify fuat

,.
ll. II A= [ _! -~J. fin dA2 - SA - 14 /. IC L!SE : OIN I

A (B - C ) = A B - A C.
 M AT!; ......,...,, .
EMA1'Jc A OF MATRICES
s.l(a ALGeeR 5.45
5.44
J 2 - SA + 7 1 = o. Use thjs to find A
4
. d the matrix A such that
[3 3 SJ
34. If A=[ _31
1 show that A
1 ,.
1:-.;Qh
~lJ l'- fin
(il [~ ~] A = 1 0 1 (Li) A [l 2 3] = [- 7 -8 -9]
4 56 INCCRTJ

[=~~ ~
i
2 ,1 6
- 2J find k such th,tt A 2 = kA - 212 IN CERT C
· Bs t,
35. If A = [ ~ - 2 , - ~Jj

. [; ] A =
-1~ 0-1~][ ~J]=
[
(iv) [2 1 3] _ - A
-[ I OJ findk~uchthatA 2 - SA+ kl = 0 (111) 3 -3 6 3
36. HA - _ 1 7 ,
I 2J d f( r)- / - ?x - 3,showthatf(A) =O.
37. lfA = [ z 1 an . · - . -
2
lens~,
c<~J
,·)l!N
r~~i::M-l~L~~I-~~i 3
] [-?
= 2
~:c~:
4 6
T EJ(EMPLARl

2 3 J d I -[ I O J then find ),, f' so that A = A A + µ /

( -3 4 9 22 15
6
1
rvti ~~
3S. If A = [ l 2 an - 0 I ' 11 10 9
[CBSE 2017I [CBSE2017 l
1
3q , Find[ o]f.r[ w:~c; the; t)tri;,~~ot:t~c~ idcnti~• matrix. l9, F" ' a 2 x 2 matrix A such that A [ 1 - 2]
:nd 4 = 612,
I - 2 I .t - .\.t - 2·' 50. lfA =[~ ~l findA16 _
I
.\0. 5o1,·e the matrix equations:
• If A = [ ~ - ~] , B = [ ~
2
~] and x = - 1 , then show that (A+ B)2 = A 2 + 8 2. I
51 I
[ I OJ [.tJ
(i) (x I I - 2 - 3 5 = o
(ii) (1 2 1] INCERTJ
1 0
-3] (NCERT EXEMPLAR!
I
.I
I
~ , then verify that A 2 + A = A (A+ l ), where I is the identity matrix.
1 02] [-"] ;2. IfA=21
[~ ~ 1 ~ = 0 INCERT I
(iv) [2x [0 1
(iii) [x - 5 - 1]
[NCERT EXEMP LAR!

2
41. HA =[ ~ - ! ~ ) , compute A - -l A + 3/ 3,
53, IfA= [ _! -~l 2
then findA -5A - 14/.Hence, obtain A 3
. IN CERTEXEMPLAR]

0 - 1 3 cosx sin x]

~ ; ~ ]•
;.I. (i) If P(x) = -sin x cosx , then show that P(x) P(y) = P(x + y) = P(y) P(x).
[
If/ (x) = x 2- 2x, find f (A), where A= [
~ ~
-t2.
0 2 3
(ii) lfP= [ ~ ~iandQ=[~ ~i , provethatPQ= [: ~]=QP :b
A=[~ -=_ ~
oo z OO c ooze

~l•
-13. If/ 2
(:r) = x 3 + 4x - x, find / (A), where ~ ] . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

.\4. If A = [ ~ ~ ~ ] , then show that A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x

3 2
- 6x + 7x+ 2
55. If A = [ ~ ~ find A 2 -SA+ 41 and hence find a matrix X such that
1 -1 0
2 0 3 (CBSE 20151
[NCERTI A2 -5A + 41 + X = 0 .
A= [~ ~ ], prove that A" =[ ~ ~ Jfor all positive integers n.
45. If A=[~ r! 2
J thenprove thatA - 4A -51= 0 . [CBSE200SI
56. If

46. IfA = [! i ~
J 2
show thatA - 7A + 101 3 =0.
II " U A•[~: ],pro,e .,., A
"•[: t ,::l]'°' =,y po,iti•• "'"•~•

58. If A = [ ·cos 8 i sin 8] then prove b y principle of mathematical induction that

-17. Without using the concept of inverse of a matrix I find the matrix [x Y]
Z t, s uch that
1 sm 8 cos 8 '

[_;-~Jr: n r-l: -n
A"-[cosn8 isinn0]f all 11 N (C BSE 2005]
- i sin 11 8 cos n 8 or e ·
=
 MATHer., ~ --
5.46
Altes.Xi A OF Mt- TRICE S
I A~GEl3fl 5.47
co, a + sin (l ./ i sin a ] , prove that
59. II A = [ _ Ji sin a cos a - sin a Jc islative assembly e lection , a political group hired a . . .
;;. In a ;,iidates in three ways: tele phone, house call d pubhc relat1ons firm to promote
cos II a + sin II a f'i sin II a ] for all II e N ,ts ca ·ven matrix A as s an le tters. The cost pe r contact (in
A"= [ - J2s inno. cos11a - s m11a aise) 15 g i
P' Cost per contact

=[ ~ ! ;],then use the p nnciple of ma thema tical ind u ction to sh ow that

40 Telephone
_ If A A =[ 100
60 House caU
O O l 50 ]
Letter
1 11 II (11 + 1)/2] n,e nu mbe r of contacts o f each type made in two cities X and y . . . .
A"= o
[ 0 0
1 11 for every posi tive integer 11 Telephone House call Letter is given in m atrix Bas
l
B = [ 1000 500 5000] ➔X
61. ff 8, C arc II rowed square matrices and if A = B + C, BC =CB, C2 = 0 , th en show th 3000 1000 10000 ➔y
I
at for
every II e N, A',. 1 = B'' (8 + (11 + 1) C). Find the to tal amoun t sp e nt by the gro up in the two cities x and Y . j,
62. II A = diag (11 b c), show tha t A"= diag (1111 b" c") for all p ositive integer trust fund has <' 30000 that mus t be invested in two different types of b d Th fir t
11 • 7•• A .¼ • t t d h on s. e s I
bond pays 5 o in e res p er year, an t e second bond pays 7% interest U .
63_ If ,1 ,sa square matrix, us ing m a thematical induction prove that(A T )" = (A") T for all,, EN · r ti d t · h t d. . per year. sing
matrix mu 1hp ,ca on , _e e rrrune ow o 1v1de '!' 30000 among the two types of bonds. If j'
[NCERT EX EM PL .
6-1. A matrix X has 11 +brows and 11 + 2 columns while the m a trix Y h as b + 1 rows d Alli
the trust fund must obtain a_n annual total inte rest of (i) '!' 1800 (ii) ~ 2000.
To p romote m aking o f !o,lets for wom en, a n organisation tried to generate [~~~Jl
;·I
columns Both matrices XY and YX exist. Find 11 and b. Can vou say XY and YX an a + 3
. , are of the
7
;. through _(i) _house calls (u) letters, a nd (iii) announcements. The cost for each mode per
attempt 1s given below:
I 'I,,
same type? Are they equal.
(i) t 50 (ii) ~ 20 (iii) <' 40
65. Give examples of matrices
(i) A and 8 such that AB "' BA . The number of attempts m ade in three v illages X , Y and z are g iven below:
(i) (ii) (iii)
(ii) A and Bsuch that AB =0 but A"' 0 , B .< 0 .
X 400 300 100
(iii) A and B such that AB= 0 but BA "'0.
y 300 250 75
(iv) A, Band C such that AB= A C but B "' C, A "'0.
z 500 400 150
66. Let A and B be square matrices of the sa me o rder. Does ( A + 8) 2 = A 2 + 2AB + B2 hold? Find the total cost incurred by the organisation for three v illages separa tely, using matrices.
If not, why? [C BSE 2015]
67. If A and B a rc square matrices of the same order, explain, w h y in g e nera l 76. There are 2 families A and B. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family A , a nd 2
(i) (A + B/ ,, A 2 + 2AB + B2 (ii) (A - B) 2 .,A 2 - 2AB+B2 men, 2 women and 4 children in family B. The recomme nd daily amount of calories is 2400
2 2 for men, 1900 for wom en , 1800 for children and 45 grams of proteins for men , 55 grams for
(iii) (A + B) (A - B) "'A - B . women and 33 gram s for children . Represent the above information using m atrix. Using
h8. Le t A and B be s quare matrices of the other 3 x 3. ls (AB) 2 = A 2 B 2 ? Give reas ons. matrix multiplication , calculate the total requirement of calories and proteins for each of
the two famili es. What awaren ess can you create among people ab out the planned diet
[NCERT EXEMPLAR! from this ques tion? [CBSE 2015 ]
69. If A and B are squa re matrices of the same order su ch that AB = BA , then sh ow that 77. In a parliament election , a political party hired a public relations firm to promote its
2
(A+ 8) = A 2 + 2AB + B2. candidates in three ways - telephone, house calls and le tters. The cost per contact (in
[N CERT EX EMPLAR!

LetA=[~ ~ ~], B=[- 2; 4~1andC =[ -!5 :1

paisa) is given in m a trix A as
70.
0
. 140] Telepho ne
A = 200 House calls
[ 150 Lette rs
Verify that AB= AC though B -.. C, A"' O.
71 The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given in the matrix Bas
· Three shopkeepers A , B and C go to a store to buy s ta tionary. A purchases 12 dozen
notebooks, 5 d ozen pens and 6 dozen pencils. B purchases 10 dozen n o tebooks 6 dozen Telephone H ouse call Le tte rs
pens_and 7 doze n pencils. C purchases 11 dozen notebooks, 13 dozen pens and 8 dozen 1000 500 5000 ] City X
p enc,fs. A notebook costs 40 p · · B = [ 3000 1000 10000 City Y
. . aise, a pen costs<' 1.25 and a pencil cos ts 35 paise. Use matnx
mu 1hp 1JCahon to calculate each individual's bill.
72. The cooperative s tores of a partic I h Jh · Find the total a m ount sp ent by the party in the two cities. . . .
b ks d d u ar sc oo as 10 dozen physics book s 8 d ozen chemistry What sho uld one conside r before cas ting his/her vote - pa rty's promotional achvity o r
oo · an 5 ozc n mathematics book Th · llin ' h
resp ectively . Find the total am "· etr se g p_rices are<' 8.30, <' 3.45 a nd<' 4.50 eac their social activities ? [CBSE 2015 1
ount the store will receive from selling a ll the items.
 5 .48

78. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babbar are m the ratio 3 : 4 and .
_
II
MATHEMA ~-
T1cs.x ,aR~
,iG
ofMATRiCES

5.49
-~
. I ...,_
th
expenditures are in the ratio 5 : 7. If each saves <' 15000 per month find eir rnont - - - - - - - - - - - - - - HIN TS TO NCERT &
mcomes using matrix m ethod. This problem reflects which value? ' their rnont~ly ~ we h•"':: 1, 1
l
SE LECTED PROBL EM
7'J. A trust invested some money in two typ e of bonds. The first bond pa s l 0•1.O I_CBsr: i o1
second bond pays 12% interest. The trust received <' 2800 as interest. i'.'fuwev ~terest an I
interchanged money in bonds, they would have got <' 100 less as interes t . trus t h ~
11
ti
l )l- (u) [ 3 ]
A~ -1 2
[ 3 1 ] [ 3 1] - [ 9 - 1
I:!
2 ~ AA = _ 1 2 - 1 2 - - 3 - 2 - 1 + 4 = [ -85 ~ J
3+2 J
m e thod, find the amount invested by the trust. · I sing rna~
C B~ t 2016 " A
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - : : - - - - --
14 o ] A Nsw1:Rs
I - [ 8
-s S J+ [ - 15 - S J f7 OJ [ 8 _
o]
~ ~ ~~ ~ =~ ;~
2
A2 _5J1+7/ - 3 5 - 10 + Lo 7 = - 15+7 5 - 5+ 0J-[o
02 5+5+0 3 - 10 + 7 - O O = O
1. (i) [ b 02 b2 ] (ii) [ _ ; ; ] (iii) [
;,2 ~ 5)1 - 71

3. (i) AB=[-: ~: ~] , BAdoesnotexist (ii) AB=[!~ ~~ -

2
!], BA =[ 1 14 ]
" A4 ~ A2A 2 = (SA ~ 7/)(5A - 71) = 5A(SA - 7/) - 7 I(SA - 7 /)
= 25 A - 35AI - 35/A + 491T

l fl
- 4 - 4 - 4 -3 2
= 25A 2 - 35A - 35A + 49!

(ill) AB a IHI, BA a [ } =1 (>s)lo' + •' +<' + ,, H C + "'1

= 25A 2 - 70A + 491
= 25 (SA - 7 /) - 70A + 49 I

5. (i) [ 6 16 26 ]
- 8 - 18 - 28
(ii) (82) (iii) [ I - 1
0- 2
- 2 - 3
1]
7[ 4 - 20]
. 38 - 10
= 125A - 1751 - 70A + 491
= SSA - 126!
= 55 [-31 ; ] - 126 [ ~ ~]=[~ 65 5
55 s J + [- 126 0 J-[ 39 55 ]
I
I

no
~! ~]
- 2 O - 126 - - 55 - 16
[ cos 4 0 sin 4 0 ]
11
· - sin 4 0 cos 4 0
15. 3
[ 35
l<J. a43 =8, a22 = O
;, (,) We have, A = [ ; =;]
=13 25, = - 2, - 1 26. 2
=;][; =;]
2~. (i) x= - 2 (ii) X X

28. - 7 .,.,_
• [O 0 0
OJ "4 ("")
11 [ 39 55] 35. k =1 11 2 = [ ;
., ' -55 - 16
2
= kA -
n
lt~giventhatA 212
36. k =7 38. A=4, µ = - 1 39. !
5
23 [~ =!] = k[; =;]-2[~
40. (i) X =- 3, 5 (ii) x= - 1 (iii) X = 4./3 (iv) X = 0,
2
~] [~ - 2] _ [3k - 2 - 2k ]

:]
4 7
[-2f -~: ~~]
[ 6 - 2 :, -4 - 4k - 2k - 2
-12. 12 19 ,l3, 0 4
4 1. -
[ 8 12 1 1 , :, 3k-2 = 1, 4k = 4 , - 2k =- 2 and - 2k - 2 = - 4
- 3 5 -5

[! =~] . [2 3 G-2 -5] => k=1

-17. -18. (1) 1 0 ~] (ii) [ ~ - ~] (iii) (- 1 2 1) (iv) [-4) (v)
4 0
~ !]m ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
(vi) [ ~
-5
-~i4
-19. [ _ : n 50. Null matrix -· [ 187 - 195]
:,,>, - 156 148
ll.(n) (I 2 1) [ ~

ll Wehave,A =[~ ~
=

~] and / (x)
0 (1 2 1) [ ; J= O

= x3 - 2
6x +7x+2
4+2x +2x=0
x=- 1

-s: =~-~~1,lsr: ~ 1~1

55. r= 6-l. a = 2, b = 3, No 68. True when AB = BA '.
2 0
f(A) = A 3 - 6A 2 +7A + 2/3
3

4 2 -4 - 2
7·1. <' 157.80, <' 167.40, <' 281.40
7-l. (i) <' 15000 each (ii) <' 5000, l" 25000
75. X : <' 30, 000
n. ns97.20
Calories Proteins
73. l" 3400, l" 7200
Now, A = AA
2
= [~
203
i] [~~ i]
~ 203
= [;
80
~
Y : <' 23, 000
Z : <' 29,000
78. <' 90,000, <' 120,000
76. Family A : 24600
Family B : 15800
576
332
77. X : <' 9900
Y : f 21200

79. <' 10,000, <' 15,000

~ 3
A = A2A = [! ! 8] [10~
13
5 0 2 2]
2 0
=
[ 21
~
5 .50
MA l°t-lEMAT1c
;,.y ES~ft oF
MA1"AICES
5.51
S-xu ,1G d (iii) we get
= A3 - . (i) a11

~1-
f(A) 6A~ +7 A+213 '
~,10S _ SO(lO and y = .25000

[~~34 ~0 ~ ~ g]2 = [~O gO

1
x- fomily matrix and R be the_requ irement matrix Tl .
= f (A) =
55
6[;
S O 13
14 0 21
~] +[~
1~ / ] + [ ~
0 0 . It
1
f be the Men Women Children
€
· lcn,

3 2
H e nce, A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x - 6x + 7 x + 2.
• family A [ 4 ' 2]
F" family B 2 2 4
48. (ii) W e h ave to find a matri>. A satisfving the equation A [! ~ Calorics Proteins

;: ]
~] = [- ; - : - :] 2400

l
Men
C lea rly , the product of A "ith a 2 x 3 ma trix is a 2 x 3matrix. The refore, A is a 2 x .
2 rnatnx 1900
b R" Women
Children 1800 33
Let A = [; d ] . Then, .
. ement of calor ies and proteins of each of the two fa •u . .
-:J Total requtr rn, es IS given by the m ,ltrix

=
A [~~!]=[- ; - ~

[: ~][~~~]= [-; -: -:]

= [- 7
Product

FamilY A [ 4
FR "pamily B
Men

2
Wom en
6
2
Children

Men
Women
lCalori· es

2400
1900
Proteins

5545 1
= a + 4b
[ c + 4d
2a + Sb
2c + Sd
3a + 6b ]
3c + 6 d 2
- 8
4
- 9]
6
Calories Proteins
Children 1800 33

= a+ 4b = - 7 , 2a + Sb = - 8 , 3a + 6b = -9 Family A [ 24600 576]

c + 4d = 2 , 2c + Sd = 4 , 3c + 6d = 6 FR " family B 15800 332
= a = 1, b = - 2 , c = 2, d = 0
A = [~ - ~] TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
!.I•~moN Let A = [a,··)
!it , bca11111x 1111111/nx. Tl1en, tlle transpose ofA, drnoterl byAT or A ' , isa
· 11 11 x 111

59. (ii) A =[; g]. 8 =[ _ ~ ~] (iii) A = [ ~ o,:trixsuch tllat

(AT),;= a;, fora/I i = 1, 2, .. . , 11, ; j = 1, 2, ... , 1L
(iv) A =[ ~ g] , B =[ i ~ l C =[ - ~ ~]
: : ~ :l:~i~m~d ~ro[: At t~n]g,~:e1:s~:w: [ r ff] n s and columns mto rows
7 3 . Let l!' x be inves ted in firs t b ond and? y be invested in second bond . Le t A b e U1e investment

l
matrix and B be the interest pe r rupee m atrix. Then ,
3 21 4 4 ➔

A = [x y ) and B =
[
100
_}_
5
.
n,firstrow of AT is the first column of A. The second row of A T is the SL'CO nd column of A and
.,_

[l~l
100 IJ.1 PROPERTIES OF TRANSPO S E
l\'eshallnow state and prove so1ne properties uf transpose of a matrix as thcore111s given below.

Tota l annu a l in te rest = AB = [x y) ~+ 21l TM!OREM 1 For any matrix A , (A

T 1'
) =A .
100 100 . . Then, A T.1s an n x , d ~o (AT)T ·1s an m x n
~ Let A = la, 1be an m x ,, 1natnx ,n matrix an ·
100j 1
Also, x + y = 30000 ... (i) Nlrix. Thus, the m., triccs A a n d (A T/ arc of the same o rder such tha t
(i) If total interes t is ~ 1800. The n,
(<AT) r ),, = (AT),, [By the definition of transpose I
~ + !.JL =
100 100
1800 = Sx + 7y = 180000 ...(ii)

Solvin g (i) a n d (ii), we get: x = y = 15000. J ~ (<AT) r 1, = (A);; for all i = 1, 2 , . . . , 111 and j = 1, 2, .. • 11
(ii) If to ta l inte rest is t 2000. Then,
llerce,by the definition of equ a lity o f two matrices, we obtain
~+!.JL = 2000 = 5x + 7y 200000 ... (iii) (J L il.
100 100
I (Ar )r = A .
 ~~GEB
AA Of MA"ffilC[S 5.55 '\
s~ (i) (A + B/ =A T+ BT (ii) (AB)T = BT AT (iii) (2A/ = 2A T I

A4T= o/3

r12 ;J r~ ~ ;] = 9[~~ ~1 Ji A •[-n 8 • [13 -6J. ••rify that (AB)T . 8 r Ar

I

2 l~ l2 -2 b O O I
3 4 I
I
~ ~
~
~·lr~ ~ ~1 ,. If A= [ _ 24
I O - 21 ] ' B = [ - ] , find (AB) T.
L'' I '
'I
9 i ;/+~: = 1,I
', I

0
, ,,1+ 2 - 21· a- + -I + b
, 2 009
b (i) fortwo matricesAandB, A=[~ ~i ], B=[~ - nverifythat(AB)T = BT AT.
I

! .1I
I

l + 21I + ➔
11 -
+ 7 _ 2b = 0 and a2 + 4 + J,- = 9
')
I

~
0
a+ 21' + 4 = , t1 - 2 2 2 -
(ii) for the matrices A and B, verify that(AB)T = BT AT, where A=[~ : ], 8 = [ ; ] '
_ o a - b + I = D and a + b - 5
',
-- 11+ 211+ .j - , d , + l = o we gt.>1: n =- 2 and I• = - 1.
1 I
5olnn~ rl + ',!J, + .J = 0 ,111 a -

•'-\A \ ll'L( ~ F1111 f tiIf

' [ 0 2y

·•al1te< 0 r r v - i,f th,• matrix A = x 1/

- •y
-~1
: snt,sjy Ilic rn, um~~
JfA r •Hi]'"••·[-: : :}find A' - o' . LC'" ""'
, • 1 •,• '- 1

INCERTI
fA = cos
. a sin a], then venfy. that A r A = 12 • [NCi:RT]
8· I [ - srn a cos a
7
A A =13
SOLLTI0:-1 We have, 9·
If A = sin
[ - cos a
a a] .
cos
.
srn a
, venfy that A r A = 12
[NCERT]

~ -i
2~ - ~ :::, AT = 2~
[ o Yx - ~xl .-,-LE-V-EL--2-j
A =[
X -y 10. If~, m, , ,; ; i = 1, 2, 3 denote the direction [crin:lof '~lee mutually perpendicular vectors
It is 1,-i,·cn thJt
7 in space, prove that AA T = I , where A = 12 m2 n2 .
13 13 m3 113
A / : rl [o 2 -i = [01 1o o0l
11 _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ ANS:'lcR5

~
i
:::, 2y y -y 1 .1/ - :
[ : : X -y Z O O 1

:=j [ ~2
0
6} 0 3:1
~1 =[ ~ 0
0 0 1
~1 7, [-:
-1 -2

5.9 SYMf,lt:TF.IC MW SKEW-SYl,lMETHIC MATRICES

2
:=j 2x2 =I, 6y 2 = I, 3: =I ~YMMEl AIC r.lA1 klX A square matrix A = {a;jl is called a symmetric matrix, if a,i = aji for all i , j.
I l l
~
~ .r = ±:,= , y = ±--;::::- , : =±r;; 3 -1
,2 .J6 ,,3 ] is symmetric, because
- - - - -- - - -~= ==~ _ _ _____ EXERCISE5.4 For example, the matrix A = - l
[ 1 5 -2
2
LEVEL-1

-n
a = - 1 = a , a = 1 = a31 , a23 =5 = a32 i.e. /l;j = aji for all i, j.
11 13
t. LetA - [) -~J andB =[~ verifythat
12
It follows from the definition of a symmetric matrix that A is symmetric, iff
/ljj = aji for all i, j
(i) (2A) T = 2AT (ii) (A+B)T = AT + BT e> (A); = (AT )ij for all i, j
1
(iii)(A - Bl = AT - BT (iv)(AB)T = BT AT e> A=AT.
Thus, a square matrix A is a symmetric matrix if! AT = A.

A=[~ : J} B=[ 2; i ~ .3;2il are symmetric matrices because

2. If A • /{] aodB • [l O 41,,.,ifythat(AB)T .yT ;T !CBSE2002l
Matrices AT = A
g f C 3 3+21 4
3. Let A =1I~ - 21 I~ land l
B = [ 0~ 2 33 • F'md AT, BT and verify that and BT= B.
1
 MATHEMA,1c AA OF MATRIC ES
5.60 S-)(11 \- ~ ~
~~afB
~
[3 -4}
5.61

~
- 1 5/ 2 ] [ 3 2 3 ] I •

Also, P+Q - [ ; :

.
! ~~]+[
5/ 2 7 / 2 5
f
Thus, A is expr<'ss1ble as the sum o a synun
- 1/ 2
O 5/ 2
5/ 2 0
=

etric matrix P and a skew-symmetr·

4 5 3
2 4 5

•c m atrix Q
=A
l, I
fA=
1
1 s how that
_
[5 2 x]
A - A T is a skew-s

If the matrix A = Y z - 3 is a symmetric matri .

.
Ymmetr,c matrix.
I J!I I l
J. 4 t - 7 x,findx, y, zandt.
[LEVEL-2] .
3 2 7 ]
EXA MPL :: ~ Show that all positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix arc symmetric. , •t A = 1 4 3 . Find matrices x and y
I. ,... [- 2 5 8
s uch that x + y _A
SOLUTION Let A be a sy1nmetric matrix and" e N. Then, - , where Xis a symmetric
A" = AAA ... A upto n-times and y is a skew-symme[tr:c ma;ix~ ]
1
⇒ (A") T = (AAA .. . A upto 11-timesiT
• Express the matrix A =
,. 3 5 7 as the sum of a sym tri
(A") T = (AT AT AT ... AT upto n-hmes) [By reversal 1 1 - 2 1 me c and a skew-symmetric
⇒ awJ
(A")T = (AT)n = A" [ ..
.
AT
:A] rnatrix-
⇒
4 [CB SE 2008]
Hence, A" is also a symmetric matrix. 6_ 0e~e a symmetric matrix. Prove that for A = [ ;
6 } A+AT 15
' a s ymmetric matrix ,vhere I.
EXAM Pl E 1n Show tlrat positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric. matrix are skew-syn,metrrc
.
and positive even integral powers of a skew-symmetnc matrix are symmetric. AT is the transpose of A.
SOLlJTION Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then, AT = - A . 7_ Express the matrix A =[ { =~ ] as the sum of a s ymmetr,c
. and a skew-symmetric
We have, (A") T =(A T)n for all II e N. [See Example 61 matrix-
(A")T
(A")T
= (-
= (-
A)"
I)" A"
[·: AT : - AJ
s. Express the matrix [
- 1
;
-2
-4]
- 2 - 5 as the sum of as • and skew-symmetric matrix
ymmetric
⇒ 1 2

(A")T = { A" ifn is even and verify your res ult. [CBSE2010l
⇒
_ A" if II is odd _ _.,--_ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ ANSWERS
Hence, A" is symmetric if II is even and skew-symmetric if n is odd.
3 3/2 5/ 2] [ O
EXAM PL\. 11 A matrix w/11clr is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric is a 11111/ matrix. 3. x = 4, y = 2, z eC, t =- 3 4. X = 3/ 2 4 4 , y = _ 11 2 1/0 2 9/2]
- 1
(N C E RT EXEM PLAR) [5/ 2 4 8 - 9/2 0
SOLlJTION Let A = la,jl a matrix wh.ich_is both symmetric and s kew-symmetric.
Now,
⇒
A = [a,jl is a symmetric matrix
a,1 = aji for all i, j ...(i)
S. Symtnetricmabix=[ 5:2 :~: r/2 l Skew-symmetricmatrix=[ 1~2::~O: ~/:2]
!~l Skew-symmetric matrix =[~/2
Abo, A = ln,jl is a skew-symmetric matrix.
a,1 =
- a1, foraUi, j 7, Symmetric matrix =[ _: J/ 2 -
3 5
- /~]
⇒ aj, = - a, for all i, j
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
fl;/
1

= - ",j for aU i, j
... (ii)
8. Symmetricmatrix =[ /2
- 5/ 2
1_:; -
- 2
!~],
5

2
Skew-symmetricmatrix= [ 5~2 - ~
3/ 2 3
2
=;
0
12
]

⇒ 2a,, = 0 for au i, j - - - -- - -- -- - - -- VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ( VSAQs)

⇒ a,1 = 0 for all i , j
Answer eaclt of tire following qu,'Slions in one word or one sentence or as per exact req11ire111e11t of the
⇒ A = [a,i I is a null ma trix. question:
- - - - -- - --;:=:=:=::::;-- -- -- - - EXERCISE 5.5 I. UA is an m x n matrix a nd Bis n x p matrix d oes AB exist? If yes, w rite its order.
I LEVEL-1 I
r2 31 ~ T ;.;: ~ c..l-nv,,. c;vmmPtric matrix . IC B SE 2001]
2. UA =[! ! !] and B =[~ -i]. Write the orders of AB and BA.