Learning Methods -

Thinking Styles -
Teaching Methods
There are many different ways a person can learn something. Some learning
methods work better than others. The bottom line is, you can learn anything
you want, which means the possibilities are endless. There is no greater source
of human powerthan the power of learning. The worlds combined
knowledge is waiting for you, so don't hesitate, for he who hesitates is lost.
Everyone suffers from their own ignorance. And the only cure for ignorance is
knowledge.

Don't take learning for granted. Everything that you have in life, and
everything that you are, comes from learning. The valuethat comes
from educating yourself is immense. Learning is an investment in yourself.
And when you educate yourself to a high degree, you will naturally want
to share your wealth of knowledge with as many people as possible. This way
future generations will also benefit from knowledge and information in the same
way that you did, or maybe even better.

Start Knowing and Stop Dohing - Knowing is Growing. Doh is an expressing of

frustration at the realization that you did something foolish and things have
turned out badly or not as planned. The expression was made famous by
Homer J. Simpson.The Simpsons: Many D'ohs of Homer (youtube).

Everything is about Learning. If you want to be intelligent, you have to

learn how to be intelligent. If you want to be good at a particular sport, you
have to learn how to be good at a particular sport. If you want to be happy, you
have to learn what happiness is. If you want to be good, you have to learn
what being good is. If you want love, you have to learn what love is and what
love is not. And just remembering is not enough. Memories of your knowledge
and information needs to have instructionson how to use that knowledge and
information effectively and efficiently. Your DNA has information and the
instructions. So you see, the process of learning and applying knowledge is
necessary for life. But even though learning is natural, you must take
learning seriously and use learning effectively and efficiently, if not, then
you will be vulnerable to many dangers, you will struggle, and you will keep
making the same mistakes over and over again unknowingly. Learning is
necessary for living a good life. So please don't take learning for granted.
Everything hinges on this one thing. Learning might not seem important to you,
but learning is important to everything else in the world. Learning is the most
important responsibility for all life, without learning, there would be
no life because life would not be able to adapt. "Life does not tell you what to
do, you have to learn what to do."You have to deliberately educate
yourself and do self directing research that investigates in a systematic
way all the things that you still don't know, so that you learn the right things
at the right times and keep progressing. When people stop learning, then
the idle mind becomes the devils workshop. What happens when you
don't learn enough? Every day that you do not move forward is another day
that you will be left behind. If you're not moving forward then you're falling
behind. Even when you're close, you can still be far behind.

You Need to Learn How to Apply Yourself and Manually Activate the
Learning Process towards a specific goal.

Apply is to put in the effort that is required to achieve a goal. To work hard at
something and take the responsibility of learning seriously in order to master
a subject and clearly understand it. To put an action into service and work for
a particular purposeand be pertinent, relevant or applicable. Apply can also
mean to ask for something.

Avail to use something to one's advantage in order to be of use to or useful as

a means of serving.

Learning is
The Best Brain Exercise and the Best Cognitive Brain
Training Program that helps you to stay Mentally Fit and keeps your Brain
Staying Sharp. This makes learning at BK101 the best Mental Fitness
Program that you can do.

5 Hour Rule is to invest around an hour a day in Deliberate Learning.

That's 5 hours of the 168 hours that you have in one week. You have to learn
certain things in order to understand certain things. (Always continue your
studies).

One of the most important things that you need to know when it comes to
learning is that you have to have particular goals in mind, and you have
to document and organize the things that you learn that are important to
your goals, like learning to understand yourself more accurately, and learning
how to understand other people more accurately, and understanding how the
earth sustains life, and how everything that you do, and don't do, has
an effect on yourself, on the world, and on other people. Always update and
edit your research. Use a diary, a journal, a notebook or any other
technology that can help you store and save your knowledge and
research. Writing things down has many benefits. Count the Words.

Not learning is like always living in the past. You never live in the present or
do you think about the future and think about new ways on how to make the
future better. You have to keep updating what you know and keep learning.
Learning is one of the reasons why life even exists. If the cells in your body
could not learn and update their DNA, no life would exist. When your cells DNA
is not updated, then a virus could infect the cell and then damage the cell, or
even kill the cell, all because the DNA did not have the necessary information, or
the information that the DNA had was wrong, which made the cell vulnerable to
the virus. And what you learn could have an affect on what your cells
learn. So can can easily say that Learning is in your Blood.
But inheritance does not always protect you from ignorance, especially your
own ignorance. Learn from your past but don't live in the past. Live in the
present and think about the future, because that's how reality works, life is a
continuum. So you need to continually learn and go with the flow of life. It
will be a much smoother ride that way.

You need to make learning fun and make it enjoyable so that you stay
motivated. Reward yourself as you make progress. Always have a plan, a
goal and a purpose when learning. Have a method and a system that is effective
and efficient. But you don't want to over do it, so you need to pace yourself and
you have to find a rhythm, and also be flexible. Spaced repetition learningis a
good memory boosting technique and a good way to keep track of your progress
and memory.

Reflective Practice is the ability to reflect on one's actions so as to engage

in a process of continuous learning.

One of the most beautiful things that comes from learning is that you don't have
to do something bad, dangerous or risky in order to understand how bad,
dangerous or risky something is. This saves people from making mistakes they
don't have to make, which also saves time. Even if you feel the need
to verify something for yourself, you still have to acknowledge the risk and
dangers that are explained by the information passed on from other people,
people who have previous experience with a particular action you are thinking
about doing. Learning is a Time Loop.

I'm willing to learn, even though I will learn things that will break my heart
and disappoint me, but I'm still willing to learn, and that is something I can
never give up. Because learning is the path to salvation, and there is no other
path, because not learning is standing still and not learning is giving up. And the
reason why everyone is alive is because humans before us did not give up and
they kept on going and they continued to learn. That is what a human is, and
that is what life is. If it were not, then we would not be here. Nothing would be
here. Adult Learning.

Docile is someone willing to be taught, led, supervised or directed. Someone

who is ready and willing to be taught. Someone who is teachable, gentle and
easily handled or managed. Not Passive.

People pretend to know and they also feel like they know enough. But it's
only when they start learning is when they finally realize how little they know,
which is normal. Nothing more damaging to the Human Mind than the
illusion of learning. Not learning how important learning is can cause serious
damage to the brain by implanting mental disorders and cognitive dysfunctions.
There for, not teaching the importance of learning should be criminal act. It's
negligent child abuse. Schools need to teach "Learning". Students need to
learn how to ask questions, they need to know how to understand things. The
importance of learning must be fully understood. Please Learn, you
have Nothing to Lose and Everything to Gain.

Information is taken in, then the information is processed, and then

it's stored, all this is done without a procedure. But what if you had
a procedure? Then certain information would be taken in, and then it would
be carefully processed and compared to already stored information. Then the
information would be carefully stored in the right places so that it can
be easily recalled. This would all be possible because you now have more
knowledge and more information to analyze all new information coming in, and
you also have a procedure. Brain Plasticity.

Knowing how to Read is a persons greatest strength and an extremely

important skill to have. Once you can decipher written languages, and then
accurately process the information that's imbedded within the written
language, and, if you can haveaccess to the worlds most valuable
knowledge and information, then your potential is endless, and you can
accomplish almost anything that you want and reach any goal you desire. The
value of your life will be enormous. If you can't read and decipher language,
then learning, development and progress will be obstructed. Don't waste
your potential, reading and learning are responsibilities that should never be
taken for granted. Question Everything. Children Love to Learn. So it's our
job to make sure that The Love of Learning is never impeded or diminished
in any way shape or form.

It's not just knowing the best way to learn something new, but also knowing the
best state of mind to be in. The Optimal Learning State is being rested, not
starving and being ready to learn in a good environment. (Breathe -
Listen) Being in the Flow is the mental state of operation in which a
person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling
of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the
activity. In essence, Flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one
does. Being in the Zone is being focused on what you are doing, so much so,
that you are unaware of all the distractions happening around you. How the
information is presented can also affect learning. Managing Time and
knowing the Best times to learn can also help. Thinking - Layers.

If you're not in the right mind to learn, or you feel that something is
unnecessary to learn, then learning becomes ineffective. And if
the information and knowledge presented to you is fragmented, out
of sequence or incoherent, that also makes learning ineffective. The bottom
line is, "You can learn anything you put your mind to, but not everything
that you put your mind to can be learned. There is always a preferred
sequence when learning something new, and there is always a
preferred method of learning something new. Did you ever wonder why you did
not learn something? You know you can learn because you have a memory, so
what happened? Maybe the message was not delivered effectively, or not
understood effectively, or a little both? Do you need to be inspired to learn or
just understand the importance of learning and the process of learning?

Your memory is your greatest strength, but your memory can also be
your greatest weakness. Learning is not just about remembering, learning is
more about understanding and formulating information and knowledge
correctly so that it is used effectively and efficiently, just Remembering is not
enough.

Know what to Learn and When

Teaching Resources - Curriculum Designing

Learning Specialist - Presentation - Music

Educational Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the

scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes, from
both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand
individual differences inintelligence, cognitive development,
affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in
learning. The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative
methods, including testing and measurement, to enhance educational
activities related to instructional design, classroom management,
and assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various
educational settings across the lifespan. Cognitive Load (overload).

Philosophy of Education examines the definition, goals and meaning of

education. Institutions.

Educational Philosophies can refer either to the application of philosophy to

the problem of education, examining the definition, goals and meaning of
education, or to any particular vision of or approach to education.

Passive Learning is a method of learning or instruction where students receive

information from the instructor and internalize it, and "where the learner
receives no feedback from the instructor", which is similar to Self-Directed
Learning.

Learning Sciences works to further scientific understanding of learning as well

as to engage in the design and implementation of learning innovations, and the
improvement of instructional methodologies. Research in the learning science
traditionally focuses on cognitive-psychological, social-psychological, and
cultural-psychological foundations of human learning, as well as on the design of
learning environments. Implicit Learning - Rote Learning.

Learning with understanding is facilitated when new and existing knowledge is

structured around the major concepts and principles of the discipline. Learners
use what they already know to construct new understandings. Learning is
facilitated through the use of metacognitive strategies that identify, monitor, and
regulate cognitive processes. Learners have different strategies, approaches,
patterns of abilities, and learning styles that are a function of the interaction
between their heredity and their prior experiences. Learners’ motivation to learn
and sense of self affects what is learned, how much is learned, and how much
effort will be put into the learning process. The practices and activities in which
people engage while learning shape what is learned.
Learning is enhanced through socially supported interactions.
Didactic Method is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific
approach or educational style to engage the student's mind.

Educational Neuroscience is an emerging scientific field that brings together

researchers in cognitive neuroscience, developmental cognitive neuroscience,
educational psychology, educational technology, education theory and other
related disciplines to explore the interactions between biological processes and
education. Researchers in educational neuroscience investigate the neural
mechanisms of reading, numerical cognition, attention and their attendant
difficulties including dyslexia, dyscalculia and ADHD as they relate to education.
Researchers in this area may link basic findings in cognitive neuroscience with
educational technology to help in curriculum implementation for mathematics
education and reading education. The aim of educational neuroscience is to
generate basic and applied research that will provide a
new transdisciplinary account of learning and teaching, which is capable of
informing education. A major goal of educational neuroscience is to bridge the
gap between the two fields through a direct dialogue between researchers and
educators, avoiding the "middlemen of the brain-based learning industry". These
middlemen have a vested commercial interest in the selling of "neuromyths" and
their supposed remedies.

Theories about Learning

Learning is your Path to Power, but only if you learn which

knowledge, information and skills gives you the power.

1: You need to define what learning is use this ability in the most effective and
most efficient way possible.
2: You need to define the knowledge and information that would increase your
understanding of yourself and the world around you.
3: You need to accurately measure what you are learning, so that you keep
moving forward and continue to increase your potential.

Intelligence Testing - Personalized Learning.

You have been given a superpower called Learning, but just like all powers,
there are inherent responsibilities andvulnerabilities, so please use your
power wisely.

Multiple Intelligences - Competence

Thinking - Brain Plasticity

Learn to Learn - Self Directed Learning

There are many tools to help humans to transfer Information and

knowledge into the brain.

Organizing Knowledge Cognitively is a system of grouping and categorizing

our brain to use, sort and store information. System changes and adapts as the
amount of knowledge about a particular subject changes and grows.

Learning is a skill that you have to understand if you want learning to be

effective.

Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing existing,

knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.

Learning Curve is intended to mean that the activity is difficult to learn for
some people. A learning curve with a steep start actually represents rapid
progress.

Learning Methods - Learning Styles

Enhanced Learning using Technology

Computer Supported Collaborative Learningtakes place via social
interaction using a computer or through the Internet.

Teaching Machine

Adaptive Learning is an educational method which uses computers as

interactive teaching devices, and to orchestrate the allocation of human and
mediated resources according to the unique needs of each learner.

Interactive Learning is a pedagogical approach that incorporates social

networking and urban computing into course design and delivery. Interactive
Learning has evolved out of the hyper-growth in the use of digital
technology and virtual communication, particularly by students.Interactive is
capable of acting on or influencing each other.

Asynchronous Learning is a student-centered teaching method that uses

online learning resources to facilitate information sharing outside the
constraints of time and place among a network of people.

Inquiry Based Learning starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios—

rather than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to
knowledge.

Inquiry-Based Learning - Redbird Learning

Video Instructions - Video Conference

Virtual Learning Environment is a Web-based platform for the digital

aspects of courses of study, usually within educational institutions. VLEs
typically: allow participants to be organized into cohorts, groups and roles;
present resources, activities and interactions within a course structure; provide
for the different stages of assessment; report on participation; and have some
level of integration with other institutional systems. For those who edit them
VLEs may have a de facto role as authoring and design environments. VLEs have
been adopted by almost all higher education institutions in the anglosphere.

Online Learning - Digital Teaching Platform (PDF)

E-Learning is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and

improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources.

Educational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning

and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources.

Unsupervised Learning (artificial intelligence) - Machine Learning

Digital Learning - Machine Learning

Personalized Learning
Personalized Learning is to Tailor Education to meet the different needs of
students. Hope PC.

Personalized learning is more than Knowing all the different ways that a person
can learn knowledge and skills, it's more about knowing what you need to learn
and when you need to learn it. Every student needs to understand their
education goals and understand why certain knowledge and information is
extremely valuable and important. If a person does not understand
theincentive of learning, then they will not have the motivation to learn and
they will not perceive the need to retain certain knowledge and information,
because they will not fully understand how to use it and why it's so important to
have. And this happens to almost every student on the planet. This is the
foundation of learning. You need to accurately see your future and how your
home will be built and how it will look in the future. And your heart and mind is
your home. Do you want a beautiful home? Do you want an intelligent home? Do
you want a sturdy home? Your home will be what ever you want your home to
be as long as you put in the work and the investment that's needed to build your
home. Students can only have a future if they are given the necessary
knowledge and information that's needed in order to reach that future.
Personalized learning is also about having the freedom to learn in your own
time and learning at your own pace. Having the ability to choose the best
time to learn new knowledge and having the ability to adjust the speed at which
you learn new knowledge, will benefit you in many ways. When schools restrict
your freedom to choose what learning time and speed is best for you, then
learning will not be as effective as it can be. And when schools restrict your
freedom to choose what you need to learn, then that too will also cause learning
to be ineffective.

Personalized Learning is more like a personalized journey. Your learning how

to learn and learning how you like to travel physically and mentally. Whether
you travel by vehicle, car, plane, boat, bicycle or foot, a person will like to learn
in a way that is the most enjoyable to them, and also be the most effective and
the most efficient way to learn. This way every person will always have time to
enjoy life. In order to have a good life you need to learn how to acquire a good
life. Learning is about building up time and energy that's needed for living. If a
student is not happy about what they're learning, then they need to know why.
Is it the right time to learn this? What is the incentive and motivation to learn
this? Every student must be a self directing learning machine that can solve
problems and make changes on their own, and also manage themselves
effectively and efficiently. If a student does not understand the responsibility of
learning, then they will not understand a lot of things and they will never reach
their full potential. This is why every student must see and understand their
education as a whole, and not just the parts. To live with purpose you have to
learn with purpose. Know your purpose.
Eclectic is selecting the best way of doing something using various styles or
ideas that are composed of different elements drawn from various
sources. Multi-Disciplinary.

Differentiated Instruction is teaching that involves providing all students

within their diverse classroom community of learners a range of different
avenues for understanding new information (often in the same
classroom) in terms of: acquiring content; processing, constructing, or making
sense of ideas; and developing teaching materials and assessment measures so
that all students within a classroom can learn effectively, regardless of
differences in ability. Students vary in culture, socioeconomic status, language,
gender, motivation, ability/disability, personal interests and more,
and teachers must be aware of these varieties as they plan curriculum.
By considering varied learning needs, teachers can develop personalized
instruction so that all children in the classroom can learn effectively.
Differentiated classrooms have also been described as ones that respond to
student variety in readiness levels, interests and learning profiles. It is a
classroom that includes all students and can be successful. To do this, a teacher
sets different expectations for task completion for students based upon their
individual needs. By instructing through multiple learning pathways, more
"dendritic pathways of access" are created. This can be achieved by using
several senses (i.e. sight, sound, smell) or by creating cross-curricular
connections. When more regions of the brain store data about a subject, there
ismore interconnection and cross-referencing of data from multiple
storage areas in response to a single cue, meaning one has learned rather than
memorized. PDF.

Personalize Learning - Personalized Learning

Computerized Adaptive Testing is a form of computer-based test

that adapts to the examinee's ability level. For this reason, it has also been
called tailored testing. In other words, it is a form of computer-administered
test in which the next item or set of items selected to be administered depends
on the correctness of the test taker's responses to the most recent items
administered.

Knewton Personalized Learning.

Eclectic Approach is a method of language education that combines various

approaches and methodologies to teach language depending on the aims of the
lesson and the abilities of the learners. Different teaching methods are borrowed
and adapted to suit the requirement of the learners. It breaks the monotony of
the class. In addition, It is a conceptual approach that does not merely include
one paradigm or a set of assumptions. Instead, eclecticism adheres to or is
constituted from several theories, styles, and ideas in order to gain a thorough
insight about the subject, and draws upon different theories in different cases.
‘Eclecticism’ is common in many fields of study such as psychology, martial arts,
philosophy, teaching, religion and drama.

Special Education - Entry Exams

Student-Centered Learning aims to develop learner autonomy and
independence by putting responsibility for the learning path in the hands of
students.

Independent Learning - Self-Directed Learning

High Performing Students - Gifted

Self-Regulated Learning refers to learning that is guided by metacognition

(thinking about one's thinking), strategic action (planning, monitoring, and
evaluating personal progress against a standard), and motivation to learn. "Self-
regulated" describes a process of taking control of and evaluating one's own
learning and behavior.

Confidence-Based Learning measures the correctness of a learner's

knowledge and confidence in that knowledge. It is designed to increase retention
and minimize the effects of guessing, which can skew the results of
traditional single-score assessments. It distinguishes between what individuals
think and actually know. The measurement allows creating a customized
learning plan for each learner. The process, similar to quality improvement
processes such as Six Sigma, continues until the learner achieves total mastery
– defined as validly achieving confidence and correctness for 100% of the
content twice in a row. Mastery leads to putting the knowledge into practice.

Blended Learning is a formal education program in which a student learns at

least in part through delivery of content and instruction via digital and online
media with some element of student control over time, place, path, or
pace. Simultaneous.

Instructional Scaffolding is a learning process designed to promote a deeper

level of learning. Scaffolding is the support given during the learning process
which is tailored to the needs of the student with the intention of helping the
student achieve his/her learning goals. Instructional scaffolding is the provision
of sufficient support to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first
introduced to students. There are three essential features of scaffolding that
facilitate learning. The first feature has to do with the interaction between the
learner and the expert. This interaction should be collaborative for it to be
effective. The second, learning should take place in the learner's zone of
proximal development. To do that the expert needs to be aware of the learner's
current level of knowledge and then work to a certain extent beyond that level.
The third feature of scaffolding is that the scaffold, the support and guidance
provided by the expert, is gradually removed as the learner becomes more
proficient. These supports are gradually removed as students develop
autonomous learning strategies, thus promoting their own cognitive, affective
and psychomotor learning skills and knowledge. Teachers help the students
master a task or a concept by providing support. The support can take many
forms such as outlines, recommended documents, storyboards, or key
questions. The support and guidance provided to the learner is compared to the
scaffolds in building construction where the scaffolds provide both "adjustable
and temporal" support to the building under construction. The support and
guidance provided to learners facilitate internalization of the knowledge needed
to complete the task. This support is weaned gradually until the learner is
independent. For scaffolding to be effective teachers need to pay attention to
the following: The selection of the learning task: The task should ensure that
learners use the developing skills that need to be mastered. The task should also
be engaging and interesting to keep learners involved. The anticipation of
errors: After choosing the task, the teacher needs to anticipate errors the
learners are likely to commit when working on the task. Anticipation of errors
enables the scaffolder to properly guide the learners away from ineffective
directions. The application of scaffolds during the learning task: Scaffolds could
be organized in "simple skill acquisition or they may be dynamic and
generative". The consideration of emotive or affective factors: Scaffolding is not
limited to a cognitive skill but it also relates to emotive and affect factors. During
the task the scaffolder (expert) might need to manage and control for frustration
and loss of interest that could be experienced by the learner. Encouragement is
also an important scaffolding strategy.

Betty's Brain is a software environment to help promote students'

understanding of metacognitive skills and to reinforce river ecosystem
knowledge as part of a science curriculum. It is a qualitative constraint system,
using node-link diagrams to represent models for teaching complex scientific and
engineering domains in high school. The system specifically focuses on
reinforcing so called self-regulatory skills that promote both self monitoring and
self assessment as one might expect of an independent learner.

Active Learning
Active Learning is a teaching method that strives to more directly involve
students in the learning process.

Positive Education is an approach to education that draws on positive

psychology's emphasis of individual strengths and personal motivation to
promote learning. Unlike traditional school approaches in which teachers attempt
to tailor their material to a mythical "average" student, and move the class
altogether using the material through one teaching and testing style, positive
schooling teachers use techniques that focus on the well-being of individual
students. Teachers use methods such as developing tailored goals for each
student to engender learning and working with them to develop the plans and
motivation to reach their goals. Rather than pushing students to achieve at a set
grade level, seen through the emphasis of standardized testing, this approach
attempts to customize learning goals to individual students' levels. Instead of
setting students to compete against one another, learning is viewed as a
cooperative process where teachers learn to respect their students and each
student's input is valued. Problem Based Learning.

Response to Intervention is an approach to academic and behavioral

intervention used in the United States to provide early, systematic, and
appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already
underperforming as compared to appropriate grade- or age-level standards. RTI
seeks to prevent academic and behavioral failure through universal screening,
early intervention, frequent progress monitoring, and increasingly intensive
research-based instruction or interventions for children who continue to have
difficulty. RTI is a multileveled approach for aiding students that is adjusted and
modified as needed. Response to intervention (PDF).

Behaviorism - Self Directed Learning

Learning Procedure

Social Learning

Collaborative Learning is a situation in which two or more people learn or

attempt to learn something together.

Collaborative Information Seeking is a field of research that involves

studying situations, motivations, and methods for people working
in collaborative groups for information seeking projects, as well as building
systems for supporting such activities. Such projects often involve information
searching or information retrieval (IR), information gathering, and information
sharing. Beyond that, CIS can extend to collaborative information synthesis
and collaborative sense-making.

Collaborative Problem Solving

Collaborative Classroom
Collaborative Internet
Collective Learning - Crowd Learning (essay)

Social Learning Theory is a cognitive process that takes place in a social

context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in
the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. Social Learning.

Networked Learning is a process of developing and maintaining

connections with people and information, andcommunicating in such a
way so as to support one another's learning. The central term in this
definition is connections. It takes a relational stance in which learning takes
place both in relation to others and in relation to learning resources. Mentor
Mob.

Peer Learning is an educational practice in which students interact with

other students to attain educational goals." In this context, it can be
compared to the practices that go by the name cooperative learning. Peers can
inspire more people to learn than teachers do. On the Job Training.

Peer Mentoring is a form of mentorship that usually takes place between a

person who has lived through a specific experience (peer mentor) and a person
who is new to that experience (the peer mentee). Professional Guide.

Peer Feedback where feedback is given by one student to another to

provide students more opportunities to learn from each other. Two or more
students work together to check each other's work and give comments to the
peer partner. Comments from peers are called as peer feedback. Peer feedback
can be in the form of corrections, opinions, suggestions, ideas to each other.
Thus, peer feedback is a two-way process in which one cooperates with the
other.

Reciprocal Teaching is an instructional activity that takes the form of a

dialogue between teachers and students regarding segments of text for the
purpose of constructing the meaning of text. Reciprocal teaching is a reading
technique which is thought to promote students' reading comprehension.
A reciprocal approach provides students with four specific reading strategies
that are actively and consciously used to support comprehension: Questioning,
Clarifying, Summarizing, and Predicting. Palincsar (1986) believes the purpose
of reciprocal teaching is to facilitate a group effort between teacher and students
as well as among students in the task of bringing meaning to the text. Reciprocal
teaching is best represented as a dialogue between teachers and students in
which participants take turns assuming the role of teacher. Reciprocal teaching is
most effective in the context of small-group collaborative investigation, which is
maintained by the teacher or reading tutor. Reading Rockets.

Peer Assessment is a process whereby students or their peers grade

assignments or tests based on a teacher’s benchmarks. The practice is
employed to save teachers time and improve students' understanding of course
materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills. Rubrics are often used
in conjunction with Self- and Peer-Assessment.

Peer Education is an approach to Health Promotion, in which Community

Members are supported to promote health-enhancing change among
their peers. Peer education is the teaching or sharing of health information,
values and behavior in educating others who may share similar social
backgrounds or life experiences. Rather than Health Professionals educating
members of the public, the idea behind peer education is that ordinary lay
people are in the best position to encourage healthy behaviour to each other.

Inclusion education refers to a model wherein special needs students spend

most or all of their time with non-special (general education) needs students.
Inclusive education means different and diverse students learning side by side
in the same classroom. They enjoy field trips and after-school activities together.
They participate in student government together. And they attend the same
sports meets and plays.

Community Learning Methods - Tutoring

Service Learning is an educational approach that combines learning objectives

with community service in order to provide a pragmatic, progressive learning
experience while meeting societal needs.

Open Study - Social Studying

Organizational Learning - Study Skills

Experience Learning
Experience is knowledge a person gets by doing something or watching
someone else do it. Experience is learning through actions. Experiences.

Demonstration Teaching - Real Life Examples

Experiential Learning is the process of learning through experience, and is

more specifically defined as "learning through reflection on doing". People don't
always experience the same thing in the same way.
Real-World Application is connecting instruction to real-world applications
that gives meaning to learning, makes it practical, and can help to develop
connections with the greater community. Incorporating real-world
examples becomes more authentic to students because they will be able
to connect the learning to the bigger picture rather than just the classroom.
Students construct meaning and produce knowledge, students use disciplined
inquiry to construct meaning, and students aim their work toward production of
discourse, products, and performances that have value or meaning beyond
success in school.

Authentic Learning builds on the concept of “learning by doing” to increase a

student’s engagement. To succeed, this method needs to have meaning or value
to the student, embody in-depth learning.

Constructivist Learning is an active process in which learners are active

sense makers who seek to build coherent and organized knowledge.”Students
co-construct their learning, with the teacher serving as a guide or facilitator
(oftentimes using technology as a facilitating tool). The teacher doesn’t function
in a purely didactic manner. Constructivism helps students develop problem-
solving skills, critical thinking and creative skills and apply them in meaningful
ways. Inquiry-based instruction, a type of constructivist learning, has
students identify real world problems and then pose and find answers to their
own questions.

Transfer of Learning is the dependency of human conduct, learning, or

performance on prior experience. Educational transfer of learning involves one's
own transferring of knowledge and skills from one problem solving situation to
the next.

"I remember the experiences in my life more then the thoughts and ideas that I
had. I remember the class experiences that I had more then I remember the
tests that I took. You see, experience is a stronger memory. We need to
combine tests with experience."

Experiential Knowledge is knowledge gained through experience, as opposed

to a priori (before experience) knowledge: it can also be contrasted both with
propositional (textbook) knowledge, and with practical knowledge.

Experiential Education describes the process that occurs between a teacher

and student that infuses direct experience with the learning environment and
content.

Experience Curve Effects expresses the relationship between equations for

experience and efficiency or between efficiency gains and investment in the
effort.

Experience is the knowledge or mastery of an event or subject gained through

involvement in or exposure to it.

Experience Point is a unit of measurement used in many tabletop role-

playing games (RPGs) and role-playing video games to quantify a player
character's progression through the game. Experience points are generally
awarded for the completion of quests, overcoming obstacles and opponents, and
for successful role-playing.

Empiricism is a theory which believes that all knowledge comes

from experience. (Reading is the experience that can accumulate the most
knowledge).

Errorless Learning states that errors are not necessary for learning to
occur. Errors are not a function of learning or vice versa nor are they blamed on
the learner. Errors are a function of poor analysis of behavior, a poorly designed
shaping program, moving too fast from step to step in the program, and the lack
of the prerequisite behavior necessary for success in the program." Errorless
learning can also be understood at a synaptic level, using the principle of
Hebbian learning, which says Neurons that fire together wire together.

Dual Education System combines apprenticeships in a company

and vocational education at a vocational school in one course.

Cooperative Education is a structured method of combining classroom-based

education with practical work experience. A cooperative education experience,
commonly known as a "co-op", provides academic credit for structured job
experience.

Cooperative Learning is an educational approach which aims to organize

classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences.

Situated Learning is the relationship between learning and the social situation
in which it occurs.

Emergent Curriculum planning curriculum that focuses on being responsive to

children's interests to create meaningful learning experiences. It can be
practiced at any grade level.

Vocal Learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire
new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations. "Vocalizations" in this
case refers only to sounds generated by the vocal organ (mammalian larynx or
avian syrinx) as opposed to by the lips, teeth, and tongue, which require
substantially less motor control. A rare trait, vocal learning is a critical substrate
for spoken language and has only been detected in eight animal groups
despite the wide array of vocalizing species; these include humans, bats,
cetaceans, pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), elephants, and three distantly related
bird groups including songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds. Vocal learning is
distinct from auditory learning, or the ability to form memories of sounds
heard, a relatively common trait which is present in all vertebrates tested. For
example, dogs can be trained to understand the word "sit" even though the
human word is not in its innate auditory repertoire (auditory learning). However,
the dog cannot imitate and produce the word "sit" itself as vocal learners can.

Contextual Learning occurs only when students process new information or

knowledge in such a way that it makes sense to them in their own frames of
reference (their own inner worlds of memory, experience, and response). The
mind naturally seeks meaning in context by searching for relationships that
make sense and appear useful.

Brain circuit helps us learn by watching others. Scientists pinpoint neural

interactions that are necessary for observational learning.

Simultaneous Subject Teaching

Integrative Learning
Sequence Learning
Apprenticeship
Intern
On the Job Training

Passion Based Learning: Standards-based education stifles engagement

and passion in students. We must switch from a control narrative in the
classroom to a passion narrative. Passion-based learning is about finding a
“hero,” learning what makes him/her successful, and acquiring the practices and
the norms of established practitioners in that field. The Schoolwide Enrichment
Model identifies student strengths, nurtures skills, and creates authentic
opportunities for students to utilize these skills not just as students, but as
practicing professionals providing experiences and opportunities to work and
learn with others in the fields in which they are interested.

Informal learning referred to as learning by experience or just as experience.

Peripatetic School is walking while you learn.

Place-Based Education employing students and school staff in solving

community problems. The community as one of the primary resources for
learning.
Learning Outside the Classroom

Augmented Learning is an on-demand learning technique where the

environment adapts to the learner. By providing remediation on-demand,
learners can gain greater understanding of a topic while stimulating discovery
and learning.

Total Physical Response is a language teaching method based on the

coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR, instructors give
commands to students in the target language, and students respond with whole-
body actions.

Action Learning

Problem Based Learning is a student-centered pedagogy in which students

learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended
problem. Students learn both thinking strategies and domain knowledge.

Project Based Learning is a student-centered pedagogy that involves a

dynamic classroom approach in which students acquire a deeper knowledge
through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems. Students learn
about a subject by working for an extended period of time to investigate and
respond to a complex question, challenge, or problem. It is a style of active
learning and inquiry-based learning. PBL contrasts with paper-based, rote
memorization, or teacher-led instruction that simply presents established facts
or portrays a smooth path to knowledge by instead posing questions, problems
or scenarios.

Outcome-Based Education bases each part of an educational system around

goals (outcomes). By the end of the educational experience, each student should
have achieved the goal. There is no single specified style of teaching or
assessment in OBE; instead, classes, opportunities, and assessments should all
help students achieve the specified outcomes. The role of the faculty adapts into
instructor, trainer, facilitator, and/or mentor based on the outcomes targeted.
Outcomes Driven Model.

Professional Development is learning to earn or maintain professional

credentials such as academic degrees to formal coursework, conferences and
informal learning opportunities situated in practice.

Vocational Learning (careers)

Associative Learning (Simultaneous)

Vicarious Observational Learning is learning that occurs through observing

the behavior of others, which needs to be selective in order to be accurate.
You need to be Careful what you Learn.

Flip Teaching is an instructional strategy and a type of blended learning that

reverses the traditional learning environment by delivering instructional content,
often online, outside of the classroom. It moves activities, including those that
may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. In a
flipped classroom, students watch online lectures, collaborate in online
discussions, or carry out research at home and engage in concepts in the
classroom with the guidance of a mentor.
Vimeo

Reverse Instruction is the idea of having students consume learning content

(i.e. ‘the lecture’) outside of the classroom, usually as homework, thereby
freeing up valuable face-to-face classroom time to reinforce materials and work
on assigned work (work that may have been homework in the traditional
classroom). This approach is also referred to as “flipping the classroom”.

Learning by Teaching allows pupils and students to prepare and to teach

lessons, or parts of lessons. Choosing their own methods and didactic
approaches in teaching classmates that subject.

Show and Tell is a common expression about showing an audience something

and telling them about it. It is used to teach young children the skills of public
speaking.

Social Constructionism (influences)

Social Emotional Learning is the process through which children and adults
acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to
understand and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show
empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make
responsible decisions.

Language and Thought (thinking)

People Smart

Outdoor Education usually refers to organized learning that takes place in

the outdoors.

Adventure Schools

Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information

or resources.

Learning from Mistakes

Experience Sampling Method is when a person stops at certain times and

make notes of their experience in real time. The point is for them to record
temporal things like feelings while in the moment (right then, not later; right
there, not elsewhere).

Reinforcement Learning differs from standard supervised learning in that

correct input/output pairs are never presented, nor sub-optimal actions explicitly
corrected. Further, there is a focus on on-line performance, which involves
finding a balance between exploration (of uncharted territory) and exploitation
(of current knowledge).

Reinforcement - Praise
Gratification Rewards
Classical Conditioning - Operant Conditioning

Breakthrough in Decoding Brain Function. New research advances

understanding of the function of the brain’s anterior cingulate cortex and its
tie to human learning.

Applied Behavior Analysis is analyzing the principles of learning theory and

systematically applying this technology to change behavior of social significance.

Learning Styles refers to a range of differences in individuals' learning

abilities.

Learning Styles
An Explanation of Learning Styles
7 Styles of Learning

Q-Learning is a model-free Reinforcement Learning Technique. It works by

learning an action-value function that ultimately gives the expected utility of
taking a given action in a given state and following the optimal policy thereafter

Psychomotor Learning is the relationship between cognitive functions and

physical movement. Psychomotor learning is demonstrated by physical skills
such as movement, coordination, manipulation, dexterity, grace, strength,
speed; actions which demonstrate the fine motor skills such as use of precision
instruments or tools.

Movement in Learning is a teaching method based on the concept that

humans learn better through movement.

Kinesthetic Learning (Tactile) - Body Intelligence

Practice Learning through Repetition

Practice Learning is the act of rehearsing a behavior over and over, or
engaging in an activity again and again, for the purpose of improving or
mastering it, as in the phrase "practice makes perfect". Sports teams practice
to prepare for actual games. Focused Learning.

Power Law of Practice states that the logarithm of the reaction time for a
particular task decreases linearly with the logarithm of the number of practice
trials taken. It is an example of the learning curve effect on performance.

10,000 Hours - Training - Coaching - Skill

Rehearsal is a form of practicing, to ensure that all details of the subsequent

performance are adequately prepared and coordinated. Routines - Cycles.

Habituation is a form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases to

respond to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Essentially, the organism
learns to stop responding to a stimulus which is no longer biologically relevant.

Spaced Repetition is a learning technique that incorporates increasing intervals

of time between subsequent review of previously learned material in order to
exploit the psychological spacing effect.

Repetition is an event that repeats. The repeated use of the same word or
word pattern. The act of doing or performing something over and over again.

Memory Techniques - Learn without Memorizing

Rote Learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. The idea is

that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more one
repeats it. Better alternatives to just rote learning include meaningful
learning, associative learning, and active learning. Without Redundancy.
Just because people can remember facts and details about a person, place or an
event for a test, that does not mean that they understand what that something
means as a whole. Just remembering facts and details is almost useless if you
can't explain what those facts and details mean. It's like having words without
definitions. You're not processing anything valuable, you're just recalling
information without any purpose, without any intent and without any
understanding. Another good reason why education needs to improve and start
providing more knowledge and information that every person in the world needs.
When you dumb down schools, colleges and universities, then people end not
even knowing what dumbing down means.

Repetition as a rhetorical device is the simple repeating of a word, within

a short space of words (including in a poem), with no particular placement of the
words to secure emphasis. It is a multilinguistic written or spoken device,
frequently used in English and several other languages, and so rarely termed a
figure of speech.

Summer Slide is a decline in reading ability and other academic skills that can
occur over the summer months. Summer Learning Loss is the loss of
academic skills and knowledge over the course of summer holidays. (This
happens because schools don't understand teaching and learning, if kids can
forget what they learn, then they're not learning. Summer schools
and homeworkare indicators that schools are failing).

Flashcard is a set of cards bearing information, as words or numbers, on either

or both sides, used in classroom drills or in private study. One writes a question
on a card and an answer overleaf. Flashcards can bear vocabulary, historical
dates, formulas or any subject matter that can be learned via a question-and-
answer format. Flashcards are widely used as a learning drill to aid
memorization by way of spaced repetition.

Redundancy refers to information that is expressed more than once.

Aptitude (skills) - Aptitude (instruct) - Competence

Hierarchy Learning models for representing purported structural and/or

functional relationships between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.
"Typically information is defined in terms of data, knowledge in terms of
information, and wisdom in terms of knowledge"

Internet

E-Learning is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and

improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources.

Online Learning vs. Classroom Learning

Personal Learning Network is an informal learning network that consists of

the people a learner interacts with and derives knowledge from in a personal
learning environment. In a PLN, a person makes a connection with another
person with the specific intent that some type of learning will occur because of
that connection.

Networked Learning is a process of developing and maintaining connections

with people and information, and communicating in such a way so as to support
one another's learning. The central term in this definition is connections. It takes
a relational stance in which learning takes place both in relation to others and in
relation to learning resources.

Concept Learning are the mental categories that help us classify objects,
events, or ideas, building on the understanding that each object, event, or idea
has a set of common relevant features. Thus, concept learning is a strategy
which requires a learner to compare and contrast groups or categories that
contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain
concept-relevant features.

Indigenous Education - Culture.

Holistic Education is when each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in
life through connections to the community, to the natural world, and to
humanitarian values such as compassion and peace. Holistic education aims to
call forth from people an intrinsic reverence for life and a passionate love of
learning.

Theories about Learning

Education Theory seeks to know, understand and prescribe educational
policy and practice.

Learning Theories are instructional design principles and how they relate to
teaching and learning.

Learning Theories
Science of Learning (PDF)
Science of Learning
Learning Processes and Learning Theory's
Learning Theories (youtube)

Learning Theory Education are conceptual frameworks describing how

information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive,
emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a
part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed and
knowledge and skills retained.

Learning Specialists
Scientific Methods for Learning

Bloom's Taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used to classify

educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The
three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective and sensory
domains.

Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, the rationality of belief, and

justification.

Precision Teaching is a precise and systematic method of evaluating

instructional tactics and curricula.

Authentic Instruction

Classroom
Management
Education Reform Teaching Styles
Learning Disabilities
Behavior
How to Study Tips
Audio Books
Questioning
Testing
Unlearning - Relearning
Unschooling
Extended Learning
Lesson Study
Linear vs. Non-linear

Cognitive Science
Memory Vulnerabilities

Visual Learning is a style in which a learner utilizes graphs, charts, maps and
diagrams.
Mind Maps

Visual Thinking is the phenomenon of thinking through visual processing.

Described as seeing words as a series of pictures.

Visual Processing is the sequence of steps that information takes as it flows

from visual sensors to cognitive processing.

Spatial Intelligence

Perceptual Learning is the process of learning improved skills of perception.

These improvements range from simple sensory discriminations (e.g.,
distinguishing two musical tones from one another) to complex categorizations
of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to real-world expertise (e.g., reading,
seeing relations among chess pieces, knowing whether or not an X-ray image
shows a tumor). Sensory modalities may include visual, auditory, tactile,
olfactory, and taste. Perceptual learning forms important foundations of complex
cognitive processes (i.e., language) and interacts with other kinds of learning to
produce perceptual expertise. Underlying perceptual learning are changes in the
neural circuitry. The ability for perceptual learning is retained throughout life.

Auditory Learning is a learning style in which a person learns through

listening. An auditory learner depends on hearing and speaking as a main way of
learning. Auditory learners must be able to hear what is being said in order to
understand and may have difficulty with instructions that are drawn but if the
writing is in a logical order it can be easier to understand . They also use their
listening and repeating skills to sort through the information that is sent to
them.

Whole Body Learning

Behavior Modification

Programmed Instruction is learning material in a kind of textbook or teaching

machine or computer. The medium presents the material in a logical and tested
sequence. The text is in small steps or larger chunks. After each step, learners
are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct
answer is shown. This means the learner at all stages makes responses, and is
given immediate knowledge of results.

Distributed Practice where practice is broken up into a number of short

sessions - over a longer period of time.

Varied Practice refers to the use of a training schedule that includes frequent
changes of task so that the performer is constantly confronting novel
representations of the to-be-learned information.

Problem Solving - Creative Thinking - Intelligence

Sleep-Learning is an attempt to convey information to a sleeping person,

typically by playing a sound recording to them while they sleep. Research on this
has been inconclusive. Some early studies tended to discredit the technique's
effectiveness, while others have found that the brain indeed reacts to stimuli and
processes them while we are asleep.

Analogies
Psychometrics refers to the field in psychology and education that is devoted
to testing, measurement, assessment, and related activities. One part of the
field is concerned with the objective measurement of skills and knowledge,
abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational achievement.

Synesthesia is when the stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads

to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.

Learning Object is "a collection of content items, practice items, and

assessment items that are combined based on a single learning objective.

Imperative Programming

Logic - Wisdom - Enlightenment

Theory of Mind is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents,

desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand
that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different
from one's own.
Theory of Mind (youtube).

Reflective Practice is the ability to reflect on an action so as to engage in a

process of continuous learning. According to one definition it involves "paying
critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday
actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to
developmental insight". A key rationale for reflective practice is that experience
alone does not necessarily lead to learning; deliberate reflection on experience is
essential.

Hybrid Education Models

Innovative Learning Designs

Constructivist Theory is a philosophical viewpoint about the nature of

knowledge. Specifically, it represents an epistemological stance.

Modeling Instruction

Procedural Knowledge also known as imperative knowledge, is the knowledge

exercised in the performance of some task. See below for the specific meaning
of this term in cognitive psychology and intellectual property law.

Lateral Thinking

Learning Strategies
Learning Styles (youtube)
Learning Techniques (PDF)
Learning Management System

Alternative Education encompassing many different pedagogical approaches

differing from that of the mainstream pedagogy employed in a culture. Such
alternative learning environments may be found within state, charter, and
independent schools as well as home-based learning environments. Many, but
not all educational alternatives emphasize small class sizes, close relationships
between students and teachers and a sense of community.

Advanced Placement offers college-level curricula and examinations to high

school students.

International Baccalaureate offers four educational programmes for children

aged 3–19. The learner profile concisely describes the aspirations of a global
community that shares the values underlying the IB’s educational philosophy.
The IB learner profile describes the attributes and outcomes of education for
international-mindedness.
Teach Learning Styles
Whole Brain Teaching
Teachable Agents
Teachable Agents
Instructional Objectives (PDF)
A Robot Which Children Can Teach to Write - The CoWriter
Project (youtube)
Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI)
Differentiated Instruction (PDF)
Differentiated Instruction

Paideia
Enrichment Activities
Teaching Research
Games and Toys for Learning
Brain Based Learning
Learning Approaches

Discovery Learning

Subjectivity
Objectivity
Reasoning
Cognitive Science
Cognitive Bias
Hypothetical Thinking
Praising - Punishing

Constructivist Teaching Methods is based on constructivist learning theory.

Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners
are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge
construction as opposed to passively receiving information. Learners are the
makers of meaning and knowledge.

Automatic Summarization is the process of reducing a text document with a

computer program in order to create a summary that retains the most important
points of the original document. |

Implicit
Subliminal Messaging is sensory stimuli Below an individual's threshold
for conscious perception. A recent review of functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate specific regions of
the brain despite participants being unaware. Visual stimuli may be quickly
flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked,
thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible
volumes or masked by other stimuli. Brain Washing.

Implicit Learning is the learning of complex information in an incidental

manner, without awareness of what has been learned.
Explicit Knowledge

Neurological Mechanisms - Hypnosis

Purposes of Learning

Music as a Teaching Tool - Music

Teaching and Learning are the same subject. You can't teach unless you
learn and you can't learn unless you teach, even if you are teaching yourself.
Teaching and learning are part of the same process that's needed to transfer
information. And you need to be conscious of the process of transferring
information, you need to ask these 5 questions, What am I learning? (define the
information?) Why am I learning this? (the importance and value of this
information?) Where am I learning this? (options and choices?) When am I
learning this? (options and choices?) How am I learning this? (options and
choices?) W-W-W-W-H.

These Retention Rates are not Normal, you can remember a 100% of what you
have read, hear and see, you just have to learn how. You don't want to limit the
ways that you can learn.

In Japan, teachers had always depended on jugyokenkyu, which translates

literally as “Lesson Study,” a set of practices that Japanese teachers use to
hone their craft. A teacher first plans lessons, then teaches in front of an
audience of students and other teachers along with at least one university
observer. Then the observers talk with the teacher about what has just taken
place. Each public lesson poses a hypothesis, a new idea about how to help
children learn. And each discussion offers a chance to determine whether it
worked. Without jugyokenkyu, it was no wonder the American teachers’ work fell
short of the model set by their best thinkers. Without jugyokenyku, Takahashi
never would have learned to teach at all. Neither, certainly, would the rest of
Japan’s teachers. - NY Times.

The goal is to create personalized programs of instruction and custom lesson

plans that are based on the students skill level and learning style.

People with Synesthesia tend to perform better on memory tasks, particularly

involving color, abstract patterns or words and this can also be transferred to
creative disciplines such as music. - Science Daily.

Hattie Ranking Influences Effect Sizes Achievement Rangliste. (Image

Chart) - An overview of the Hattie effect size list that contains 138 influences
and effect sizes across all areas related to student achievement.

"Anyone who can learn can eventually become a teacher, but not every teacher
will continue to learn, Why?"
Teaching Adults

"It's easier to educate a child correctly the first time than it is to re-educate an
adult."

"It's easier to build strong children than to repair broken men." - Frederick
Douglass.

Do it Right the First Time...it's a lot easier, it's more effective, and it also saves a
lot of time, no need to repair.

Everyone alive today has the ability to learn anything they want, and understand
things. But if you don't have access, or if you don't pursue knowledge and
information, you will never truly understand life, or will you ever know how
much you're missing.

Adulting is the practice of behaving in a way characteristic of

a responsible adult. A person who is always learning.

The reasons why most people don't want to learn is because most people don't
fully understand what learning is, and also, they have never learned anything
valuable, like understanding the power that some knowledge gives you, power
that you can carry with you your entire life. Please don't stop learning, it's the
most important ability that you have, don't waste it.

People can sometimes feel that learning is perceived as a chore. Things like
fatigue, hunger, environmental stresses can diminish the need to learn. This is a
learning disability that everyone should be aware of. If people understood what
learning is, and also know what is needed to learn, then learning would be
natural, effective and efficient without spending too much effort or time. If you
can set times for eating and sleeping, then you could set times for learning,
even though you can have flexibility. And you have to have learning goals that
are in order, with each new subject learned is progressing you forward.

It's not just that people are ignorant, it's the knowledge that people do have that
keeps them from learning and becoming more knowledgeable. If a person can
not understand what they hear, read or feel, then you will have a very difficult
time educating them. This is why 90% of all humans are ignorant to some
degree in 2018. That's because they learned very little when young and then
they were fooled into believing that what they knew was enough to understand
themselves and the world around them. A lie that is the cause of almost every
problem on the planet throughout our history and present time.

Everyone has a Learning Disability. It's not that people can't learn or have
problems learning, it's just that they don't want to learn or feel the need to learn
or feel the need to ask questions, and that is a learning disability because people
are not learning anything new so they are not becoming more knowledgeable
about themselves and the world around them. So people will never fully
understand themselves or understand the world around them. People with
learning disabilities always need extra help, but the public gets very little help
from the schools, from the universities, from the media, from the corporations,
from public services and even from Hollywood. Not one institution is helping the
public with their learning disabilities. We have to stop living in denial. When
people are not learning, then problems will continue to happen and get worse,
just as they are now all over the world. If weincentivize people to learn, and
if people learn how to improve their lives and the world around them, then we
would solve every problem in the world.

"You can lead a horse to

water, but you can't make it drink. You can present someone with an
opportunity, but you cannot force him or her to take advantage of it. You can’t
teach someone who doesn’t want to learn or grow personally."

Education Quotes
Helping Adults Learn (PDF)
Teaching Adults is Challenging (PDF)
Andragogy is the theory and practice of education of adults.
Neuroplasticity
Ignorance

Education Specialist
Classroom Management
Learning Principles and Impediments
Social Learning

Learning is Fun and Easy, but you have to make learning fun and easy
because learning is not fun and easy for everyone all the time. Learning needs to
be deliberate, and the process of learning must be understood. Learning is
an innate ability that is natural for everyone. But just because learning is an
instinct that you were born with, learning does not come with instructions and
procedures that would help you fully utilize the power of learning. You can make
a horrible mistake, but if you don't realize the mistake because of your lack of
knowledge, then you will not learn anything valuable and you will miss a
chance to progress. And learning is all about progress. Learning is about
increasing the quality of life and increasing the quality of living. The power of
learning is similar to the power of money. If you always have enough money,
but if you spend the money on things that do more harm than good, then having
money is a bad thing and you will not benefit from having enough money the
way you should. Learning is a power, but if you learn the wrong things or don't
learn enough, then the power of learning may do you more harm than good.
Learning needs to be deliberate, and the process of learning must be
understood. You don't have to remind yourself to breathe, but do do have to
remind yourself to breathe deliberately. You don't have to remind yourself to
learn, but you do have to remind yourself to learn deliberately. It's like having
all the money in the world, you can use the money wisely, effectively and
efficiently to bring wealth and prosperity to everyone, or you can be
selfish, negligent and wasteful with the money and watch millions of people die,
like they do every year. Learning needs to be deliberate, and if you are not
learning what's important and valuable or learn the right things at the right time,
then learning may do you more harm than good.

"Some things are easy to learn, and some things are hard to learn, but they are
never impossible to learn."

"There is always incentives and rewards when it comes to learning, but only if
you are aware of them."

They say that Adults cannot be made to learn. But that is exactly what they do
to children in schools, and you wonder why adults don't want to learn. They also
say that Adults will only learn when they are internally motivated to do so,
which is false. Motivation is not needed to learn. And incentives need to be
accurately measured and calculated so they fully explain the inputs and outputs
as well as the cause and effects at each step. Money is not a reason, things
need to be fully explained. Remember, we are "Learning".
Four Basic Requirements for Learning

First, a person needs clearly understood reasons why the knowledge is

necessary and valuable. Second, people need the time to acquire new
knowledge and information. Third, people need easy access to valuable
knowledge and information. Forth, people need a way to accurately measure
their performance and have the necessary tools to test themselves. Fifth,
people need to see that all their time and effort pays off, and that their lives will
continually improve. This way other people will also be encouraged to take part
in this learning journey. (Perquisites that can help: Understands learning.
Knows several learning techniques. Knows how to accurately identify valuable
knowledge and information. Knows how to manage Life and Time. Has read
BK101.)

People have difficulty learning and progressing because they are to busy
processing old information over and over again. And they are also not aware
of the importance of acquiring new information, or do people have the skills to
access valuable knowledge and information. This learning disability is the direct
result of our dysfunctional education systems and the media. For humans,
processing information and thinking is good and natural, but not learning new
information is really bad and extremely unnatural. And it's not just bad for you,
it's bad for everyone. If you keep pretending to know things, you will never
progress or overcome your ignorance, the same ignorance that you have no idea
even exists because you have been neglecting the responsibility of learning.

Capacity is the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to

understand the facts and significance of your behavior. Capability
to perform or produce. The maximum production possible. The amount that
can be contained. (computer science) the amount of information (in bytes) that
can be stored on a disk drive, or in this case, The Human Brain and
its Memory.

Adults will only learn what they feel they need to learn. But it's a bad idea to rely
on your feelings when it comes to learning.

End of History illusion is a psychological illusion in which individuals of all ages

believe that they have experienced significant personal growth and changes in
tastes up to the present moment, but will not substantially grow or mature in
the future. Despite recognizing that their perceptions have evolved, individuals
predict that their perceptions will remain roughly the same in the future. The
illusion is based on the fact that at any given developmental stage, an individual
can observe a relatively low level of maturity in previous stages. The
phenomenon affects teenagers, middle-aged individuals, and seniors. In general,
people tend to see significant changes in hindsight, but fail to predict that these
changes will continue. For example, a 20-year-old's impression of how great a
change they will undergo in the next ten years will not be as extreme as a 30-
year-old's recollection of the changes they underwent between the ages of 20
and 30. The same phenomenon is true for people of any age. The reason for the
illusion has not been studied, although researchers speculate that a resistance or
fear of change may be causal.

Adults learn by doing. Active participation is especially important to adult

learners in comparison to children. But we should be teaching children the same
way since we all ready know this.

Adult learning is problem-based and these problems must be realistic. Adult

learners like finding solutions to problems.
Adult learning is affected by the experience each adult brings.

Adults learn best informally. Adults learn what they feel they need to know
whereas children learn from a curriculum, which is stupid, children should have
the right to learn what they need to know and want to know, within reason of
course. Children want guidance. Adults want information that will help them
improve their situation or that of their children. Now you're getting it. You're still
a child.

People don't seek knowledge and skills they don't use, or rarely use. If you
rarely use a particular knowledge and or skill, then people will have no incentive
to learn something new. But if you guaranteed a job to that person, and fully
explain the estimated income and the benefits from that job, then people will
have the incentive to learn new knowledge and the incentive to learn new skills.

Pay people to go to school and give them on the Job Training, just like the
Military does. Except this war is a war against ignorance.

What knowledge and skills do you use everyday? Can you read? Can you operate
a telephone? Can you operate a computer? Can you write? Can you
communicate? What increased benefits would you get if you improved these
skills?

World View is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society

encompassing the entirety of the individual or society's knowledge and point of
view. A world view can include natural philosophy; fundamental, existential, and
normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics.

Your world view depends on how much relevant knowledge and information that
you have and understand, knowledge that is accurate and up to date. You are
what you know, and if what you know is distorted and incomplete, then your
world view will become distorted and incomplete. And the only way to overcome
this ignorance is to continually educate yourself so that the knowledge and
information you acquire gives you a more accurate and complete understanding
of yourself and the world around you, which is one of the main goals of BK101.

To many people make the mistake in believing that they know the
answers to certain questions, which usually stops a person from learning
more, thus people will never have any conformation or proof that their answers
are accurate, which is dangerous because it leaves a person vulnerable to
mistakes and also vulnerable to being manipulated.

Don't Stop Learning

Characteristics of Adult Learners
Adult learners have characteristics that set them apart from 'traditional' school
or college learners. All adults come to courses with a variety and range of
experiences, both in terms of their working life and educational backgrounds.
This impacts on how and why they participate in learning. While each student
has individual learning needs, there are some characteristics that are common to
adult learners: Adults have accumulated life experiences. Adults come to courses
with experiences and knowledge in diverse areas. They tend to favor practical
learning activities that enable them to draw on their prior skills and knowledge.
Adults are realistic and have insights about what is likely to work and what is
not. They are readily able to relate new facts to past experiences and enjoy
having their talents and knowledge explored in a teaching situation. Adults have
established opinions, values and beliefs which have been built up over time
and arrived at following experience of families, relationships, work, community,
politics, etc. These views cannot be dismissed and must be respected.

Interference Theory is theory regarding human memory. Interference occurs

in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer
effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative
influence in comprehending the new material. Bringing to memory old
knowledge has the effect of impairing both the speed of learning and memory
performance. There are two main kinds of interference: Proactive
interference is when past memories inhibit an individual’s full potential to
retain new memories. And Retroactive interference occurs when newly
learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned
information. This is because most people never learned what learning
is, so most people don't have the knowledge or skills to learn things, so they will
never continue to learn, and gradually become more and more intelligent each
day. This is why schools fail. They don't teach students what learning is, or do
they teach what valuable knowledge is.

You learn how to swim so that you don't have to worry about
drowning. You learn how to ride a bike so that you have the freedom to travel
anytime that you want. You learn how learn so that you can understand more
about yourself and the world around you, so you never have to worry about your
ignorance keeping you from having a life that you choose, or stopping you from
pursuing your dreams. Freedom, Power, Control, Potential and Endless
Possibilities.

Adults are intrinsically motivated. But just being born with motivation will not
help you until you learn things that are valuable and important. When you're
hungry you are motivated to eat, but it f you eat unhealthy food, then you will
suffer and die early.

Learners increase their effort when motivated by a need, an interest, or a

desire to learn. They are also motivated by the relevance of the material to be
addressed and learn better when material is related to their own needs and
interests. For learners to be fully engaged in learning their attention must be
fully focused on the material presented.

Individual differences. Adults learn at various rates and in different ways

according to their intellectual ability, educational level, personality and cognitive
learning styles. Teaching strategies must anticipate and accommodate differing
comprehension rates of learners.

Adults learn best in a democratic, participatory and collaborative environment .

Adults need to be actively involved in determining how and what they will learn,
and they need active, not passive, learning experiences.

Adult students are mature people and prefer to be treated as such. Being
'lectured at' causes resentment and frustration. Adults are goal oriented /
relevancy oriented. Adults need to know why they are learning something.
Adults have needs that are concrete and immediate. They can be impatient with
long discussions on theory and like to see theory applied to practical problems.
They are task or problem-centered rather than subject-centered. Adults tend
to be more interested in theory when it is linked to practical application.

Adults are autonomous and self-directed. They are self-reliant learners and
prefer to work at their own pace. Individuals learn best when they are ready to
learn and when they have identified their own learning needs. Where a student
is directed by someone else to attend a course, e.g. by an employer, then that
individual may not be ready to learn or may not see the value in participating on
that course. This can lead to a mismatch of goals between all parties - student,
employer and trainer. Adults are practical and problem-solvers. Adults are more
impatient in the pursuit of learning objectives. They are less tolerant of work
that does not have immediate and direct application to their objectives. Problem
based learning exercises are welcomed as they build on prior experience and
provide opportunity for practical application of materials/theories covered. Adults
are sometimes tired when they attend classes. Many students are juggling
classes with work, family, etc. They, therefore, appreciate varied teaching
methods that add interest and a sense of liveliness to the class.

Adults may have logistical considerations, including. Family and caring

responsibilities including childcare and/or eldercare, Careers, Social
commitments, Time, Money, Schedules, Transportation, Lack of knowledge and
skills.

Ageing concerns. Adults frequently worry about being the oldest person in a
class and are concerned about the impact this may have on their ability to
participate with younger students. Creating an environment where all
participants feel they have a valuable contribution can work to allay such
concerns.

Learning Analytics

Adults may have insufficient confidence. Students come to class with varying
levels of confidence. Some may have had poor prior experiences of education
leading to feelings of inadequacy and fear of study and failure. This can manifest
itself in many ways, as indicated in the next section.
Theory and Research-based Principles of Learning

The following list presents the basic principles that underlie effective learning.
These principles are distilled from research from a variety of disciplines.

Theory and Research-based Principles of Learning

Learning Impediments (PDF)
Limiting a key chemical messenger Adenosine in the brain helps extend
efficient auditory learning much later in life.

Students’ prior knowledge can help or hinder learning. Bias

Students come into courses with knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes gained in
other courses and through daily life. As students bring this knowledge to bear in
our classrooms, it influences how they filter and interpret what they are
learning. If students’ prior knowledge is robust and accurate and activated at the
appropriate time, it provides a strong foundation for building new knowledge.
However, when knowledge is inert, insufficient for the task, activated
inappropriately, or inaccurate, it can interfere with or impede new learning.

Stages of Learning

How students organize knowledge influences how they learn and apply what
they know.

Students naturally make connections between pieces of knowledge. When

those connections form knowledge structures that are accurately and
meaningfully organized, students are better able to retrieve and apply their
knowledge effectively and efficiently. In contrast, when knowledge is connected
in inaccurate or random ways, students can fail to retrieve or apply it
appropriately.
Students’ motivation determines, directs, and sustains what they do to learn.

As students enter college and gain greater autonomy over what, when, and how
they study and learn, motivation plays a critical role in guiding the direction,
intensity, persistence, and quality of the learning behaviors in which they
engage. When students find positive value in a learning goal or activity, expect
to successfully achieve a desired learning outcome, and perceive support from
their environment, they are likely to be strongly motivated to learn.

To develop mastery, students must acquire component skills, practice

integrating them, and know when to apply what they have learned.

Students must develop not only the component skills and knowledge necessary
to perform complex tasks, they must also practice combining and integrating
them to develop greater fluency and automaticity. Finally, students must learn
when and how to apply the skills and knowledge they learn. As instructors, it is
important that we develop conscious awareness of these elements of mastery so
as to help our students learn more effectively.

Goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback enhances the quality of

students’ learning.

Learning and performance are best fostered when students engage in practice
that focuses on a specific goal or criterion, targets an appropriate level of
challenge, and is of sufficient quantity and frequency to meet the performance
criteria. Practice must be coupled with feedback that explicitly communicates
about some aspect(s) of students’ performance relative to specific target criteria,
provides information to help students progress in meeting those criteria, and is
given at a time and frequency that allows it to be useful.

Students’ current level of development interacts with the social, emotional, and
intellectual climate of the course to impact learning.

Students are not only intellectual but also social and emotional beings, and they
are still developing the full range of intellectual, social, and emotional skills.
While we cannot control the developmental process, we can shape the
intellectual, social, emotional, and physical aspects of classroom climate in
developmentally appropriate ways. In fact, many studies have shown that the
climate we create has implications for our students. A negative climate may
impede learning and performance, but a positive climate can energize students’
learning.

To become self-directed learners, students must learn to monitor and adjust

their approaches to learning.

Learners may engage in a variety of metacognitive processes to monitor and

control their learning—assessing the task at hand, evaluating their own
strengths and weaknesses, planning their approach, applying and monitoring
various strategies, and reflecting on the degree to which their current approach
is working. Unfortunately, students tend not to engage in these processes
naturally. When students develop the skills to engage these processes, they gain
intellectual habits that not only improve their performance but also their
effectiveness as learners.

Bibliography
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and social psychology (pp. 19-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carver, C.S. & Scheier, M.F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Clement, J.J. (1982). Students’ preconceptions in introductory mechanics.
American Journal of Physics, 50, 66-71.
DiSessa, A. (1982). Unlearning Aristotelian physics: A study of knowledge-based
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(Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 24-41). New Haven, CT: Yale
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In D. Y. Dai & R. J. Sternberg
(Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on
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National Academy Press.
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Feral
A world without words

Even when we knew very little about learning, we were still able to reach the
minds of some of the most unique people who were denied language and
knowledge. They have taught us so much about how we learn, and we still
have a lot more to learn.

Victor of Aveyron was a French feral child who was found at the age of around
twelve. (c. 1788 – 1828).

The Wild Child tells the story of a child who spends the first eleven or twelve
years of his life with little or no human contact.

Genie Feral Child is the pseudonym for a feral child who was a victim of
severe abuse, neglect, and social isolation. Her circumstances are prominently
recorded in the annals of linguistics and abnormal child psychology. (born 1957).

A Man Without Words is a book and case study of a 27-year-old deaf man
whom Schaller teaches to sign for the first time, challenging the Critical Period
Hypothesis that humans cannot learn language after a certain age.

Language Deprivation is associated with the lack of linguistic stimuli that are
necessary for the language acquisition processes in an individual, usually in a
very impoverished environment. Experiments involving language deprivation are
very scarce due to the ethical controversy associated with it. Sign Language.

Helen Keller was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was
the first deaf-blind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree. The story of how
Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near
complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to
communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the
play and film The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace in West Tuscumbia, Alabama,
is now a museum and sponsors an annual "Helen Keller Day". Her birthday on
June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
and was authorized at the federal level by presidential proclamation by
President Jimmy Carter in 1980, the 100th anniversary of her birth. A prolific
author, Keller was well-traveled and outspoken in her convictions. A member of
the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, she
campaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights, socialism, antimilitarism,
and other similar causes. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of
Fame in 1971 and was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers
Hall of Fame on June 8, 2015. Helen proved to the world that deaf people
could all learn to communicate and that they could survive in the hearing
world. She also taught that deaf people are capable of doing things that hearing
people can do. She is one of the most famous deaf people in history and she is
an idol to many deaf people in the world. (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968).

Feral Child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a
very young age where they have little or no experience of human care, behavior,
or, crucially, of human language. Some feral children have been confined by
people (usually their own parents), and in some cases this child abandonment
was due to the parents’ rejection of a child's severe intellectual or physical
impairment. Feral children may have experienced severe abuse or trauma before
being abandoned or running away.

10 Disturbing Cases Of Feral Children (youtube)

Martin Pistorius: How my mind came back to life — and no one

knew (video)

Solitary Confinement - Introvert (isolation)

Experiences (humans need more then just experiences)

Brain Plasticity

In the 1994 Movie Stargate they showed how corrupt leaders can enslave
people and control people by making reading andwriting against the law.
America did something similar, they controlled what schools were teaching
students so that students never had enough knowledge to understand that they
are still slaves and that they are still being controlled and manipulated. And
people have no idea that this is happening because they lack the knowledge and
information to see it. Ignorance is blinding.

Sha'uri, please come back to earth. I would travel the universe and live on
almost any planet to have your love, but earth is pretty nice.

Tabula Rasa refers to the epistemological idea that individuals are born
without built-in mental content and that therefore all knowledge comes from
experience or perception. I believe that people are born with a certain amount of
information, just not enough. Thus they can never overcome being abandoned
or left alone.

Innatism is a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that holds that the

mind is born with ideas / knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a
"blank slate" at birth. The mind may not be a blank slate, but there is still not
enough knowledge and information that would allow you to learn enough on
your own.

Don't Ever Underestimate the Power of

Learning
Everything can be Learned, which means that everything can be improved.

The Power to Learn is our greatest gift. Learning is something that we

are born with. We learned to walk, and we learned to talk, and we did this
without anyone having to explain to us how learning works, because we
are born to learn. But even though learning is a natural ability, and a natural
skill in itself, in order to maximize the enormous amount of benefits that come
from learning, you have to learn the right things at the right time, and in the
right way. Learning is a powerful tool when its used effectively and efficiently.
But if learning is neglected or abused by learning the wrong things at the
wrong time, and in the wrong ways, then the benefits, and the power and the
potential of learning, is minimized. And this is when people struggle and make
mistakes, which causes all the problems that we see today, and all the problems
that we have observed throughout human history. When we finally understand
our gift to learn, we will then see improvements all over the planet, continually
for as long as we live. And we can easily confirm this fact by observing all the
advancements that we have made in the last 100 years, all because we used our
gift to learn. If you keep learning a little each day, then you will become a little
smarter each day, and you will become a little more aware each day, and
become a little more happier each day, and you will have a little more control
each day, you will have a little more freedom each day, a little more power each
day, you will have a little more potential each day, and eventually, you will have
endless possibilities from which to choose from, for the rest of your life.

You could say that Learning is a Gift from God, or you could even say
that learning is a gift from life itself, because Life itself wanted to survive, as
it has from the beginning. So maybe life figured it out that if we can quickly
learn to adapt to changes, we will have a much better chance avoiding
extinction. Because 99% of all life has gone extinct since the beginning of our
planet. And after each extinction life has always bounce back a little stronger,
and a little smarter. And here we are today. Let us not forsake our gift to learn,
we have it for a reason.

Learning Methods - Presentation

Learn to Learn
Learning How to Learn

There's a lot to know about learning because it does not always come natural.
Most of the time you have to chose to learn because learning is a process that
you have to initiate. And if you don't understand the process of learning, you
will not learn effectively.Learning is more then just remembering. Though at
times learning may seem effortless, it does not mean that you have learned
effectively or correctly. So just knowing that you can learn, and proving it
with good grades, says absolutely nothing about your understanding of
learning, or how effective you are as a learner. We have to create a test that
would be a measurement of learning, and not just your ability to remember
facts. So not only will you understand How to Learn, you will also know Why you
Learn, When you Learn, and Where you Learn.

Logically Ordered Steps

Life Long Learning is the same as Life Long Eating

The Power to Learn is within Everyone, Everyone

has the Power to Learn.
Everyone has the Ability to Learn
You're very capable of learning anything you want, anything you put your mind
to, you can learn. That means that you have the ability to solve every problem
in your life and have the ability to solve every problem that this world is
currently suffering from. So never underestimate the importance of knowledge.
Intelligence not only gives you more options and more opportunities, it will also
give you an endless supply of happiness. And remember that learning only
begins with school, the real important learning happens outside school where
you can explore and learn whatever you want, whenever you want and learn as
much as you want. And you'll want to learn as much as you can, because
knowledge is power and potential all rolled up into one.

Cognition - Principles of Learning

"Learning is like climbing a mountain, the higher you climb the more you can
see, and the more you can see the more you can learn, and the more you can
learn about what is beyond the horizon, the more visible things will become."

Hacking Knowledge: 77 Ways to Learn Faster, Deeper, and Better

It's like talking to someone who speaks a different language then you, you don't
understand a word they say. That's because you don't have the necessary
knowledge, information and experience with that particular language in order to
understand it. But anyone can learn to understand a new language, because the
brain has the ability to learn new languages, and learn anything. Anything that
can be communicated through language can be learned. That is why knowing
how to read effectively is so extremely important.
Learning works best when you can request information and knowledge as you
need it. But what if you don't know what information and knowledge is needed?
That is why having a teacher, mentor or tutor can be so valuable.

It's great when you learn something new for the first time, especially when you
learn something that you know is valuable or beneficial, that's a great feeling.
Now imagine learning something valuable everyday. Imagine always having
something to look forward to everyday. Something that will make your day.
Something that will give you a better understanding of yourself and the world
around you. Imagine becoming a little smarter each day, a little more wiser each
day, a little more intelligent each day, and become more aware, with more
abilities, and more possibilities. Imagine being able to solve every problem on
the planet. Imagine having more freedom and more control over your life.
Imagine a world full of endless possibilities. Imagine that you are starting your
learning journey today.

Visit this website once a day, or visit this website once a week and copy and
paste a weeks worth of reading, or link to a few films to watch.

Convert Webpage to Read Offline - Get Pocket to read webpages offline

later. If using Firefox Browser, Right Click on the page that you want to read
later, and then click on Save Page As, and then download folder to smartphone
to read later.

Please remember that there is a sequence to learning, a chronological order.

Something's you have to learn first before you can understand new knowledge
and new information. Sometimes you will find yourself going back to read
something again because you now have more information and knowledge to
understand it more. This is normal. But you always have to remember that
learning the right things at the right time is extremely important. Like first
understanding what learning is and knowing how to be an effective learner. And
then learning how to read. And then learning how to comprehend what you are
reading. And then reading the most valuable knowledge and information that
you can find. And then learning what things you need to learn first and what
things you need to learn second, and so on. Learning should never be a chore or
a burden. Just like eating healthy food everyday, you need to consume healthy
knowledge everyday. Having a healthy mind and a healthy body gives you
incredible potential. And you will also be intelligent as you can possibly be.
Imagine the possibilities

"If you can learn anything you want, then you can be anything you want, learn
to be."

"Learning is so easy a caveman can do it."

"Learning can be as easy as learning a new word"

"When learning, you don't always feel the benefits when it's happening.
Sometimes there is a delayed reaction. Because we have to process
information."

"Everyone can learn, but not everyone learns in the same way, or at the same
speed, or at the same time, or do they learn the same things as you."

"Too many people take learning for granted, and too many people don't even
understand how important learning is, that is the failure of our education
system. Our ability to learn is one of the most important aspects of human life."

“if reading itself is a skill, it must be possible to break this down into different
level of component skills categories.”

Sub-Skills Approach (PDF)

Component Skills (PDF)

"Everything can be explained, maybe not in the same amount of time that was
used for other people, or in the same way as other people, but everything that is
explained can be explained. So if you don't understand it now, don't worry,
because you will eventually understand it because that is a fact of learning, but
only if you keep learning."

"Not wanting to learn is a learning disability, but luckily it's one of the easiest
learning disabilities to correct."

"Learning should never be a chore. It should always be about learning to be

more valuable and learning to be more productive in your life. The rewards are
endless."

"Most people love to have experiences, but not many people enjoy the
experience of learning, why?..they're both extremely important."

"Sometimes people don't know what questions to ask, and other

times, people believe they know the answers, so they don't bother asking
questions."

"Learning benefits you in similar ways that eating healthy benefits you. When
you eat good food you are rewarded with energy and good health. When you
learn something new that improves your abilities and your understanding, you
are rewarded with a more potential and a more improved life. And learning
accumulates, so it will continue to be rewarding, just like always eating healthy."

Though there are many different ways that a person can learn, the important
thing is, to be able to learn in multiple ways. So no matter how the information
is presented, you will still have the ability to analyze the information correctly,
so that you can maximize the benefits and increase your potential.

The fact is You can learn anything you want. As long as you are given the
time and the necessary information in the correct sequence, you can learn
anything. So whether you're learning in a classroom, online, or anywhere, the
place where you learn is not so important, what's important is before you start
learning 'anything' is knowing How will the information be Presented? Will the
information be in the correct sequence based upon your current level of
knowledge and understanding? Can you correctly analyze if the information
presented needs to be reorganized to match your current level of knowledge and
understanding?
Can you correctly identify what related information is needed that would help
you better understand the information presented so that you can use this
information effectively and efficiently? And, do you have access to related
information that you will need that is not presented in this particular course,
book or lecture? If you have struggled with learning in your past it's because you
have not understood the questions above. And when you have understood the
questions above there are still a few more questions you need to answer
because Knowing How to Learn is just one thing. You have to know what to
learn? When to learn it? Where to learn it? And you have to know, Why you need
to learn it? And after that you should also know the answers to these other
important questions too...

Is the information relevant to your current needs? Do you know what your
current needs are?

Education Questions to Ask?

Does obtaining this new skill set match your current Goals? Experience.
Is the information relevant to the current needs of your family and
your Community?
Is the information relevant to the current needs of your Planet? Risk
Assessment.
What problems are you planning to solve with this information that you will gain
from this particular course, book or lecture?
If you were the teacher how would you present this information differently, and
Why would you present this information differently?

Purposes of Education
Education Reform Ideas

So now you are ready to learn, and you are also now ready to improve yourself
and improve the world around you.

"Learning can be as easy as breathing, you don't need to think about it, you just
do it. Breathing keeps you alive, and so does continually learning."

"Learning on your own is not easy, but going to a University or an expensive

school is not a guarantee that you will learn the right things at the right time, or
even learn anything useful for your needs. A good teacher helps, that's if you
can find one. But learning to teach yourself is really the only sure way that you
will be successful on all your learning journeys."

Learning should not be a chore or be boring. The only time that learning
is boring is when you're in school. Outside of school learning is awesome
because you're learning things that you want to learn, and you're learning things
when you want to learn them. 80% of the most valuable knowledge and
information is outside schools, this is why continually learning is absolutely
necessary. But you're not going to learn much outside school unless you know
how to find the most valuable information and knowledge. So you have to be
active everyday in your search for knowledge. When you wake up you should be
saying "what new and interesting things will I learn today?" But remember,
knowledge and information is not looking for you, or will it magically appear, so
you have to be actively explore all the right sources of information you can find.
So no more worrying about passing a test that proves very little, because Life is
the test of your knowledge, and when life is a struggle, or when life becomes to
good to be true, then that means that more learning is necessary. Don't
associate learning with being in school because you learn very little in school,
and also, schools give learning a bad name because they make learning seem
boring, which it isn't. You should associate learning as an opportunity to acquire
a new skill that gives you more abilities. Learning is a gift that keeps on giving
long after you have learned something new, because you can recall it from your
memory. Learning is supposed to be fun, if it isn't, then you're probably not
doing it right, or you're not learning something important, or you have other
things that are more important to learn first.

Learning is supposed to be exhilarating and fun, if learning is not fun for

you, then you most likely have a disability or you are a victim of some kind of
abused from either bad schools or bad parenting or a little of both.

"If the brain becomes more connected and integrated after learning, and as a
result, the person also becomes a more effective learner, then what should a
person be learning? What knowledge and information would the brain best utilize
as it becomes more connected and more integrated?"

"People usually want to learn things that are important to them, but that's only
when people accurately understand what's important to them. It's not just
knowing how to learn, it's knowing what to learn and when to learn it. When
learning is fragmented it becomes more difficult to learn, and this is one of the
reasons why too many people get discourage from learning because it becomes
to much of a chore for them. This is what our current education is doing, and
this is why we need to improve education."

Your mind is something that you can fully control, but you have to learn how to
control your mind, and that takes time and knowledge. The language is the
same, but some of the words will have different meanings because they are
internally translated into the correct chemical responses or electrical signals in
the brain, signals that will be used to activate the correct response or activate
the correct action that is needed.

Presentation
The way information and knowledge is presented to a person is one of
the most important elements of the teaching process. It's part logic and part
mind mapping. It's showing relevant and related information by grouping them
together in certain categories and subcategories, so that the person can quickly
and easily determine if more information is needed that would give an overall
better understanding of the information and knowledge presented. But certain
knowledge described in a certain way may not match your understanding. So
you have to arrange the information in a way that helps you to understand it
better. So you must learn that when information is presented to you, you might
have to rearrange that particular knowledge in order to help you personally
understand it better. Choose your Medium well.

Chunking in writing is a method of presenting information which splits

concepts into small pieces or "chunks" of information to make reading
and understanding faster and easier. Chunking is especially useful for
material presented on the web because readers tend to scan for specific
information on a web page rather than read the page sequentially. Chunked
content usually contains: bulleted lists, short subheadings, short sentences with
one or two ideas per sentence, short paragraphs, even one-sentence
paragraphs, easily scannable text, with bolding of key phrases, inline graphics to
guide the eyes or illustrate points which would normally require more words.
Advantages of chunking: Chunking helps technical communicators or marketers
convey information more efficiently. Chunking helps readers find what they are
looking for quickly. Chunking allows material to be presented consistently from
page to page, so users can apply previous knowledge of page layout and
navigation and focus on the content rather than the presentation. The bite,
snack and meal is a popular phrase for a specific means of chunking content.

Page Layout is the arrangement of visual elements on a page, generally

involves organizational principles of composition to achieve specific
communication objectives. Deciding on the overall arrangement of text and
images, and possibly on the size orshape of the medium. It requires
intelligence, sentience, and creativity, and is informed by culture, psychology,
and what the document authors and editors wish to communicate and
emphasize. Document Writing Standards.

Framing Effect is an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a

particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented.

Presentations - Interfaces - Mind Maps - Associations

Format is the organization of information according to preset specifications.

Determine the arrangement of information for display.

Home Organized Personalized Education, it's a great way to learn. You may
hear the terms Learning Menus, Customizing Content and Curriculum
Mapping, but remember the most important factors are, is the information and
knowledge relevant to your learning needs and priorities?

Personal Learning Environments is creating, using, and managing

appropriate technological processes and resources to enhance
learning. Learning Environment is a physical setting in which teaching and
learning occur.

Student Approaches to Learning is a theory that students will take a different

approach to how they study, depending upon the perceived objectives of the
course they are studying.

Sometimes you need to change your learning methods and thinking styles in
order to understand a particular knowledge. It's up to you to find out which
learning method, or methods, works best.

Algorithmic Efficiency are the properties of an algorithm which relate to the

amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be
analysed to determine its resource usage. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought
of as analogous to engineering productivity for a repeating or continuous
process.

Program Optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make

some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a
computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or is
capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or draw less
power.

"If something feels over whelming and you can't understand something enough,
don't worry, that's normal. It's just your minds way of saying "Hey we need
more information", in order to understand this correctly. So that feeling you get
from not knowing is not to alarm you, it's just a way of making you aware so
you can ask questions like "How important is this new void of information?",
and, what would be the first step towards understanding this new information?"

"if you teach something that can be interpreted in the wrong way, then that is
ineffective teaching. Many things can be interpreted in the wrong way, so
defining the interpretation, and also defining the misinterpretations, will make
knowledge and information a higher chance of being understood more
accurately."

The Power of Learning

Linear Learners
Linear learners learn most thoroughly and efficiently, when material is
presented to them in a logical, ordered progression. They will often attack
problem solving with a series of ordered steps. They often will understand in
part before understanding the whole. They prefer to start off with the simplest
concept or part of a problem, and work through to the more difficult parts until
the whole solution is found. Many teachers and instructors follow a linear
progression. Suggestions: If your instructor moves from one topic to another,
make sure you rewrite your notes, and fill in the gaps in your notes. This may
require borrowing another student's notes, or actually visiting the professor
outside of the classroom. If the instructor skips around and does not follow a
logical or chronological progression, you may want to rewrite the subject matter
according to a logical progression that makes sense to you. Always outline the
subject matter.

Linear vs. Non-linear Learning (PDF)

Linearization refers to finding the linear approximation to a function at a given

point. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing
the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential
equations or discrete dynamical systems.

Right Brain Parallel - Left Brain Serial

Lineal Thinking

Holistic Learners
Holistic learners work through material most thoroughly and efficiently in "fits
and starts." They may often feel overwhelmed with confusion for a while, but
understanding will often suddenly click. When the material does suddenly click in
understanding, the holistic learner will usually not only see the big picture, but in
a more clear and creative perspective that other learners may not. Often, holistic
learners will take more time to understand information than their peers. This can
often be so discouraging, that a holistic learner may be more tempted to give up
on a particular subject. However, when holistic learners do finally understand the
material given, more extensively. Holistic learners are usually
extremely creative.

Suggestions: Remember you are not slow or stupid; rather, you just think
differently than other students. Maintain confidence! If you stick to it, you will
get it, and most likely retain the information and be able to practically apply the
subject matter the rest of your life. Read all the subheadings, summaries, and
glossary or bold-face terms before reading the chapter. Pay special attention to
the chapter outline or overview. Set aside an entire evening for one subject and
plunge into that subject. Once you have finished with that subject, move on to
the next subject. Do not try to study one chapter of one subject, and then one
chapter of another. Try taking subjects that are hard for you in summer school
when you are juggling fewer courses. Relate the subject matter to the other
subjects, concepts, or ideas of which you are understand or in which you are
confident. Personalize and apply the subject matter to your world.

Authoritarian vs Authoritative Teaching Polya and Lakatos

Effective Learning and Teaching

The Objective of Education Is Learning, Not Teaching

Teacher's In-Depth Content Knowledge
Lee Shulman

Teaching Knowledge Test (PDF)

Polya (PDF)
The Research Council on Mathematics Learning (PDF)
Breathing Exercises for Learning
Improvement
Take Several deep breaths almost every hour that you're awake, especially when
you're not physically active enough, and especially when you are learning. This
will help increase oxygen levels in your blood and in your Brain. It will also help
to relax your body and clear the mind. It will also help increase your brain
waves, or cycles per second, into the Beta State. Learning inAlpha State can
also enhance the performance of students. Changing the state of mind to
operate Beta, Alpha and Theta can also enhance learning, cognition and
creativity, while at the same time staying in a relaxed state.
Theta Rhythm is observed in the hippocampus.

First relax for a few moments, then take a deep breath at a count of 4, hold
that breath for 4 seconds, then exhale that breath for a count of 4 seconds, and
then repeat these deep breaths 4 more times.

There are other Breathing Exercises that may work better for you, so you will
have to do some research.

Breathe Project is a simple breathing technique to alleviate stress and anxiety.

Brain Food - Brain Games

Breathing through the nose aids Memory Storage. When breathing through
the nose between the time of learning and recognition, they remembered the
smells better. Receptors in the olfactory bulb detect not only smells but also
variations in the airflow itself. In the different phases of inhalation and
exhalation, different parts of the brain are activated. But how
thesynchronisation of breathing and brain activity happens and how it affects
the brain and therefore our behaviour is unknown.

Now that you have done your deep breathing exercise, it's time to quite your
thoughts. Now focus and keep your attention on breathing normally through
the nose. Calmly and comfortably breath in and out. Your brain will naturally
release Endorphins,Benzodiazepines and other Neuropeptides that bring
you into a tranquil and alert state of mind. (7 cps).

Music for Enhancing Learning and Focus

Music can stimulate learning. The music should be playing in the background so
that the music is not to loud that it becomes distracting. Listening to music
with 50 to 80 beats per minute has a calming effect on the mind that is
conducive to logical thought, allowing the brain to learn and remember new
facts. Studies have shown that classical music targets the part of the brain that
stimulates spatial-temporal reasoning, which is useful in solving math problems.
But remember learning takes focus and skill. I like my learning area to
be Quiet, even though that's impossible. I can tune out most background
sounds unless something unusual happens that distracts my attention. So if your
music does not distract you, then that is the type of music you should listen to
when reading or studying. But remember, remembering is not a guarantee,
memory is a skill that you have to use deliberately in order to have an effective
memory.

Lyric-Free Music can be less distracting. Happy Songs.

Mozart Effect are a set of research results indicating that listening to Mozart's
music may induce a short-term improvement on the performance of certain
kinds of mental tasks known as "spatial-temporal reasoning".

For some the best sound for Productivity is Silence. Or take a break every few
hours and listen to music for 15 minutes.

Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it

is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses
associated with sound (including speech and music). It can be further
categorized as a branch of psychophysics. Psychoacoustics received its name
from a field within psychology—i.e., recognition science—which deals with all
kinds of human perceptions. It is an interdisciplinary field of many areas,
including psychology, acoustics, electronic engineering, physics, biology,
physiology, and computer science.

You will have to experiment with different types of music to see which
ones inspire learning without distracting you.
Lo-Fi Hip Hop Beats Are So Effective For Focus - How Focus Music Hacks
Your Brain - Cheddar Explains (youtube)
Study Music: Brain Music for Studying, Brain Power Focus Music,
Concentration Music for Learning (youtube)
SAMUEL BARBER - Adagio for Strings, Op. 11
Chet Baker ~ Every Time We Say Goodbye (youtube)
Study Music Alpha Waves: Relaxing Studying Music, Brain Power, Focus
Concentration Music, 161 (youtube)
Study Music for Concentration, Instrumental Music, Classical Music,
Work Music, Relax, E103 (youtube)
Classical Study Music | Mozart with Alpha Study Aid Embedded - Alpha
BiNaural Beats (youtube)
Space Sound Odyssey | Deep White Noise For Focus, Power Naps or
Sleep (youtube)
Philip Glass - Glassworks (complete)
Brain Music - STUDY FOCUS CONCENTRATE - HELP YOU WORK
FAST (youtube)
Jurassic Park Theme 1000 percent Slower (sound cloud)
Justin Beiber - U Smile (800% Slower) [HQ] (youtube)
Bach - Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major BWV1007 - Mov. 1-3/6 (youtube)

Music as a Learning and Teaching Tool

Meditation Sounds

Affirmation: I am now ready to learn, I am relaxed, focused and I have

a Heightened Sense of Curiosity.

Inspiration
Visualization

Practicing right before you go to sleep, and learning one hour before you go
to Sleep.

Memory Consolidation
Memory

Activation of the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Mesolimbic Networks is

essential to motivation, performance, and learning.

Neurofeedback Training measures brain waves to produce a signal that can

be used as feedback to teach self-regulation of brain function.

Real Life Examples

Words are powerful, as long as you learn them in the right order at the right
time. Just like computer code it has to be in the right order and at the right
time.

I like Structure but I also like knowing the details and the Complexities of
different learning methods.

Teaching Resources
Online Schools
Information Literacy
Brain

"Youhave to be patient with peoples lack of knowledge and

understanding. But your patience should not be passive because you still need
to communicate effectively and at least try to educate that person or persons.
You don't want to miss an opportunity to teach someone even if that person is
not receptive to learning. This is when the teacher needs to get creative in their
teaching methods, There is always a way in. Like a 4 number combination lock,
you have to try the right combination of teaching methods in order to unlock the
brains ability to understand the information that you are trying to communicate.
There is always a way in, the brain was built this way, I guess it was the only
way to insure its survival. The genius of its design still amazes me today."

"We all have brains, but not everyone has enough knowledge in order to use the
brain correctly so that would it fully utilize the brains incredible potential." -
Keep Learning My Friends

"Remember that schools and colleges are mostly just basic job skills. The real
education is outside school. 80% of the worlds most important information and
knowledge is beyond the classroom walls."

Passing the Baton

Thinking
Thinking is the process of using your mind to consider something carefully. The
activity of Processing Information. Endowed with the capacity
to reason. To judge or regard something. To look upon. To Expect, believe, or
suppose. To use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to
make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments. To
recallknowledge from memory and have a recollection.
To imagine or visualize. To Focus one's attention on a certain state. To have
in mind as a purpose. To decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting. To
dispose the mind in a certain way. To have or formulate in the mind. To
be capable of conscious thought. To bring into a given condition by mental
preoccupation.

Ideas - Dreaming - Mindful

Thought can refer to the ideas or arrangements of ideas that result from
thinking, the act of producing thoughts, or the process of producing
thoughts. You are what you think.

Language and Thought, we think in the language we speak. Can you think
without using words or Language?

Language of Thought Hypothesis states that thinking takes place in a

language of thought (LOT): cognition and cognitive processes are only 'remotely
plausible' when expressed as a system of representations that is "tokened" by a
linguistic or semantic structure and operated upon by means of a combinatorial
syntax. Linguistic tokens used in mental language describe elementary concepts
which are operated upon by logical rules establishing causal connections to allow
for complex thought. Syntax as well as semantics have a causal effect on the
properties of this system of mental representations. These mental
representations are not present in the brain in the same way as symbols are
present on paper; rather, the LOT is supposed to exist at the cognitive level, the
level of thoughts and concepts. The LOTH has wide-ranging significance for a
number of domains in cognitive science. It relies on a version of functionalist
materialism, which holds that mental representations are actualized and
modified by the individual holding the propositional attitude, and it challenges
eliminative materialism and connectionism. It implies a strongly rationalist
model of cognition in which many of the fundamentals of cognition are innate.
This describes the nature of thought as possessing "language-like" or
compositional structure (sometimes known as mentalese). On this view, simple
concepts combine in systematic ways (akin to the rules of grammar in language)
to build thoughts. In its most basic form, the theory states that thought, like
language, has syntax. Language of Thought Hypothesis describes the nature of
thought as possessing "language-like" or compositional structure (sometimes
known as mentalese). On this view, simple concepts combine in systematic ways
(akin to the rules of grammar in language) to build thoughts. In its most basic
form, the theory states that thought, like language, has syntax, which is
a systematic orderly arrangement, or the grammatical arrangement of words
in sentences.

Outline of Thought are the mental process in which beings form psychological
associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as
when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions.
Thought, the act of thinking, produces thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an
image, a sound or even an emotional feeling that arises from the brain.

List of Thought Processes (PDF)

Thought Patterns is a habit of thinking in a particular way, using

particular assumptions.

Contemplation is profound thinking about something. In a religious sense,

contemplation is usually a type of prayer ormeditation.

Navigating our Thoughts: Fundamental Principles of Thinking. When

we navigate our environment, two important cell types are active in
our brain. Place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the neighboring
entorhinal cortex form a circuit that allows orientation and navigation. The team
of scientists suggests that our inner navigation system does much more. They
propose that this system is also key to 'thinking', explaining why our knowledge
seems to be organized in a spatial fashion.

Computational Thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating a

problem and expressing its solution(s) in such a way that a computer—human
or machine—can effectively carry out. Computational Thinking is an iterative
process based on three stages (captured by the figure to the right): Problem
formulation (abstraction); Solution expression (automation); Solution execution
and evaluation (analyses).

Metacognition is "cognition about cognition", "thinking about thinking", or

"knowing about knowing" and higher order thinking skills. It comes from the
root word "meta", meaning beyond. It can take many forms; it includes
knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for
problem solving. There are generally two components of metacognition:
knowledge about cognition, and regulation of cognition. Metamemory, defined
as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an especially
important form of metacognition. Academic research on metacognitive
processing across cultures is in the early stages, but there are indications that
further work may provide better outcomes in cross-cultural learning between
teachers and students. Some evolutionary psychologists hypothesize that
metacognition is used as a survival tool, which would make metacognition the
same across cultures. Writings on metacognition can be traced back at least as
far as On the Soul and the Parva Naturalia of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Train of Thought refers to the interconnection in the sequence of ideas

expressed during a connected discourse or thought, as well as the sequence
itself, especially in discussion how this sequence leads from one idea to another.

Thought Experiment is to explore the potential consequences of the principle

in question: "A thought experiment is a device with which one performs an
intentional, structured process of intellectual deliberation in order to speculate,
within a specifiable problem domain, about potential consequents (or
antecedents) for a designated antecedent (or consequent).

Black Box is a device, system or object of inputs and outputs (or transfer
characteristics), in which a person has no knowledge of its internal workings.
Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm,
or the human brain.

Overthinking - Information Overload.

Brain Processing

Divergent Thinking - Convergent Thinking

Divergent is diverging from another or from a standard. Tending to move
apart in different directions. Have no limits as a mathematical series. Extend in a
different direction. Be at variance with; be out of line with.

Divergent Thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative

ideas by exploring many possible solutions. It is often used in conjunction with
its cognitive colleague, convergent thinking, which follows a particular set of
logical steps to arrive at one solution, which in some cases is a ‘correct’ solution.
By contrast, divergent thinking typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing,
'non-linear' manner, such that many ideas are generated in an emergent
cognitive fashion. Many possible solutions are explored in a short amount of
time, and unexpected connections are drawn. After the process of divergent
thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and
structured using convergent thinking.

Convergent Thinking follows a particular set of logical steps to arrive at

one solution, which in some cases is a ‘correct’ solution. generally means the
ability to give the "correct" answer to standard questions that do not require
significant creativity.

Systems Thinking

Convergent is tending to come together from different directions. Direct one's

attention on something. Bring into focus or alignment; to converge or cause to
converge; of ideas or emotions. Become focused or come into focus.

Lineal Thinking
Lineal is to arranged in a line. Intend (something) to move towards a certain
goal. Give directions to; point somebody into a certain direction. Direct the
course. Straightforward in means or manner or behavior or language or action.
Similar in nature or effect or relation to another quantity without
deviation. Non-Linear is something that does not progress or develop smoothly
from one stage to the next in a logical way. Instead, it makes sudden changes,
or seems to develop in different directions at the same time.

Lateral Thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative

approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas
that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic.

Linear Learners - Neuro-Linguistic Programming

Linear System is a mathematical model of a system based on the use of

a linear operator. Linear systems typically exhibit features and properties that
are much simpler than the nonlinear case. As a mathematical abstraction or
idealization, linear systems find important applications in automatic control
theory, signal processing, and telecommunications. For example, the
propagation medium for wireless communication systems can often be modeled
by linear systems. Quantum Computing.

Holistic Learners

Consideration is the process of giving careful thought to

something. Information that should be kept in mind when making aDecision.

Parallel Thinking is a further development of the well known lateral thinking

processes, focusing even more on explorations—looking for what can be rather
than for what is.

Parallel Processing

Modes of thinking: abstract, analytic, conceptual, concrete, convergent,

creative, critical, deductive, divergent, strategic, synthetic, tactical, and also
computational and procedural. How you approach a problem and how you see it.
Having step-by-step set of directions are important, but sometimes you need a
different approach. One heuristic way for solving a complex problem is to break
the problem into smaller, more manageable problems, where you can utilize
brainstorming and collaboration.

"We rarely give much thought to certain things, even though our brains never
stop thinking. Why?"
Intelligence - Knowledge
Problem Solving - Thinking Styles
Inspiration

Thinking Outside the Box is a metaphor that means to think differently,

unconventionally, or from a new perspective. This phrase often refers to novel or
creative thinking.

“I think, therefore I'll think.” Ayn Rand

Thinking in Levels - Seeing all the Layers

Life is made up of Layers. The more layers that you can see, and the more
layers that you can understand, the better yourdecisions and actions will be.
In order to see the bigger picture or see the full spectrum, you need to learn
and gain knowledge that will give you the skills and ability to see the entire
picture, and thus have a better understanding of yourself and the world around
you. You have to see beneath the surface. You need to Extrapolate all
the Layers of Information and see all the layers of information beyond or
beneath the surface information. Don't just see the surface, and don't limit
things to a single definition or to a single concept.

Underlying Reasons refers to the things that are below or beneath what we
can see or understand, things that are hidden but important, things that shape
the meaning or the effect of something else, without being explicit itself. Cause
and Effect.

Abstraction in computer science is a technique for arranging complexity of

computer systems. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a
person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below
the current level. The programmer works with an idealized interface (usually
well defined) and can add additional levels of functionality that would otherwise
be too complex to handle. Hierarchy.

Abstraction Layer is a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular

set of functionality, allowing the separation of concerns to facilitate
interoperability and platform independence. Examples of software models that
use layers of abstraction include the OSI model for network protocols, OpenGL
and other graphics libraries.

Principle of Abstraction is the amount of complexity by which a system is

viewed or programmed. The higher the level, the less detail. The lower the level,
the more detail. The highest level of abstraction is the entire system.
The next level would be a handful of components, and so on, while the lowest
level could be millions of objects.
Your conscience should have primary top-level thinking that keeps the mind
from straying too far from your main objectives and from becoming unaware of
it self or your surroundings.

Stack Data Structure is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of

elements, with two principal operations: push, which adds an element to the
collection, and pop, which removes the most recently added element that was
not yet removed.

Call Stack is a stack data structure that stores information about the
active subroutines of a computer program.

Matrix - Multi-Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks

Physical Layer In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the

physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. This layer may be
implemented by a PHY chip. The physical layer consists of the electronic
circuit transmission technologies of a network. It is a fundamental layer
underlying the higher level functions in a network. Due to the plethora of
available hardware technologies with widely varying characteristics, this is
perhaps the most complex layer in the OSI architecture. The physical layer
defines the means of transmitting raw bits rather than logical data packets over
a physical data link connecting network nodes. The bitstream may be grouped
into code words or symbols and converted to a physical signal that is transmitted
over a transmission medium. The physical layer provides an electrical,
mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes
and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequencies to broadcast on, the
line code to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified here. Within the
semantics of the OSI model, the physical layer translates logical communications
requests from the data link layer into hardware-specific operations to cause
transmission or reception of electronic signals.

There are levels of Communication and levels of understanding. (Quick

thinking but not quick to Judge).

High and Low Level are terms used to classify, describe and point to specific
goals of a systematic operation, though its uses also vary depending on the
context. high-level is used to describe operations that are more abstract in
nature, where overall goals and systemic features are typically more concerned
with the wider, macro system as a whole. Alternatively, a low-level description is
one that describes more specific individual components of a systematic
operation, focusing on the details of rudimentary micro functions rather than
macro, complex processes. Low-level classification is typically more concerned
with individual components within the system and how they operate.

Level is a position on a scale of intensity or amount or Quality. A relative

position or Degree of Value in a graded group. A specific
identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process. Height
above ground. A flat surface at right angles to a plumb line. An abstract place
usually conceived as having depth. A structure consisting of a room or set of
rooms at a single position along a vertical scale. Make level, even or straight.
Having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than
another. Not showing abrupt variations. Being on a precise horizontal plane.
Direct into a position for use.

Layer is a sheet, quantity, or thickness of material, typically one of several,

covering a surface or body. Single thickness of usually some homogeneous
substance. A relatively thin sheet like expanse or region lying over or under
another. An abstract place usually conceived as having depth. Thin structure
composed of a single thickness of cells. Dimensions

Stratum is a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics.

Thermocline is a layer within a body of water where the temperature changes

rapidly with depth.

Layers in digital image editing are used to separate different elements of an

image. A layer can be compared to a transparency on which imaging effects or
images are applied and placed over or under an image. Today they are an
integral feature of image editors.

Layer in object-oriented design is a group of classes that have the same set
of link-time module dependencies to other modules. In other words, a layer is a
group of reusable components that are reusable in similar circumstances. In
programming languages, the layer distinction is often expressed as "import"
dependencies between software modules.

Intercalation in chemistry is the reversible inclusion or insertion of

a molecule (or ion) into materials with layered structures. Examples are found
in graphite and transition metal dichalcogenides.

A Conscious Conscience. This is not the same thing as being on a different

level then someone else or being level headed. This also does not imply that
always being conscious is always obtainable.

Awareness is having an understanding of many things. But the true beauty of

Awareness is that it is an endless sea ofdiscoveries.

Everyone is on different levels. Even though you may feel that your on the
top level, there are always levels above you that are undiscovered. Computers
have all these layers of information, or code. And you can interact with
different levels while working on a single plane. Desktop Windows is one
example, or when using imaging software where you can work on many layers of
information all at once.

Computer Vision - Networks

How many files do you have open? Is it random or organized? Do things on

your desktop last longer then they should?

"I always liked thinking. I love to spend hours just thinking. And one of the
things I learned about thinking is that the more I learned the more enjoyable my
thoughts became, and also the more productive my thoughts became. Learning
is extremely important to thinking."

Linear Cause-Effect-Response Framework - Serial Arrangements of

Sensory Cortical Areas - Functional Aspects

Logical Flow of Thought - Connection Patterns

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Design are both strategies of information

processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including
software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management
and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching,
or leadership.

Divergent Thinking - Lateral Thinking

Problem Solving

Nerve Cells are Arranged in Layers

Perineurium in the peripheral nervous system, the myelin sheath of each axon
in a nerve is wrapped in a delicate protective sheath known as the endoneurium.
Within the nerve, axons targeting the same anatomical location bundled
together into groups known as fascicles, each surrounded by another protective
sheath known as the perineurium. Several fascicles may be in turn bundled
together with a blood supply and fatty tissue within yet another sheath, the
epineurium. This grouping structure is analogous to the muscular organization
system of epimysium, perimysium and endomysium. Perineurium.

Conscious Competence Model

Conscious Competence Ladder
Four Stages of Competence

Assessing Higher Order Thinking Skills

The Measurement of Perceptual Load and Reserve Capacity

Modularity of Mind is the notion that a mind may, at least in part, be

composed of innate neural structures or modules which have distinct
established evolutionarily developed functions.

Modular brains help organisms learn new skills without forgetting old
skills

Levels of Understanding: Intellectual Understanding, Mental Realization.

Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In

living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can
also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments. The term may
also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity. Observations can be
qualitative, that is, only the absence or presence of a property is noted, or
quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon
by counting or measuring.
Nested Quotation is a quotation that is encapsulated inside
another quotation, forming a hierarchy with multiple levels. When focusing on a
certain quotation, one must interpret it within its scope. Nested quotation can be
used in literature (as in nested narration), speech, and computer science (as in
"meta"-statements that refer to other statements as strings). Nested quotation
can be very confusing until evaluated carefully and until each quotation level is
put into perspective.

Scope is an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control.

The state of the environment in which a situation exists.

Visible Light Communication is a data communications variant which

uses visible light between 400 and 800 THz (780–375 nm). VLC is a subset
of optical wireless communications technologies.

Levels of Processing Effect describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of

the depth of mental processing. Deeper levels of analysis produce more
elaborate, longer lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of
analysis. Depth ofprocessing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Shallow
processing (e.g., processing based on phonemic and orthographic components)
leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. Conversely,
deep processing (e.g., semantic processing) results in a more durable memory
trace.

Pyramid is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a

single point at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric
sense. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon
shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least three outer triangular surfaces (at
least four faces including the base). The square pyramid, with square base and
four triangular outer surfaces, is a common version.

Thinking (thought)

DIKW Pyramid is for representing purported structural and/or functional

relationships between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. "Typically
information is defined in terms of data, knowledge in terms of information,
and wisdom in terms of knowledge".

Framework in software is an abstraction in which software providing generic

functionality can be selectively changed by additional user-written code, thus
providing application-specific software. A software framework is a universal,
reusable software environment that provides particular functionality as part of a
larger software platform to facilitate development of software applications,
products and solutions. Software frameworks may include support programs,
compilers, code libraries, tool sets, and application
programming interfaces (APIs) that bring together all the different components
to enable development of a project or system.

Levels in video gaming is the total space available to the player during the
course of completing a discrete objective.
Application Layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols
and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The
application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer
networking: the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the Open Systems
Interconnection model (OSI model).

OSI Model is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the

communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without
regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the
interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The
model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original
version of the model defined seven layers.

Cognitive Architecture is a comprehensive computer model structure of the

human mind.

Conceptual Framework is an analytical tool with several variations and

contexts. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong
conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy
to remember and apply.

Functional Software Architecture is an architectural model that identifies

enterprise functions, interactions and corresponding IT needs. These functions
can be used as reference by different domain experts to develop IT-systems as
part of a co-operative information-driven enterprise. In this way both software
engineers and enterprise architects are able to create an information-driven,
integrated organizational environment.

Language of Thought Hypothesis describes the nature of thought as

possessing "language-like" or compositional structure (sometimes known as
mentalese). On this view, simple concepts combine in systematic ways (akin to
the rules of grammar in language) to build thoughts. In its most basic form, the
theory states that thought, like language, has syntax.

Human Operating System

Computational Thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating a
problem and expressing its solution(s) in such a way that a computer—human or
machine—can effectively carry out. 1: Problem Formulation (abstraction). 2:
Solution Expression (automation). 3: Solution Execution and Evaluation
(analyses).

Problem Solving - Causality

Grammatical Tense is a category that expresses time reference.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Knowledge - Knowledge Management

The Restless Mind (PDF)

7 Distinct Layers of the Mind:

Manas = Instinctual body
Manas = Instinctual breath
Manas = Instinctual mind
Buddhi = Discriminative intellect
Smriti = memory
Ahamkara = ego
Purusha = self

Visual Hierarchy refers to the arrangement or presentation of elements in a

way that implies importance. Visual hierarchy influences the order in which the
human eye perceives what it sees. This order is created by the visual contrast
between forms in afield of perception. Objects with highest contrast to their
surroundings are recognized first by the human mind. The term visual hierarchy
is used most frequently in the discourse of the visual arts fields, notably so
within the field of graphic design.

Hierarchical Organization (power structure)

Hierarchy is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories,

etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the
same level as" one another.

Cognitive Hierarchy Theory is a behavioral model originating in behavioral

economics and game theory that attempts to describe human thought
processes in strategic games. CHT aims to improve upon the accuracy of
predictions made by standard analytic methods (including backwards induction
and iterated elimination of dominated strategies), which can deviate
considerably from actual experimental outcomes.

Neural top down control of physiology concerns the direct regulation by the
brain of physiological functions (in addition to smooth muscle and glandular
ones) This regulation occurs through the sympathetic and parasympathetic
system (the autonomic nervous system), and their direct innervation of body
organs and tissues that starts in the brainstem. There is also a noninnervation
hormonal control through the hypothalamus and pituitary (HPA). These lower
brain areas are under control of cerebral cortex ones. Such cortical regulation
differs between its left and right sides. Pavlovian conditioning shows that brain
control over basic cell level physiological function can be learnt.

Top-down modulation of attention by emotion

Hierarchical Model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-
like structure. The data is stored as recordswhich are connected to one
another through Links. A record is a collection of fields, with each field
containing only one value.

DIKW Pyramid for representing purported structural and/or

functional relationships between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.
"Typically information is defined in terms of data, knowledge in terms of
information, and wisdom in terms of knowledge" (wisdom hierarchy, knowledge
hierarchy, information hierarchy).

Real-time Control System is a reference model architecture, suitable for many

software-intensive, real-time control problem domains. RCS is a reference
model architecture that defines the types of functions that are required in a real-
time intelligent control system, and how these functions are related to each
other.

Minto Principle is the powerful and compelling process for producing everyday
business documents – to-the-point memos, clear reports, successful proposals,
or dynamic presentations.

Systems Thinking

Physical Layer in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the

physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. This layer may be
implemented by a PHY. The physical layer consists of the basic networking
hardware transmission technologies of a network. It is a fundamental layer
underlying the logical data structures of the higher level functions in a network.
Due to the plethora of available hardware technologies with widely varying
characteristics, this is perhaps the most complex layer in the OSI architecture.
Data Link Layer is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer
networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent
network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same
local area network (LAN) segment. The data link layer provides the functional
and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and might
provide the means to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the
physical layer.

Link Layer is the lowest layer in the Internet Protocol Suite, commonly
known as TCP/IP, the networking architecture of the Internet. It is described in
RFC 1122 and RFC 1123. The link layer is the group of methods and
communications protocols that only operate on the link that a host is physically
connected to. The link is the physical and logical network component used to
interconnect hosts or nodes in the network and a link protocol is a suite of
methods and standards that operate only between adjacent network nodes of a
local area network segment or a wide area network connection.

Scientists demonstrate that the brain operates on many dimensions, not just
the 3 dimensions that we are accustomed to. Scientists have uncovered a
universe of multi-dimensional geometrical structures and spaces within
the networks of the brain.

Algebraic Topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from

abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic
invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually
most classify up to homotopy equivalence. Although
algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using
topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic
topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free
group is again a free group. Algebraic topology is like a telescope and
microscope at the same time. It can zoom into networks to find
hidden structure.

Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and

feelings. In psychology the process of introspection relies exclusively on
observation of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the
examination of one's soul. Introspection is closely related to human self-
reflection and is contrasted with external observation.

Processing Fluency is the ease with which information is processed. Perceptual

fluency is the ease of processing stimuli based on manipulations to perceptual
quality. Retrieval fluency is the ease with which information can be retrieved
from memory.

Process Management is the ensemble of activities of planning

and monitoring the performance of a business process. The term usually
refers to the management of business processes and manufacturing processes.
Business process management (BPM) and business process reengineering are
interrelated, but not identical.

Levels of Processing Effect (PDF)

Attention Management refers to models and tools for supporting
the management of attention at the individual or at the collective level (cf.
attention economy), and at the short-term (quasi real time) or at a longer term
(over periods of weeks or months).

Executive Functions are a set of cognitive processes –

including attentional control, inhibitory control, working memory, and
cognitive flexibility, as well as reasoning, problem solving, and planning –
that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and
successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen
goals. Executive functions gradually develop and change across the
lifespan of an individual and can be improved at any time over the course of a
person's life. Similarly, these cognitive processes can be adversely affected by a
variety of events which affect an individual.

Human Operating System - Awareness

Schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that

organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. It
can also be described as a mental structure of preconceived ideas, a framework
representing some aspect of the world, or a system of organizing and
perceiving new information. Schemata influence attention and the absorption
of new knowledge: people are more likely to notice things that fit into their
schema, while re-interpreting contradictions to the schema as exceptions or
distorting them to fit. Schemata have a tendency to remain unchanged, even in
the face of contradictory information. Schemata can help in understanding
the world and the rapidly changing environment. People can organize new
perceptions into schemata quickly as most situations do not require complex
thought when using schema, since automatic thought is all that is required.

Synchronizing specific brain oscillations enhances executive function.

Two brain regions -- the medial frontal and lateralprefrontal cortices -- control
most executive function. Researchers used high-definition transcranial
alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS) to synchronize oscillations between
them, improving brain processing. De-synchronizing did the opposite.

A Full Spectrum of Knowledge

Being able to see all the different Layers of information that exist in our world
can give us a much better understanding of ourselves and the world around
us. But most people just see the surface of things, and most people just see life
as being one dimensional or superficial. This type of low level thinking
and shallow view is fine if you're multitasking or just relaxing. But if you
really want to fully understand yourself and the world around you, you need to
learn more about all the different things that are happening inside you, and
learn more about all the different things that are happening around you in the
environment and in other social structures. Not being aware of all
the vulnerabilities in life is extremely risky and dangerous. And not being
aware of your full potential will reduce your odds of having a good life. Every
problem that we see in the world is directly related to people not having enough
knowledge and information. We understand all the negative side effects that
comes from having a poor education, and we can clearly see all the benefits that
comes from having a good education, but we still can't see below the surface of
things in order to live life to its full potential.

Just Scratching the Surface suggests that you actually know that there is a
lot more below the surface, and that you are barely beginning to see and do only
a fraction of what is possible. Let the Truth be told. Connecting the Dots.

Half Truth is just Seeing only Half of the Picture, or hearing only half of a
sentence or reading only half of a book.

Grand Scheme is the totality of the situation approached objectively. The big
picture. All things considered and known.

Everyone needs a full spectrum of knowledge and information in order to fully

understand themselves and the world around them. Being good at only one or
two things will leave you vulnerable to mistakes and give you a false sense of
security. Yourfoundation of knowledge needs to be strong and level, if not,
your house of knowledge will be on shaky ground and could eventually collapse
and come crumbling down, as it has for millions of people throughout human
history, and everyday in the 21st century. It's time to lift the veil and see
everything that we have been missing.

Standing to close to an Elephant is when you miss the entire picture of the
situation because your focus is to narrow, you can't actually see the elephant, all
you see is it's skin and the enormity of the elephant close up overwhelms the
entire picture. So You need to stand back in order to see the whole picture.

Stepping Back can give us the ability to gain a greater and higher perspective.
For example, if we’re irritated and angered by something or someone, and we
step back from that experience, we can explore how the experience was created,
what triggered it, what went on inside of us that generated our response, how it
fits or doesn’t fit with our larger purposes and values, how useful or ecological
the experience is, and what we could do to alter our response. The mental-
emotional step back gives us new perspective, understanding, insight, and
choice.

Higher-Order Thinking is when a person takes new information and

information stored in memory and interrelates and/or rearranges and extends
this information to achieve a purpose or find possible answers in perplexing
situations. This challenges the student to interpret, analyze, or manipulate
information through multiple levels in order for them to gain a better
understanding of the content. Real-World Learning.

Matrix - Building Blocks of Life

Related Subjects
Beyond the Senses - Creative Thinking
Comprehension - Context
Reasoning - Decision Making
Intelligence (definitions)
Simultaneous Subject Learning
Intrapersonal Intelligence (people smart)
Tiny Machines - Very Low Frequency

Time Loop - Learning

Groundhog Day Time Loop Film with Bill Murray is a great example of the
power of learning. We are not living the exact same day over and over again,
but we are living day by day in succession, and living day by day requires
learning. Everyone has second chances in life, it's called tomorrow, which begins
today. You have a memory, so feed it effectively and use it effectively.Time
will tell.

Time Loop Stories are nothing new:

1892 — "Christmas Every Day" by William Dean Howells*, adapted for film in
1996
1904 — "The Defence of Duffer's Drift" by Ernest Dunlop Swinton*
1941 — "Doubled and Redoubled" by Malcolm Jameson
1950 — "Friday, the Nineteenth" by Elisabeth Sanxay Holding
1973 — "12:01 PM" by Richard A. Lupoff
1981 — "One Fine Day" by Leon Arden
1990 — "12:01 PM," short film adaptation directed by Jonathan Heap
1992 — "Cause and Effect," episode of "Star Trek: The Next Generation"
1993 — "Groundhog Day," story by Danny Rubin and directed by Harold Ramis
1993 — "12:01," TV movie adaptation directed by Jack Sholder
1998 — "Run, Lola, Run" directed by Tom Tykwer*
1998 — "Same Time Last Week," episode of "The Angry Beavers"
1999 — "Deja vu All Over Again," episode of "Charmed"
1999 — "Monday," episode of "The X-Files"
2000 — "Window of Opportunity," episode of "Stargate SG-1"
2004 — "All You Need Is Kill" by Hiroshi Sakurazaka
2006 — "Day Break," ABC television drama
2010 — "Before I Fall" by Lauren Oliver, adapted for film in 2017
2011 — "Source Code," directed by Duncan Jones*
2014 — "Edge of Tomorrow" a.k.a. "Live. Die. Repeat.," directed by Doug Liman
2016 — "ARQ," directed by Tony Elliott
2017 — "Hot Mess Time Machine," episode of "The Mindy Project"
2017 — "Happy Death Day," directed by Christopher B. Landon
2017 — "Naked," directed by Michael Tiddes, Netflix remake of "Naken" (2000)
2017 — "A Day," directed by Cho Sun-ho
2017 — "Magic To Make The Sanest Man Go Mad," episode of "Star Trek:
Discovery"

Time Loop is a plot device in which periods of time are repeated and re-
experienced by the characters, and there is often some hope of breaking out of
the cycle of repetition. Time loop is sometimes used to refer to a causal loop;
although they appear similar, causal loops are unchanging and self-originating,
whereas time loops are constantly resetting: when a certain condition is met,
such as a death of a character or a clock reaches a certain time, the loop starts
again, with one or more characters retaining the memories from the previous
loop. Stories with time loops commonly center on the character learning from
each successive loop through time.